Vineyard by Lake Skadar

Montenegrin wine is wine made in the Balkan country of Montenegro.[1] Many Montenegrin vineyards are located in the southern and coastal regions of the country. Montenegrin wines are made from a wide range of grape varieties including Krstač, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay and Vranac. Other indigenous cultivars include Bioka, Čubrica, Krstač, and Žižak.[2]

History

Viticulture in Montenegro dates back to the Illyrians; relics of wine-making and wine-trading have been found in the necropolis of the coastal city Budva dating back to the 4th century BCE.[2] Tombstones found in Montenegro were decorated with grapevines and wine motifs related to the Dionysian cult.[3] Montenegro is considered the origin of the Kratošija (better known as Zinfandel) and Vranac grape varieties.[4][5] The earliest reference to the Montenegrin variety Kratošija comes from the medieval statute of Budva, written in Italian, and dated 1426-1442 CE.[6] Grape-growing and wine-producing regulations were introduced under the reign of Nicholas I of Montenegro.

Production

In Montenegro, the Vranac and Kratošija varieties are primarily used for making red wines, whereas Krstač is the dominant variety for white wine.[3] Kratošija was the predominant variety until the phylloxera epidemic.[7] The most prevalent variety, Vranac, represents more than 70% of domestic wine production.

The amount of land in vineyard cultivation has increased significantly throughout the Balkans since 2000, including in Montenegro. Grapes are grown on over 2,800 hectares (28 km2) with a gross production of 22,200 tons in 2017.[2] Per European Union regulations, the Montenegrin wine-producing area is divided into four wine regions and fifteen sub-regions, the most important of which is around Lake Skadar. The other principal region is along the coastal area on the Adriatic Sea.[7]

Trade

Counterfeit Montenegrin wine brands have circulated in Eastern Europe and the western Balkans; a group of researchers from Serbia, Finland, Montenegro, and the Netherlands have described a system using smart labels to identify genuine bottles and screen out imposters.[8]

Shortly before the Montenegrin parliament ratified the NATO accession treaty, Russia banned imports of Montenegrin wine from the state-owned wine producer Plantaže under claims of elevated levels of metalaxyl, pesticides, and particle plastics.[9] Previously, one-fifth of the country's wine exports went to Russia.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Pajovic-Scepanovic, Radmila; Krstic, Marija; Savkovic, Sanja; Raicevic, Danijela; Popovic, Tatjana (2016-09-30). "Wine Quality in Montenegro". The Journal "Agriculture and Forestry". 62 (3). doi:10.17707/AgricultForest.62.3.19.
  2. 1 2 3 Maraš, Vesna; Tello, Javier; Gazivoda, Anita; Mugoša, Milena; Perišić, Mirko; Raičević, Jovana; Štajner, Nataša; Ocete, Rafael; Božović, Vladan; Popović, Tatjana; García-Escudero, Enrique; Grbić, Miodrag; Martínez-Zapater, José Miguel; Ibáñez, Javier (2020-09-14). "Population genetic analysis in old Montenegrin vineyards reveals ancient ways currently active to generate diversity in Vitis vinifera". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 15000. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71918-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7490262. PMID 32929127.
  3. 1 2 Maraš, Vesna (2019-09-04), Morata, Antonio; Loira, Iris (eds.), "Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties", Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology, IntechOpen, doi:10.5772/intechopen.85676, ISBN 978-1-78984-612-6, S2CID 189001228, retrieved 2023-01-23
  4. ↑ Pajović Šćepanović, Radmila; Wendelin, Silvia; Raičević, Danijela; Eder, Reinhard (2019-10-01). "Characterization of the phenolic profile of commercial Montenegrin red and white wines". European Food Research and Technology. 245 (10): 2233–2245. doi:10.1007/s00217-019-03330-z. ISSN 1438-2385. S2CID 199653545.
  5. ↑ "The great grapevine". Financial Times. 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
  6. ↑ MARAŠ, V. (2015). "Origin and characterization of Montenegrin grapevine varieties" (PDF). Vitis. 54: 135–137.
  7. 1 2 Pajovic, R.; Raicevic, D.; Popovic, T.; Sivilotti, P.; Lisjak, K.; Vanzo, A. (2014). "Polyphenolic characterisation of Vranac, Kratosija and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grapes and wines from different vineyard locations in Montenegro". South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 35 (1): 139–148. ISSN 2224-7904.
  8. ↑ Popović, Tomo; Krčo, Srdjan; Maraš, Vesna; Hakola, Liisa; Radonjić, Sanja; van Kranenburg, Rob; Šandi, Stevan (2021-06-01). "A novel solution for counterfeit prevention in the wine industry based on IoT, smart tags, and crowd-sourced information". Internet of Things. 14: 100375. doi:10.1016/j.iot.2021.100375. ISSN 2542-6605. S2CID 233949346.
  9. ↑ "Defying Russia, Montenegro Finally Joins NATO". VOA. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
  10. ↑ Corpădean, Adrian Gabriel (2018). "Assessments and Prospects for the Integration of the West Balkans. The Case of Montenegro". Online Journal Modelling the New Europe (25): 87–105. doi:10.24193/OJMNE.2018.25.04. ISSN 2247-0514.

See also


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.