Muang Mao Lông
ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ
One of the ancient Tai States
568 (allegedly) [1]–1604

Territory of Mong Mao in the heyday of Si Kefa period.
DemonymTai-Mao
History 
• Established
568 (allegedly) [2]
• Disestablished
1604
Today part ofChina
India
Myanmar
Ben Cahoon (2000). "World Statesmen.org: Shan and Karenni States of Burma". Retrieved 7 July 2014.

Muang Mao, also spelled Möng Mao (Shan: မိူင်းမၢဝ်း; Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ; Burmese: မိုင်းမော; Chinese: 勐卯) or the Mao Kingdom was an ethnic Tai state that controlled several smaller Tai states or chieftainships along the frontier of what is now Myanmar, China, the states of Northeast India of Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh, principally set in the Dehong region of Yunnan with a capital near the modern-day border town of Ruili/Meng Mao. The name of the main river in this region is the Nam Mao, also known as the Shweli River.

Names

Möng Mao is Tai Nuea and Shan language name, also called Möng Mao Lông (Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ; Shan: မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်), which means "Great Muang Mao". The "Möng" means country or place.[3] The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king Chao U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by a bird.[4] The name "Möng Mao" is still used nowadays, as the official Tai Nuea name of Ruili City (ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ).

Kosambi was an Indian ancient country, Mong Mao used Kosambi as his Buddhistic classical name.[5]"Kosambi" is also called "Guo-zhan-bi" (Tai Nuea: ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥓᥛᥱ ᥙᥤᥱ, Chinese: 果占璧) in Ruili, modern Dai people give a new explanation of "Guo-zhan-bi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice".[6]

In Chinese literature, Möng Mao was called Luchuan (Chinese: 麓川), first recorded in Yuanshi as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan Circuit" (Chinese: 麓川路).[7] Some of literature also called Mong Mao as Baiyi (Chinese: 百夷), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people.[8]

In Burmese literature, Möng Mao was called Maw[9] or Maw Shan.[10] In the Manipur literature, such as Cheitharol Kumbaba use the name Pong refer to Mong Mao.[11]

History

The chronicle of this region, titled the Möng Mao Chronicle, was written much later.[12] Some scholars identify Möng Mao with the Kingdom of Pong, as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles. Like most of Tai Yai history, the history of the Kingdom of Pong is largely legendary and existing chronicles and traditions include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations.[13]

Möng Mao arose in the power vacuum left after the Kingdom of Dali in Yunnan fell to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty around 1254. The Yuan ruled the region indirectly in what was known as the Native Chieftain System. This kingdom had asserted some unity over the diversity of ethnic groups residing along the southwest frontier of Yunnan.[14]

After the Ming conquest of Yunnan the Möng Mao under Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority. However, Möng Mao revolted in 1386 and led to the Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388). In 1448, a combination of Ming, Sipsongpanna, and other allied forces subjugated Möng Mao.

"Muang Mao" is sometimes used by authors to refer to the entire group of Tai states along the Chinese-Myanmar frontier including Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬), Muang Yang (Chinese: 孟養; pinyin: Mèngyǎng), and Hsenwi (Chinese: 木邦; pinyin: Mùbāng), even though specific place names are almost always used in Ming and Burmese sources.[15]

The center of power shifted frequently between these smaller states or chieftainships. Sometimes they were unified under one strong leader, sometimes they were not. As the Shan scholar Sai Kam Möng observes: "Sometimes one of these [smaller states] strove to be the leading kingdom and sometimes all of them were unified into one single kingdom..." The capital of the kingdom shifted from place to place, but most of them were located near the Nam Mao river (the "Shweli" on most maps today)" [16]

The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The Shan chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides a long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D. [17] The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in Ming dynasty sources such as Ming Shilu (Wade, 2005) and Baiyi Zhuan (Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler Si Kefa. Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into Thai by Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides a fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao.

