National Baseball Commission
Predecessornone
SuccessorCommissioner of Baseball
Formation1903
Dissolved1920
Chairman
August Herrmann
AL president
Ban Johnson
NL president
Key people
John E. Bruce, secretary

The National Baseball Commission was the governing body of Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball from 1903 to 1920. It consisted of a chairman, the presidents of the National League (NL) and American League (AL), and a secretary. The commission was formed as part of the peace agreement between the AL and NL and abolished following the Black Sox Scandal. It was replaced with the Commissioner of Baseball.

Background and formation

The National Commission at the 1913 World Series

Prior to the 1900 season, the Western League, which had been a minor league located in the Midwestern United States, changed its name to the American League (AL) and moved several of its franchises to larger, strategic locations, including cities abandoned by the National League (NL).[1][2] In 1901, the American League declared its intent to operate as a major league, challenging the National League.[3]

A peace agreement between the NL and AL was ratified in January 1903.[4] The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, the organization of minor baseball leagues, did not agree to the terms of the arrangement. In August 1903, the NL, AL, and minor leagues reached an agreement which established the National Baseball Commission as the governing body for Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball, commonly referred to as "Organized Baseball". August Herrmann, the owner of the Cincinnati Reds of the NL, served as chairman of the commission, while the presidents of the AL, Ban Johnson, and NL, Harry Pulliam, also had seats on the commission.[5] John E. Bruce, Johnson's personal attorney, was elected secretary and treasurer of the National Commission.[6]

Challenges

The National Commission dealt with conflicts between teams and leagues. One of the most significant conflicts came in when the Pittsburgh Pirates and St. Louis Browns both had claims for George Sisler. Sisler had signed a minor league contract before deciding to attend the University of Michigan, and the Pirates had acquired the contractual rights while Sisler had successful college baseball career. Sisler signed a contract with the Browns after leaving college. In 1912, the commission declared the original contract void because Sisler was a minor without parental permission at the time it was signed, and awarded his rights to the Browns.[7] Barney Dreyfuss, the owner of the Pirates, never forgave Herrmann for the decision[8] and began to work to have him ousted as chairman.[9]

After the 1912 season, Dave Fultz, an attorney and former major league player, attempted to unionize major league players in an organization called the Players Fraternity. He became president, with Ty Cobb, Christy Mathewson, Ed Sweeney, and Red Dooin serving as vice presidents.[10] The group achieved concessions for the players from the National Commission before the 1914 season.[11]

The Federal League declared itself to be a major league in 1914, challenging Organized Baseball. In January 1915, the league filed suit against the National Commission, accusing it and the National Agreement of violating federal antitrust law. The case was assigned to Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.[12] Landis opted not to rule on the case, and the Federal League collapsed after the 1915 season. When the two sides returned to his court in February 1916 to have the suit dismissed, Landis said that he waited to see if they could forge a settlement, because he had feared that issuing an injunction would have been harmful to baseball.[13]

In July 1919, Carl Mays left the Boston Red Sox without permission. Johnson demanded that the Red Sox suspend him, but instead, the Red Sox traded Mays to the New York Yankees. Johnson suspended Mays for deserting the Red Sox.[14] Yankees owner Tillinghast Huston accused Johnson of having a financial interest in the Cleveland Indians,[15] Huston and co-owner Jacob Ruppert obtained a temporary injunction allowing Mays to play. New York Supreme Court Justice Robert F. Wagner ruled in favor of the Yankees, granting a permanent injunction. The owners of the Yankees, Red Sox, and Chicago White Sox began to collectively oppose Johnson, becoming known as the "Insurrectos". Though the Insurrectos were outnumbered by the five teams loyal to Johnson, they held three out of the four seats on the league's board of directors.[16]

Collapse

Kenesaw Mountain Landis, surrounded by the major league owners

After the 1918 season, Harry Frazee, the owner of the Red Sox, and Harry Hempstead, the owner of the New York Giants, approached William Howard Taft, the former president of the United States, with an offer to make him baseball's sole commissioner.[17] With other NL owners looking to replace Herrmann as chair of the commission, the new owners of the Giants switched course, supporting Herrmann's reelection to the chairmanship for the 1919 season as revenge for various rules passed by the league that hurt the Giants.[18]

In January 1920, Herrmann resigned from the commission.[19] Johnson and John Heydler, the NL president, were unable to agree on a new chairman.[20]

