Patricia Highsmith
Publicity photo from 1962
Publicity photo from 1962
BornMary Patricia Plangman
(1921-01-19)January 19, 1921
Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.
DiedFebruary 4, 1995(1995-02-04) (aged 74)
Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland
Pen nameClaire Morgan (1952)
OccupationNovelist, short story writer
LanguageEnglish
EducationJulia Richman High School
Alma materBarnard College (BA)
Period1942–1995
GenreSuspense, psychological thriller, crime fiction, romance
Literary movementModernist literature
Notable works
Signature

Patricia Highsmith (born Mary Patricia Plangman; January 19, 1921 – February 4, 1995)[1] was an American novelist and short story writer widely known for her psychological thrillers, including her series of five novels featuring the character Tom Ripley.

She wrote 22 novels and numerous short stories throughout her career spanning nearly five decades, and her work has led to more than two dozen film adaptations. Her writing derived influence from existentialist literature,[2] and questioned notions of identity and popular morality.[3] She was dubbed "the poet of apprehension" by novelist Graham Greene.[4]

Her first novel, Strangers on a Train (1950), has been adapted for stage and screen, the best known being the 1951 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Her 1955 novel The Talented Mr. Ripley has been adapted for film multiple times. Writing under the pseudonym Claire Morgan, Highsmith published The Price of Salt in 1952, the first lesbian novel with a "happy ending";[5] it was republished 38 years later as Carol under her own name and later adapted into a 2015 film.

Early life

Highsmith was born Mary Patricia Plangman in Fort Worth, Texas. She was the only child of artists Jay Bernard Plangman (1889–1975), who was of German descent,[6] and Mary Plangman (née Coates; September 13, 1895 – March 12, 1991). The couple divorced ten days before their daughter's birth.[7]

In 1927, Highsmith, her mother and her adoptive stepfather, artist Stanley Highsmith, whom her mother had married in 1924, moved to New York City.[7] When she was 12 years old, Highsmith was sent to Fort Worth and lived with her maternal grandmother for a year. She called this the "saddest year" of her life and felt "abandoned" by her mother. She returned to New York to continue living with her mother and stepfather, primarily in Manhattan, but also in Astoria, Queens.

According to Highsmith, her mother once told her that she had tried to abort her by drinking turpentine,[8] although a biography of Highsmith indicates Jay Plangman tried to persuade his wife to have the abortion but she refused.[7] Highsmith never resolved this love–hate relationship, which reportedly haunted her for the rest of her life, and which she fictionalized in "The Terrapin", her short story about a young boy who stabs his mother to death.[7] Highsmith's mother predeceased her by only four years, dying at the age of 95.[8]

Highsmith's grandmother taught her to read at an early age, and she made good use of her grandmother's extensive library. At the age of nine, she found a resemblance to her own imaginative life in the case histories of The Human Mind by Karl Menninger, a popularizer of Freudian analysis.[7]

Many of Highsmith's 22 novels were set in Greenwich Village.[9] In 1942, Highsmith graduated from Barnard College, where she studied English composition, playwriting, and short story prose.[7] After graduating from college, and despite endorsements from "highly placed professionals,"[10] she applied without success for a job at publications such as Harper's Bazaar, Vogue, Mademoiselle, Good Housekeeping, Time, Fortune, and The New Yorker.[11]

Based on the recommendation from Truman Capote, Highsmith was accepted by the Yaddo artist's retreat during the summer of 1948, where she worked on her first novel, Strangers on a Train.[12][13]

Personal life

Highsmith endured cycles of depression, some of them deep, throughout her life. Despite literary success, she wrote in her diary of January 1970: "[I] am now cynical, fairly rich ... lonely, depressed, and totally pessimistic."[14] Over the years, Highsmith had female hormone deficiency, anorexia nervosa,[15] chronic anemia, Buerger's disease, and lung cancer.[16]

To all the devils, lusts, passions, greeds, envies, loves, hates, strange desires, enemies ghostly and real, the army of memories, with which I do battle—may they never give me peace.

