Examples of Nazi-inspired fashion for sale in Tokyo

Nazi chic is the use of style, imagery, and paraphernalia in clothing and popular culture related to Nazi-era Germany, especially when used for taboo-breaking or shock value rather than out of genuine support of Nazism or Nazi ideology.

Its popularity began in the 1970s with the emergence of the Heavy metal, punk and glam rock movements: the Sex Pistols' first television appearance occurred with a person of their entourage wearing a swastika.[1] Nazi chic was later used in the fashion industry.[2] The trend, while having originated in the Western culture, by the late 20th and early 21st century became particularly popular in Asia.[3] Nazi chic also partly inspired some of the fashion of the leather subculture.[4]

Europe and United States

In the surf culture of the 1950s and 1960s, "Surf Nazis" would experiment with Nazi aesthetics, such as swastikas and Nazi helmets, and sometimes paint swastikas on their surfboards. Their motivation was often anti-establishment rebelliousness, rather than genuine sympathy with the Nazis.[5] American artist Ed Roth sold plastic Nazi stormtrooper helmets to surfers in the 1960s, and told Time magazine, "That Hitler really did a helluva public relations job for me."[6] In the 1960s, some filmmakers looking for edgy and controversial ideas incorporated Nazi themes into their works for shock value, with the 1965 film Censored described as having "the dubious honour of being the very first skinflick to mix Nazis and naked women".[7]

In the early 1970s, glam rock acts incorporated nazi symbolism into their works, often for the shock value and outrageousness, or for comedic effect. Steve Priest, of the glam rock band The Sweet, wore a nazi uniform and fake toothbrush moustache in a December 1973 live performance of "Block Buster!", on Top of the Pops.[8] In the 1970s punk subculture, several items of clothing designed to shock and offend the Establishment became popular. Among these punk fashion items was a T-shirt displaying a Swastika, an upside-down crucifix and the word DESTROY– which was worn by Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols, seen in the video for "Pretty Vacant". Rotten wore the swastika another time with a gesture that looked like a Nazi salute.[9] In 1976, Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees was also known to wear a Swastika armband with fetish S and M clothing, including fishnets and a whip. These musicians are commonly thought to have worn such clothing for shock value directed towards the British WWII generation rather than being genuinely associated with any National Socialist or fascist ideologies, and those with such interests likely became part of the Nazi punk or white power skinhead subcultures. However, the English classical composer, Cornelius Cardew, a Maoist, wrote a tract that called punk rock fascist.

In 1984, two T-shirt designs featuring Adolf Hitler were produced in West Germany.[10] The more famous of the two was the "Adolf Hitler European Tour" design, which featured a picture of Hitler against the backdrop of a map of Europe, with conquered territories shaded; A less popular T-shirt featured Hitler giving the Roman salute, and a yo-yo hanging from his hand. The text read "European yo-yo champion 1939-1945". Sale of the apparel led to a legal case in Germany, in an attempt to have it banned as "glorifying genocide".[11] In 1988, Ralph Engelstad was criticized for a party he held at his Imperial Palace hotel-casino in Las Vegas featuring bartenders wearing the "European Tour" shirts.[12] In 1990, the ACLU represented a high school student on Long Island who was told to remove the shirt or face suspension by school officials who claimed the shirt was anti-semitic.[13]

In an interview with Welt am Sonntag, Bryan Ferry, the English singer and musician, acknowledged that he calls his studio in west London his "Führerbunker". He was quoted as saying, "My God, the Nazis knew how to put themselves in the limelight and present themselves. ... Leni Riefenstahl's movies and Albert Speer's buildings and the mass parades and the flags - just amazing. Really beautiful."[14]

English heavy metal and rock and roll musician Lemmy of the band Motörhead collected Nazi memorabilia and had an Iron Cross on his bass guitar, but stated that he collected these memorabilia for aesthetic values and historical purposes and interests only, and considered himself an anarchist or libertarian and actually despised the Nazi regime's ideologies and their subsequent genocidal actions.[15]

In early 2005, a designer using the pseudonym "Helmut Doork"[16] began marketing a parody souvenir T-shirt with the slogans "My grandparents went to Auschwitz and all I got was this lousy t-shirt!" and "Arbeit Macht Frei."[17] In response to a complaint from the Anti-Defamation League, the design was removed from CafePress' website in late 2006.[18] The creator later uploaded it to Printfection. After Printfection removed it without explanation the creator then released it into the public domain, giving anyone permission to print and/or commercialize the design without permission.[19]

Prince Harry was criticized for wearing a costume with a swastika armband[20] causing considerable embarrassment to his family. Harry's impromptu costume resembled the Afrika Korps, rather than more political units such as the SS. Writer Moyra Bremner commented on BBC News 24 that no one had stopped the prince wearing the costume.[21]