Saophas


  • Hkun Lai 568-638 from Mongri Mongram
  • Ai Dyep That Hpa 638-678 son of Hkun Lai
  • Hkam Pong Hpa 678 son of Sao Hkun Kyunt
  • Hkam Sap Hpa son of Hkam Pong Hpa
  • Hkam Sip Hpa younger brother of Hkam Sap Hpa 703-753
  • Ni Hpa Maung 753-793 son of Hkam Sip Hpa
  • Sao Hkun Hpa 793-834 son of Ni Hpa Maung
  • Hso Kai Hpa 834-863 son of Sao Hkun Hpa
  • Hso Han Hpa 863-901 son of Hso Kai Hpa
  • Hso Tau Hpa 901-933 son of Hso-Han-Hpa
  • Hso Pwot Hpa 933-960 son of Hso Tau Hpa
  • Hso Won Hpa 960-983 son of Hso Pwot Hpa
  • Hso Hon Hpa 983-995 son of Hso Won Hpa
  • Hso Hau Hpa 995-1014 (son of Hso Hon Hpa)
  • Hso Lip Hpa 1014-1035 (son of Hso Hau Hpa)
  • Hkun Kwot Hpa 1035-1050
  • Hso Tai Hpa 1050-1062 (son of Hkun Kwot Hpa)
  • Hso Lung Hpa 1062-1081 (son of Hso Tai Hpa)
  • Sao Sang Mwun 1081-1096 (son of Hso Lu Hpa)
  • Sao Sang Yaw 1096-1103 (son of Sao Sang Mwun)
  • Hso Tai Hpa 1103-1112 (younger brother of Sao Sang Yaw)
  • Sao Sein Nga 1112-1123 (son of Hso Tai Hpa)
  • Sao Lung Chu 1123-1137 (younger brother of Sao Sein Nga)
  • Sao Nga Chu 1137-1145 (son of Sao Lung Chu)
  • Sao Hkun Ming 1145-1163 (son of Sao Nga Chu)
  • Sao Hkun Kum 1163-1171 (son of Sao Hkun Ming)
  • Sao Tai Pum 1171-1188 (son of Sao Hkun Kum)
  • Sao Tai Lung 1188-1203 (son of Sao Tai Pum)
  • Pam Yau Pung 1203-1210 son of Sao Tai Lung

(His younger brother Fu San Kang (Hpo San Kang) became the saopha of Möngmit)

  • Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1210 -1220

He was the one of descendants from the saopha of Maing-Nyaung

  • Hso Kwam Hpa (Hso Hkaan Hpa) son of Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1220-1250

(He has younger brother name's Sam Lung Kung Maing (Sam Lung Hpa) became the saopha of Möngkawng)

  • Hso Piu Hpa 1250-1282 (son of Hso Kwam Hpa)
  • Tai Peng (Hso Kam Hpa) 1282-1285 (son of Hso Piu Hpa)
  • Hso Wak Hpa 1285-1315

(He established the present of the city located)

  • Ai Puk 1315-1330 (son of Hso Wak Hpa)

Vacant 1330-1339

  • Hso Ki Hpa (Tai Pong) 1339-1346
  • Tai Lung 1346-1396 (son of Hso Ki Hpa (Tai Pong))
  • Sao Lwei (Hso Tit Hpa) 1396-1415 (son of Tai Lung)
  • Hso Ngan Hpa 1415-1445 (son of Sao Lwei or Hso Tit Hpa)

Vacant 1445-1448

  • Sao Lam Kon Kam Hpa 1448-1461 (son of Hso Ngan Hpa but some source told he is the uncle of Hso Wak Hpa)
  • Hso Hum Hpa 1461-1490 (son of Sao Lam Kon Kam Hpa)
  • Hso Kaa Hpa 1490-1496 (son of Hso Hum Hpa)
  • Hso Pim Hpa (nickname is Kyie-poi-pei-ma) 1496-1516 (son of Hso Kaa Hpa)
  • Hso Hom Hpa 1516-1604 (son of Hso Pim Hpa)
  • Sao Poreing 1604-1611 (son of Hso Hom Hpa)
  • Hso Kyaung Hpa 1611-1646 (son of Sao-Poreing)
  • Han Lung Hpa 1646-? (son of Hso Kyaung Hpa)
  • Han Jing Hpa (son of Han Lung Hpa)
  • Han Kyeng Hpa (son of Han Jing Hpa)
  • Han Xiang Hpa ?-1699 (son of Han Kyeng Hpa)
  • Han Ping Hpa 1699-1726 (son of Han Xiang Hpa)
  • Han Yu Hpa 1726-? (son of Han Ping Hpa)
  • Han Yin Hpa ?-1787 (son of Han Yu Hpa)
  • Han Hkoen Hpa 1787-? (son of Han Yin Hpa)
  • Han Kyin Hpa ?-1814 (younger brother of Han Hkoen Hpa)
  • Han Liang Hpa 1814-? (son of Han Kyin Hpa)
  • Han Suan Hpa (son of Han Liang Hpa)
  • Han Ying Hpa ?-1894 (son of Han Suan Hpa)
  • Han Hkoe Hpa 1894-1928 (son of Han Ying Hpa)
  • Han Earn Hpa 1928-1929 (son of Han Hkoe Hpa)
  • Kyeen Kying Tai (Han Bieng Hpa, Hso Yoeng Hpa) 1929-1955 (son of Han Earn Hpa)
  • Tao Kyin Hpa 1929-1940 (uncle of Kyeen Kying Tai (younger brother of Kyeen Kying Tai's mother))
  • Fang Hkuea Shang 1940-1942 (Kyeen Kying Tai' another uncle)

List of Monarchs

Chinese name Years Length Succession Death Tai Lông (Shan) Name Tai Nua Name Burmese name Other names
Si Kefa
思可法		 1340–1371 31 years natural Sua-Khān-Fā