– Patricia Highsmith, "My New Year's Toast", journal entry, 1947[17]

According to her biographer, Andrew Wilson, Highsmith's personal life was a "troubled one". She was an alcoholic who, allegedly, never had an intimate relationship that lasted for more than a few years, and she was seen by some of her contemporaries and acquaintances as misanthropic and hostile.[18] Her chronic alcoholism intensified as she grew older.[19][20]

She famously preferred the company of animals to that of people and stated in a 1991 interview, "I choose to live alone because my imagination functions better when I don't have to speak with people."[21]

Otto Penzler, her U.S. publisher through his Penzler Books imprint,[22] had met Highsmith in 1983, and four years later witnessed some of her theatrics intended to create havoc at dinner tables and shipwreck an evening.[23] He said after her death that "[Highsmith] was a mean, cruel, hard, unlovable, unloving human being ... I could never penetrate how any human being could be that relentlessly ugly. ... But her books? Brilliant."[24]

Other friends, publishers, and acquaintances held different views of Highsmith. Editor Gary Fisketjon, who published her later novels through Knopf, said that "She was very rough, very difficult ... But she was also plainspoken, dryly funny, and great fun to be around."[24] Composer David Diamond met Highsmith in 1943 and described her as being "quite a depressed person—and I think people explain her by pulling out traits like cold and reserved, when in fact it all came from depression."[25] J. G. Ballard said of Highsmith, "The author of Strangers on a Train and The Talented Mr. Ripley was every bit as deviant and quirky as her mischievous heroes, and didn't seem to mind if everyone knew it."[26] Screenwriter Phyllis Nagy, who adapted The Price of Salt into the 2015 film Carol, met Highsmith in 1987 and the two remained friends for the rest of Highsmith's life.[27] Nagy said that Highsmith was "very sweet" and "encouraging" to her as a young writer, as well as "wonderfully funny."[28][29]

She was considered by some as "a lesbian with a misogynist streak."[30]

Highsmith loved cats, and she bred about three hundred snails in her garden at home in Suffolk, England.[31] Highsmith once attended a London cocktail party with a "gigantic handbag" that "contained a head of lettuce and a hundred snails" which she said were her "companions for the evening."[31]

She loved woodworking tools and made several pieces of furniture. Highsmith worked without stopping. In later life, she became stooped, with an osteoporotic hump.[7] Though the 22 novels and 8 books of short stories she wrote were highly acclaimed, especially outside of the United States, Highsmith preferred her personal life to remain private.[32]

A lifelong diarist, Highsmith left behind eight thousand pages of handwritten notebooks and diaries.[33]

345 E. 57th Street, NYC – Residence of Patricia Highsmith

Sexuality

As an adult, Patricia Highsmith's sexual relationships were predominantly with women.[34][35] She occasionally engaged in sex with men without physical desire for them, and wrote in her diary: "The male face doesn't attract me, isn't beautiful to me."[36][lower-alpha 1] She told writer Marijane Meaker in the late 1950s that she had "tried to like men. I like most men better than I like women, but not in bed."[37] In a 1970 letter to her stepfather Stanley, Highsmith described sexual encounters with men as "steel wool in the face, a sensation of being raped in the wrong place—leading to a sensation of having to have, pretty soon, a boewl [sic] movement," stressing, "If these words are unpleasant to read, I can assure you it is a little more unpleasant in bed."[34] Phyllis Nagy described Highsmith as "a lesbian who did not very much enjoy being around other women" and the few sexual dalliances she had had with men occurred just to "see if she could be into men in that way because she so much more preferred their company."[27]

In 1943, Highsmith had an affair with artist Allela Cornell who, despondent over unrequited love from another woman, died by suicide in 1946 by drinking nitric acid.[12]

During her stay at Yaddo, Highsmith met writer Marc Brandel, son of author J. D. Beresford.[34] Even though she told him about her homosexuality,[34] they soon entered into a short-lived relationship.[38] He convinced her to visit him in Provincetown, Massachusetts, where he introduced her to Ann Smith, a painter and designer with a previous métier as a Vogue fashion model, and the two became involved.[34] After Smith left Provincetown, Highsmith felt she was "in prison" with Brandel and told him she was leaving. "[B]ecause of that I have to sleep with him, and only the fact that it is the last night strengthens me to bear it." Highsmith, who had never been sexually exclusive with Brandel, resented having sex with him.[39] Highsmith temporarily broke off the relationship with Brandel and continued to be involved with several women, reuniting with him after the well-received publication of his new novel. Beginning November 30, 1948, and continuing for the next six months, Highsmith underwent psychoanalysis in an effort "to regularize herself sexually" so she could marry Brandel. The analysis was brought to a stop by Highsmith, after which she ended her relationship with him.[39]

After ending her engagement to Marc Brandel, she had an affair with psychoanalyst Kathryn Hamill Cohen, the wife of British publisher Dennis Cohen and founder of Cresset Press, which later published Strangers on a Train.[40][41]

To help pay for the twice-a-week therapy sessions, Highsmith had taken a sales job during Christmas rush season in the toy section of Bloomingdale's department store.[39] Ironically, it was during this attempt to "cure" her homosexuality that Highsmith was inspired to write her semi-autobiographical novel The Price of Salt, in which two women meet in a department store and begin a passionate affair.[42][43][lower-alpha 2]