Alternative hip hop group OFWGKTA uses the swastika symbol and makes references to Nazism in its lyrics.[22]

Nazi chic fashion can be seen in the music videos for Madonna's "Justify My Love" (1990), Marilyn Manson's "The Fight Song" (2001) and Lady Gaga's "LoveGame" (2009).[23]

Asia

Nazi cosplay at Winter Comiket 85 in Tokyo, 2013

In Japan, World War II is not taught in schools as a battle of political ideologies, but as a conventional war. This type of education treats Hitler and the Nazi Party as charismatic and powerful leaders of countries during wartime, instead of war criminals as elsewhere. Uniforms and other imagery related to Nazi Germany are sold in East and South East Asia, where some consider it fashionable. Pop groups have dressed in SS-inspired uniforms.

Sometimes in East Asia, for example South Korea and Japan, Nazi uniforms are used as part of cosplay.[24][25] Several Japanese products have reused Nazi themes in their artwork, such as the 2010 card game Barbarossa,[26] described as the "softcore Nazi anime porn" with "anime Nazi girls".[27][28] The game was successful enough to receive an English release in 2013[29] as well as a stand-alone sequel El Alamein[30] (also released in English).[28] 2019 saw the release of video game Mein Waifu is the Fuhrer,[31] described as a "Nazi-themed anime dating simulator" and inspired by the Japanese art and the visual novel-type of game.[32]

In South Korea, an area generally isolated from Nazi cultural influences during the Nazi era, Time magazine observed in 2000 "an unthinking fascination with the icons and imagery of the Third Reich."[33]

In Indonesia, the SoldatenKaffee, a café featuring Nazi decoration and memorabilia closed in 2013 due to controversies and critiques by international media as well as death threats and hate mail to the owners. The SoldatenKaffee, however, reopened in 2014, the owner claimed that his establishment was never aimed to promote Nazi ideology explaining that Nazism was only seen from a historical perspective in Indonesia. The SoldatenKaffee closed again in 2017 due to moving elsewhere for lack of local demand.[34]

There is an ongoing interest in Thailand in Nazi symbolism, particularly among young people. The fascination with such imagery is considered to be based on a lack of understanding of the Holocaust rather than political leanings or hate crime.[35][36][37][38][39][40] A Nazi-themed restaurant in Bangkok was opened in 2013 called Hitler Fried Chicken.[41]

George Burdi, the former head of the Neo-Nazi record label Resistance Records, claimed to have sold many CDs to Japan, because some Japanese believe themselves to be the master race of the East.[42]

In 2006, a restaurant named Hitler's Cross was opened in Mumbai, India. It was later renamed after protests by the Indian Jewish community.[43] 'Nazi Collection' Bedspread was launched, by a Mumbai-based home furnishing company in 2007.[44] In 2007, in Gujarat a men's clothing store named Hitler was in the news. After the outrage owners claimed they did not know Adolf Hitler.[45] In 2011, a pool parlour named Hitler's Den was opened in Nagpur. It included the Nazi Swastika and insignia. The Israeli embassy in India expressed displeasure with the naming. Simon Wiesenthal Center, an international Jewish human rights organisation called for the parlour to be renamed but the owners of the establishment refused to rename it.[46]

A clothing store in Karachi, Pakistan called "Hitler Reloaded" is named after Hitler.[47]

A clothing store in Gaza is named after Hitler.[48]

See also

Modern produced miniature figures of Nazi Party members and Nuremberg Rally propaganda items on sale in Carlisle, UK 2009.

