Macroeuphractus
Skull
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cingulata
Family: Chlamyphoridae
Subfamily: Euphractinae
Genus: †Macroeuphractus
Ameghino 1908
Type species
†Macroeuphractus outesi
Ameghino, 1908
Other species
  • †M. retusus Ameghino, 1887
  • †M. moreni Rovereto, 1914

Macroeuphractus is a genus of extinct armadillos from the Late Miocene to Late Pliocene of South America. The genus is noted for its large size, with Macroeuphractus outesi being the largest non-pampathere or glyptodont armadillo discovered, as well as its specializations for carnivory, unique among all xenarthrans.[1]

Description

There are three currently recognised species of Macroeuphractus: M. outesi, M. retusus and M. moreni. The former, the type species, is known from one specimen from the Late Pliocene of Buenos Aires, Argentina. This specimen is composed of a fairly well preserved skull as well as numerous post-cranial elements. It represented a considerably large species at around 100 kilograms (220 lb), although it is possible that it was actually closer to 30 kg, at a little over a meter in length it would still be a decently sized predator.[2][3][4]

Species

Classification

Macroeuphractus is traditionally grouped with euphractines; it was named after its similarity with Euphractus itself. The most recent phylogenetic examinations confirm its status as at least a sister group to euphractines, along with Paleuphractus, Doellotatus and Proeuphractus.[6]

Biology

Macroeuphractus is one of the few known xenarthrans to have specialised extensively for a carnivorous lifestyle. Modern euphractine armadillos (such as the modern six-banded armadillo) are fairly dedicated omnivores, but Macroeuphractus shows several features that indicate hypercarnivory:

  • large, conical caniniform teeth
  • an enlarged temporal fossa
  • more developed muscles pertaining to the temporalis musculature (as evidenced by the more prominent muscle scars)
  • a deeper rostrum
  • more powerful anterior teeth (particularly in the enlarged and caniniform M2)
  • a deeper and more robust zygomatic arch
  • a greater moment arm of the temporalis muscle than in other armadillos

These features are unusual among xenarthrans but are more in line with predatory mammal groups.[7][8]

Like most armadillos, Macroeuphractus was fossorial, and it probably could dig out small and medium-sized mammals such as caviomorph rodents, small notoungulates and argyrolagoidean paucituberculates. Species like Macroeuphractus outesi were fairly large and presumably had an apex predator status in their faunal communities.

Paleoecology

Macroeuphractus moreni was a rather widespread species, and played a role in various faunal communities in the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of South America, while the other two species had a more limited range in Argentina. The genus occurs in an epoch where sparassodonts, phorusrhacids and sebecids entered in decline, and was among the various mammal groups to exploit this ecological vacancy prior to the arrival of North American carnivorans in the Pleistocene, alongside giant opossums such as Thylophorops.[9] Nonetheless, Macroeuphractus still co-existed with late surviving sparassodonts such as Thylacosmilus and phorusrhacids like Llallawavis.

References

  1. ↑ Darin A. Croft, Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, Indiana University Press, 29/08/2016
  2. ↑ Naiash, Darren (11 September 2020). "Predation and Corpse Eating in Armadillos". Tetzoo. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  3. ↑ Sergio F. Vizcaíno and Gerardo De Iuliis, Evidence for Advanced Carnivory in Fossil Armadillos (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae), Paleobiology Vol. 29, No. 1 (Winter, 2003)
  4. ↑ Darin A. Croft, Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, Indiana University Press, 29/08/2016
  5. ↑ Macroeuphractus at Fossilworks.org
  6. ↑ Kieren J. Mitchell; Agustin Scanferla; Esteban Soibelzon; Ricardo Bonini; Javier Ochoa; Alan Cooper (2016). "Ancient DNA from the extinct South American giant glyptodont Doedicurus sp. (Xenarthra: Glyptodontidae) reveals that glyptodonts evolved from Eocene armadillos". Molecular Ecology. 25 (14): 3499–3508.
  7. ↑ Sergio F. Vizcaíno and Gerardo De Iuliis, Evidence for Advanced Carnivory in Fossil Armadillos (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae), Paleobiology Vol. 29, No. 1 (Winter, 2003)
  8. ↑ Darin A. Croft, Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, Indiana University Press, 29/08/2016
  9. ↑ Prevosti, Francisco J.; Analía Forasiepi; Natalia Zimicz (2013). "The Evolution of the Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild in South America: Competition or Replacement?". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20: 3–21. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9175-9.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.