Mount Rundle
Mount Rundle as seen from Vermilion Lakes
Highest point
Elevation2,948 m (9,672 ft)[1]
Prominence1,304 m (4,278 ft)[2]
Coordinates51°07′27″N 115°28′13″W / 51.12417°N 115.47028°W / 51.12417; -115.47028[2]
Naming
Native nameWaskahigan Watchi (Cree)
Geography
Mount Rundle is located in Alberta
Mount Rundle
Mount Rundle
Alberta, Canada
Parent rangeCanadian Rockies (South Banff Ranges/Rundle Peaks)
Topo mapNTS 82O3 Canmore
Climbing
First ascent1888 by J.J. McArthur
Easiest routeScramble

Mount Rundle is a mountain in Canada's Banff National Park overlooking the towns of Banff and Canmore, Alberta. The Cree name was Waskahigan Watchi or house mountain.[Notes 1][1] In 1858 John Palliser renamed[1] the mountain after Reverend Robert Rundle, a Methodist invited by the Hudson's Bay Company to do missionary work in western Canada in the 1840s. He introduced syllabics there[Notes 2]—a written language developed for the Cree, as part of his missionary work.[3] He only visited the Stoney-Nakoda of the area around what is now called Mount Rundle in 1844 and 1847.[4]

Mt. Rundle could actually be considered a small mountain range as the mountain extends for over 12 kilometres (7.5 mi), on the south side of the Trans-Canada Highway eastward from Banff to Canmore with seven distinct peaks along the way.[2] The third peak southeast of Banff is the highest at 9,675 feet (2,949 m).[2][5] West of the Spray Lakes road is the East End of Rundle— locally known as EEOR[Notes 3]—which rises above Whiteman's Gap just south of Canmore. The Rundle Peaks are part of the South Banff Ranges, along with its siblings—the Sundance Range, Sulphur Mountain and the Goat Range.[5]

Geology

East aspect of Mount Rundle showing summit

Mount Rundle consists of limestones, dolomitic limestones, dolomites and shales of Paleozoic (Late Devonian to Mississippian) age. In ascending order, they belong to the Palliser, Exshaw and Banff Formations, topped by the Rundle Group, which was named after the mountain.[6][7]

Mount Rundle illustrates the classic limestone-shale-limestone "sandwich" of the front ranges.[8] The basal "slice of bread" is the lower massive cliffs of tough grey Pallister Formation limestones and dolomites.[8] The "sandwich filling" is the Banff Formation, a layer of softer, more easily eroded, dark brownish-gray to black calcareous shale with thin beds of argillaceous limestone.[9] The top layer of the geologic sandwich is the grey limestones and dolomites of the Rundle Group that form the massive upper cliffs at the top of Mount Rundle. Between the Palliser and the Banff lie the thin, recessive shales of the Exshaw Formation (the "lettuce leaf" of the sandwich), covered with debris from above.[8]

The Paleozoic "sandwich" is part of the Rundle thrust sheet that was moved up from the west along the Rundle thrust fault and emplaced on top of the younger rocks (the Early Cretaceous Mist Mountain Formation) that underlie Canmore and the forested slopes along the Bow River. The thrust faulting occurred during the Columbian Orogeny between late Jurassic and early Cretaceous time. At that time a collision of tectonic plates caused huge sheets of sedimentary rock in what is now British Columbia to become detached and slide eastward to northeastward over their neighbors, piling up to form the southern Canadian Rockies. This left the Paleozoic strata on Mount Rundle dipping steeply to the southwest, so that the southwest-facing side of the mountain forms an extensive dip slope. Geologists consider Mount Rundle to be a classic example of a mountain cut in dipping layered rocks, with the tilted strata giving the mountain its shape.[2][8][10][11]

The most recent stage in the history of Mount Rundle began in the Pleistocene epoch about 2 million years ago with the sculpting and gouging of the Canadian Rockies by glaciers, and then by streams and rivers.[11] Finally, after the glaciers retreated for the last time, a series of steep, tree-covered alluvial fans began to grow at the mouths of the deep gulches on the northeast-facing side of the mountain.

The northeast-facing side of the mountain, seen from Canmore. All the peaks seen here are part of Mount Rundle.

Commerce

Rundle rock or Rundle stone, a natural stone, first quarried on Mount Rundle, is a common dimension stone used in southern Alberta for landscaping and building purposes. It has been used in the construction of the Banff Springs Hotel and several of the Parks Canada buildings. It is fine-grained sandstone dating back to the Triassic Period.[12]

Scrambles

At the EEOR near Canmore there is a well-known scramble, the Goat Creek hiking trail, with its starting point at parking trailhead, which starts at the Smith-Dorrien/Spray Trail just south of the Canmore Reservoir above Grassi Lakes. This is also the beginning of the Mount Rundle Traverse, a demanding trek to mount all of Rundle's peaks from Goat Creek parking lot to the Banff Springs Hotel. Mount Rundle is one of the most popular scrambles in the area, and is relatively straightforward for experienced hikers.