References

  1. ↑ "Today Show - Bill Grundy" ITV. December 1976. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  2. ↑ Kidd, Laura K. (2011). "Goose-Stepping Fashion: Nazi Inspiration" (PDF). Paideusis - Journal for Interdisciplinary and Cross-Cultural Studies. 5.
  3. ↑ Manning, Charles (13 February 2015). "Trendy Teens in Asia Are Dressing Up Like Nazis". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  4. ↑ Maigné, Juliette (21 June 2018). "There's a Lot More to Being a Leatherman Than You'd Expect". Vice. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  5. ↑ "Revealed: Surf Nazis were fine people!". BeachGrit. 2 September 2017.
  6. ↑ Duane, Daniel (28 September 2019). "Opinion | The Long, Strange Tale of California's Surf Nazis". The New York Times.
  7. ↑ "Somethingweird.com | Age Consent Form". www.somethingweird.com.
  8. ↑ "Steve Priest | The Sweet". Thesweetband.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  9. ↑ "Punk and the Svastika". accum.se. Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  10. ↑ Lundmark, Thomas (15 August 2012). Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-987636-5. Retrieved 13 October 2018 – via Google Books.
  11. ↑ "UCL Laws : Institute of Global Law". Archived from the original on 14 January 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  12. ↑ "Lawrence Journal-World - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  13. ↑ "ACLU Takes Up Case of Student Forced to Remove Hitler Shirt". Associated Press. 21 September 1990. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  14. ↑ Goodchild, Sophie (15 April 2007). "Bryan Ferry's Nazi Gaffe". The Independent.
  15. ↑ "damage case". Russian MOTÖRHEAD Home page. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  16. ↑ "Auschwitz Souvenir T-shirt". Metzitzah B’peh. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  17. ↑ Mozgovia, Natasha (12 June 2006). "Auschwitz t-shirts for sale?". Ynetnews. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  18. ↑ "Online Retailer Removes Auschwitz T-Shirts After ADL Voices Concern". Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  19. ↑ "My Grandparents Went to Auschwitz and all I got was this lousy t-shirt!". Metzitzah B’peh. 31 May 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  20. ↑ "Harry says sorry for Nazi costume". BBC News. 13 January 2005. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  21. ↑ "Harry public apology 'not needed'". BBC News. 14 January 2005.
  22. ↑ Salek, Yasi (11 January 2011). "The Past, the Present, and the Odd Future". Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  23. ↑ Hope Allwood, Emma (31 October 2016). "Nazi Chic: the stylistic legacy of The Night Porter". Dazed. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  24. ↑ Sasportas, Olivier. "Le Nazi chic, la nouvelle mode qui fascine de jeunes Chinois" [Nazi chic, the new fashion that fascinates young Chinese]. Les Inrocks (in French). Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  25. ↑ Jaworowicz-Zimny, Aleksandra (2 January 2019). "Nazi Cosplay in Japan". Journal of War & Culture Studies. 12 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1080/17526272.2018.1427015. ISSN 1752-6272. S2CID 165475524.
  26. ↑ "Barbarossa". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  27. ↑ tomreimann (26 March 2014). "4 Reasons This One Kickstarter Proves Humanity Is Doomed". Cracked.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  28. 1 2 "Anime-Style 'El Alamein' Deck Building Game". icv2.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  29. ↑ "Anime-Based 'Barbarossa Deck Building Game'". icv2.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  30. ↑ "El Alamein". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  31. ↑ Feder, Shira (5 August 2019). "Inside the Nazi Anime Video Game That's Raised Over $50,000 on Kickstarter". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  32. ↑ "The worst Kickstarter projects of all time according to 2 podcasters who call out the most egregious". Business Insider. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  33. ↑ MacIntyre, Donald (5 June 2000). ""They Dressed Well" A troubling fascination with Third Reich regalia elevates the Nazi look to what's chic in South Korea". Time Asia. Archived from the original on 29 January 2001. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
  34. ↑ "Nazi-themed café in Indonesia reopens — keeping the swastikas and". The Independent. 22 June 2014. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  35. ↑ "Hitler imagery in Thai junta propaganda film sparks outrage". Mail & Guardian. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  36. ↑ "Thai junta propaganda film stuns with Hitler scene". The Japan Times. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  37. ↑ Locker, Melissa (8 July 2013). "KFC Is Not Amused by 'Hitler' Fried Chicken". Time – via newsfeed.time.com.
  38. ↑ Tuohy, Tom (15 August 2013). "Thai educators grapple with Nazi imagery". www.aljazeera.com.
  39. ↑ Ramasoota, Pirongrong (18 July 2013). "Ignorance, hypocrisy and Chula's Hitler billboard". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  40. ↑ "Hitler appears in Thai propaganda video". Fox News World. AP. 10 December 2014.
  41. ↑ "KFC Threatens Legal Action Against 'Hitler' Chicken Restaurant". HuffPost. 5 July 2013.
  42. ↑ Revenge (8 October 2009). "Revolt NS: George Burdi interview". Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  43. ↑ "Mumbai's 'Hitler's Cross' Restaurant to Change Name After Uproar". Haaretz. Associated Press. 24 August 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  44. ↑ "'Nazi Collection' Bedspread Outrages Indian Jews". Haaretz. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  45. ↑ "'Hitler' Clothing Store in India Asked by Jewish Community to Change Name". Haaretz. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  46. ↑ "Jewish rights body demand renaming of 'Hitler's Den' in Nagpur". NDTV.com. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  47. ↑ Ahmad, Meher (12 October 2017). "Where 'Hitler' doesn't mean anything". theoutline.com. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  48. ↑ "'Name of shop is Hitler and I like him because he was the most anti Jewish person'". 5 November 2015.
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