In September 1920, a grand jury was called in Cook County, Illinois, to address an allegation of match fixing of a game between the Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Phillies.[21] After investigating corruption in baseball, the grand jury indicted eight members of the White Sox for conspiring to throw the 1919 World Series, known as the Black Sox Scandal.[22] By October 1920, Heydler called for the end of the commission.[23] Albert Lasker proposed the idea of having three individuals with no financial ties to baseball serving on the commission.[24]

All eight teams in the National League, along with the Insurrectos in the American League, threatened to break away from Organized Baseball to form their own 12-team league.[25] They turned to Landis as their preferred choice for commissioner.[26] Landis agreed to serve as Commissioner of Baseball, if he could have sole authority and not share the role with other commissioners. The owners agreed and Landis accepted the position on November 12, 1920, ending the commission.[27]

References

  1. ↑ "Ban Johnson makes moves towards establishing the American League". The Baltimore Sun. June 29, 1899. p. 6. Retrieved April 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ↑ "Change The Name: Old Western Is Now the New American League". The Inter Ocean. October 12, 1899. p. 8. Retrieved April 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ↑ "Baseball Competition: Ban Johnson's American League Breaks From The National". The Baltimore Sun. January 2, 1900. p. 6. Retrieved April 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ↑ "Peace Agreement Ratified At Last". The News Tribune. January 22, 1903. p. 6. Retrieved February 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ↑ "National Agreement Signed And Submitted". Buffalo Evening News. August 27, 1903. p. 22. Retrieved February 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "John E. Bruce, Lawyer Dies; Baseball Organizer Mourned; Sportsman Also Civic Leader". The Cincinnati Enquirer. August 18, 1924. pp. 1, 2. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ↑ "Barney Dreyfuss Gives Out Statement on Sisler Decision". Pittsburgh Daily Post. Newspapers.com. July 2, 1916. p. 21. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  8. ↑ "Sisler, Like Ruth, Was Too Valuable At Bat and in Field to Be a Pitcher". Sunday Times Signal. Newspapers.com. April 23, 1944. p. 9. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Baseball's First Commissioner: The Hiring of Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Players Are Organized". Chattanooga Daily Times. May 14, 2021. p. 36. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "Baseball Heads Agree To All But Two Requests Of Players; Fultz Satisfied With Result". The Indianapolis Star. January 7, 1914. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "Hits At Baseball Heads". Newspapers.com. January 5, 1915. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  13. ↑ "Judge Landis, the Federal League and Baseball's First Antitrust Trial". Fangraphs. February 2, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Yankees Pay Near-Record Price for Carl Mays, in Effort to Continue in Pennant Race". Evening Star. July 31, 1919. p. 26. Retrieved April 13, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ Matthews, C. Starr (August 5, 1919). "Ban No Longer Feared". The Evening Sun. p. 13. Retrieved April 13, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ Coons, Ron (June 27, 1976). "Baseball's earlier 'no-sale' fuss triggered AL president's fall". The Courier-Journal. p. C11. Retrieved April 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "Taft Baseball Dictator?". The Kansas City Star. Kansas City, Missouri. November 24, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved April 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ↑ "Herrmann Remains Head Of Baseball". New York Herald. January 17, 1919. p. 13. Retrieved April 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ "AUGUST HERRMANN RESIGNS AS CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL BASEBALL COMMISSION; HERRMANN RESIGNS HIS CHAIRMANSHIP Head of Baseball's Supreme Court Wants Action Taken as Soon as Possible. SURPRISES HIS ASSOCIATES Annual Report to Johnson and Heydler Had Led Them to Expect He Would Defer Decision. Surprise to His Associates. Advocates Deferred Election". The New York Times. January 9, 1920. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  20. ↑ "No Chairman Yet Appointed For Baseball Commish". Edmonton Journal. February 25, 1920. p. 21. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ "Order Probe Of Scandal Charge". The Salt Lake Tribune. September 8, 1920. p. 12. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "Eight Charged With Crooked Work In 1919 World Series Games". The Long Beach Telegram and the Long Beach Daily News. September 28, 1920. p. 1. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ "Scrap the National Commission!". New-York Tribune. October 2, 1920. p. 12. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "'Superior Tribunal' of Wide Power Planned To Cure Baseball Ills". The Washington Herald. October 3, 1920. p. 12. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "Break Staggering Blow To Baseball". The Boston Globe. November 9, 1920. p. 7. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ "Clipping from New York Herald". New York Herald. April 21, 2016. p. 27. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ↑ "Baseball War Comes To An End With Leagues Remaining Intact". Star-Gazette. November 13, 1920. p. 8. Retrieved April 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
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