In Banff, the Spray River trailhead for the first peak taking the Mount Rundle Trail, is near the Spray River bridge on the road to the Banff Springs Golf Course. The all-day hike (from 8–10 hours) from the trailhead to the peak is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) one-way and has an elevation gain of about 993 metres (3,258 ft) to the cliff bank on the first peak and 1,579 metres (5,180 ft) to the summit.[13] Although it is called non-technical, it is considered gruelling by some. About halfway up there is a Central Gully, a huge watercourse with a well-worn path which is a dead end. Cliffs become higher and more vertical and there is no scrambling route. The real route crosses the watercourse and then immediately turns left (watch for markings). As one passes the treeline, the hiker ventures onto a feature called the "Dragon's back", where the route narrows between two steep gullies. The only real obstacle at this point is perseverance at the tread-mill like scree which slows progress to a two steps forward, one step back pattern.

The complete traverse from Banff to Canmore (staying always on the ridge) of the integral ridge was done "solo" in 1976 by the late Jean-Pierre Cadot. It required one bivouac, much scrambling, easy fifth-class rock climbing and one section was very involved and required lay-backing the ridge with a high degree of exposure. A long rappel was necessary to overcome a very steep section and it is most likely that the rappel station is still in place.

Scenic viewpoints

In 2000 Dave Birrell described Mount Rundle as one of the most recognized Canadian mountains.[14] Painter, print-maker and art teacher, Walter Phillips RCA[Notes 4] (1884–1963) described Mount Rundle as his, "bread and butter mountain. I never tire of painting it, for it is never the same. In deep shadow in the morning, it borrows a warm glow from the setting sun at the end of the day. Its colour runs the gamut from orange to cold blue-grey, with overtones of violet and intervals of green."

From Vermilion Lakes

The viewpoint from which most photographs are taken, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Mount Rundle, at the end of Vermilion Lakes road, with Vermillion Lakes in the foreground.[14]

Mount Rundle and Sulphur Mountain can be seen from Mount Norquay on the north side of the Trans-Canada. The Banff Fairmont hotel patio and restaurants look out over Mount Rundle and Tunnel Mountain.

Mount Rundle is depicted on the cover of The Ghost Inside's album Get What You Give.

Notes

  1. ↑ Grand Chief Matthew Mukash (12 March 2009). "At the Conference on Construction Val d'Or". gcc.ca. The Grand Council of the Crees. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. When Europeans first came to our homeland we remarked that these people did not appear to be enthusiasts of the outdoors. They closed themselves in box-shaped structures and did whatever work (and play) they did inside. We called the Europeans wemstigooshewich or the "shaped wood people", recalling the curiously shaped wooden ships that they arrived in. We called their square-shaped homes "waskahigan", which literally means "the structure you enclose yourself in". When they were not satisfied with one enclosure they made another one around the first, which they called a "stockade". Over time, we learned to appreciate the lifestyle they introduced to us. Today, most, if not all Crees, live in these "waskahigan" style dwellings...It was only some forty or so years ago that our people began moving into these waskahigan.
  2. ↑ James Evans the supervisor of the Wesleyan missionaries in Rupert's Land who is credited with devising the Cree syllabics
  3. ↑ pronounced Eeyore, like the character in Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh series
  4. ↑ Walter Phillips played an important role in the development of their visual arts program at the Banff Centre, then known as the Banff School of Fine Arts. Its Walter Phillips Gallery, which focuses on contemporary art, is named after him. The Glenbow Museum in Calgary, Alberta holds an extensive collection of Phillips works and a research archive.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Mount Rundle". cdnrockiesdatabases.ca. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mount Rundle". Bivouac.com. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  3. ↑ Rundle, Robert (1977), The Rundle Journals, Glenbow Institute
  4. ↑ "Biography – RUNDLE, ROBERT TERRILL". biographi.ca. Volume XII (1891–1900). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  5. 1 2 "Rundle Peaks". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  6. ↑ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Rundle Group". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  7. ↑ Livingstone Formation, Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units, 1953, archived from the original on 7 July 2012, retrieved 29 January 2014
  8. 1 2 3 4 Gadd, Ben (2008), Canadian Rockies Geology Road Trips, Corax Press, pp. 118–119, ISBN 978-0-9692631-2-8
  9. ↑ "Formations" (PDF). calfrac.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2017.
  10. ↑ "The Formation of the Rocky Mountains", Mountains in Nature, nd, retrieved 29 January 2014
  11. 1 2 "Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Poster" (PDF), Alberta Oil Magazine: the oil and gas publication of Canada, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 2007, retrieved 30 January 2014
  12. ↑ Foubert, Tanya (Jan 13, 2006). "At Kamenka Quarry, every stone has a story". Rocky Mountain Outlook. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Mount Rundle", Trail Peak, retrieved 29 January 2014
  14. 1 2 Birrell, Dave (2000), 50 Roadside Panoramas in the Canadian Rockies, Rocky Mountain Books Ltd
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