သိူဝ်ၶၢၼ်ႇၾႃႉ

 Se-Xaan-Faa

ᥔᥫᥴ ᥑᥣᥢᥱ ᥜᥣᥳ

 Tho Chi Bwa[note 1]
သိုချည်ဘွား		 Hsö-Khan-Pha
Zhao Bingfa
昭併發		 1371–1378 8 years son natural
Tai Bian
臺扁		 1378/79 1 year son murdered
Zhao Xiaofa
昭肖發		 1379/80 1 year brother of Zhao Bingfa murdered
Si Wafa
思瓦發		 ? ? brother murdered Sua-Wak-Fā

သိူဝ်ဝၵ်ႉၾႃႉ

 Se-Vak-Faa

ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥐᥳ ᥜᥣᥳ

 Hsö-Wak-Pha
Si Lunfa
思倫發		 1382–1399 17 years grandson of Si Kefa Sua-Lông-Fā

သိူဝ်လူင်ၾႃႉ

 Se-Loong-Faa

ᥔᥫᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥜᥣᥳ

 Tho Ngan Bwa I[note 2]
သိုငံဘွား		 Hsö-Long-Hpa
Si Xingfa
思行發		 1404–1413 9 years son abdicated
Si Renfa
思任發		 1413–1445/6 29 years brother executed Sua-Wen-Fā

သိူဝ်ဝဵၼ်းၾႃႉ

 Se-Ween-Faa

ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥥᥢᥰ ᥜᥣᥳ

 Tho Ngan Bwa II[note 3]
သိုငံဘွား		 Hso Ngan Pha[18]
Sa Ngam Pha
Hsö-Wen-Pha
Si Jifa
思機發		 1445/6–? son executed Tho Kyein Bwa[note 4]
သိုကျိန်ဘွား		 Sa Ki Pha, Chau Si Pha
Si Bufa
思卜發		 1449–? Tho Bok Bwa[note 5]
သိုပုတ်ဘွား
Si Hongfa 1465?–1479?[19] Tho Han Bwa
သိုဟန်ဘွား[19]
Si Lufa? 1482?–?
Si Lun 1500s?–1533 murdered Sawlon
စလုံ

Tai Ahom descendants

Chaolung Sukaphaa was the founder of the Ahom kingdom in what is now parts of Assam. A Tai prince originally from Muang Mao, founded the kingdom in what is now Charaideo region of Assam, in 1228 and existed for nearly six hundred years which led to the process of Ahomisation and in the process unified the various indigenous ethnic groups of the region under the banner of 'Ahom' that left a deep impact on the region. In reverence to his position in Assam's history the honorific Chaolung (Shan: ၸဝ်ႈလူင်) is generally associated with his name (Chao: lord; Lung: great).

Since 1996, December 2nd has been celebrated in Assam as the Sukaphaa Divawkh, or Axom Divawkh (Assam Day), to commemorate the advent of the first king of the Ahom kingdom in Assam after his journey over the Patkai Hills.

Notes

  1. ↑ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 272) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 392): Tho Chi Bwa was a brother of Lord Tho Han Bwa. (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 170): Tho Chi Bwa was a son of Tho Khin Bwa, Lord of Maw.
  2. ↑ All the main Burmese chronicles—(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 297) (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 200) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 424)—give the name as Tho Ngan Bwa, the same name as the sawbwa in the 15th century.
  3. ↑ (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 82, 88): Great grandson of Tho Chi Bwa
  4. ↑ (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451.
  5. ↑ (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451. Tho Bok Bwa was appointed sawbwa of Mohnyin by King Narapati I of Ava.

References

  1. ↑ Jane M. Ferguson (2021). "Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred". Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  2. ↑ Jane M. Ferguson (2021). "Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred". Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Meng 2007, p. 1347
  4. ↑ Gong & Yang 1988, p. 6
  5. ↑ Mangrai 1965, p. 37
  6. ↑ Gong & Yang 1988, p. 1
  7. ↑ You 1987, p. 58
  8. ↑ Hu 1984, p. 86
  9. ↑ Taw 1899, pp. 38–39
  10. ↑ Harvey 1925, p. 322
  11. ↑ Parratt 2005, pp. 29, 41
  12. ↑ Elias, 1876; Daniels, 2006; Bian-zhang-ga, 1990; Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun, 2001
  13. ↑ Yos Santasombat, Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong, p. 3-4
  14. ↑ Daniels, 2006, p. 28
  15. ↑ Wade, 2005
  16. ↑ Sai Kam Mong, 2004, p. 10, citing Jiang Yingliang, 1983
  17. ↑ Jane M. Ferguson (2021). "Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred". Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  18. ↑ Aung Tun 2009: 103
  19. 1 2 Fernquest 2006: 36

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