Believing that Brandel's disclosure that she was homosexual, along with the publication of The Price of Salt, would hurt her professionally, Highsmith had an unsuccessful affair with Arthur Koestler in 1950, designed to hide her homosexuality.[48][49]

In early September 1951, she began an affair with sociologist Ellen Blumenthal Hill, traveling back and forth to Europe to meet with her.[7] When Highsmith and Hill came to New York in early May 1953, their affair ostensibly "in a fragile state", Highsmith began an "impossible" affair with the homosexual German photographer Rolf Tietgens, who had played a "sporadic, intense, and unconsummated role in her emotional life since 1943."[7] She was reportedly attracted to Tietgens on account of his homosexuality, confiding that she felt with him "as if he is another girl, or a singularly innocent man." Tietgens shot several nude photographs of Highsmith, but only one has survived, torn in half at the waist so that only her upper body is visible.[50][7] She dedicated The Two Faces of January (1964) to Tietgens.

Between 1959 and 1961, Highsmith was in love with author Marijane Meaker.[51][52] Meaker wrote lesbian stories under the pseudonym "Ann Aldrich" and mystery/suspense fiction as "Vin Packer", and later wrote young adult fiction as "M. E. Kerr."[52] In the late 1980s, after 27 years of separation, Highsmith began corresponding with Meaker again, and one day showed up on Meaker's doorstep, slightly drunk and ranting bitterly. Meaker later said she was horrified at how Highsmith's personality had changed.[lower-alpha 3]

Highsmith was attracted to women of privilege who expected their lovers to treat them with veneration.[53] According to Phyllis Nagy, she belonged to a "very particular subset of lesbians" and described her conduct with many women she was interested in as being comparable to a movie "studio boss" who chased starlets. Many of these women, who to some extent belonged to the Carol Aird-type[lower-alpha 4] and her social set, remained friendly with Highsmith and confirmed the stories of seduction.[27]

An intensely private person, Highsmith was remarkably open and outspoken about her sexuality.[32][34] She told Meaker: "the only difference between us and heterosexuals is what we do in bed."[54]

Death

Highsmith died on February 4, 1995, at 74, from a combination of aplastic anemia and lung cancer at Carita Hospital in Locarno, Switzerland, near the village where she had lived since 1982. She was cremated at the cemetery in Bellinzona; a memorial service was conducted in the Chiesa di Tegna in Tegna, Ticino, Switzerland; and her ashes were interred in its columbarium.[55][56][57][58]

She left her estate, worth an estimated $3 million, and the promise of any future royalties, to the Yaddo colony, where she spent two months in 1948 writing the draft of Strangers on a Train.[34][lower-alpha 5] Highsmith bequeathed her literary estate to the Swiss Literary Archives at the Swiss National Library in Bern, Switzerland.[60] Her Swiss publisher, Diogenes Verlag, was appointed literary executor of the estate.[61]

Religious, racial and ethnic views

Highsmith was a resolute atheist.[62] Although she considered herself a liberal, and in her school years had gotten along with black students,[63] in later years she believed that black people were responsible for the welfare crisis in America.[64]: 19  She disliked Koreans because "they ate dogs".[56]

Highsmith was an avowed antisemite; she described herself as a "Jew hater" and described The Holocaust as "the semicaust".[65] When she was living in Switzerland in the 1980s, she used nearly 40 aliases when writing to government bodies and newspapers deploring the state of Israel and the "influence" of the Jews.[66] Although Highsmith was an active supporter of Palestinian rights, according to Carol screenwriter Phyllis Nagy, her arguments "often teetered into outright antisemitism."[67]

Politics

Highsmith described herself as a social democrat.[56] She believed in American democratic ideals and in "the promise" of U.S. history, but was also highly critical of the reality of the country's 20th-century culture and foreign policy. Beginning in 1963, she resided exclusively in Europe.[7] She retained her United States citizenship, despite the tax penalties, of which she complained bitterly while living for many years in France and Switzerland.

Palestine

Highsmith aligned herself with writers such as Gore Vidal, Alexander Cockburn, Noam Chomsky and Edward Said in supporting Palestinian self-determination.[64] As a member of Amnesty International, she felt duty-bound to express publicly her opposition to the displacement of Palestinians.[64]: 429  Highsmith prohibited her books from being published in Israel after the election of Menachem Begin as prime minister in 1977.[64]: 431  She dedicated her 1983 novel People Who Knock on the Door to the Palestinian people:

To the courage of the Palestinian people and their leaders in the struggle to regain a part of their homeland. This book has nothing to do with their problem.

The inscription was dropped from the U.S. edition with permission from her agent but without consent from Highsmith.[64]: 418 

Highsmith contributed financially to the Jewish Committee on the Middle East, an organization that represented American Jews who supported Palestinian self-determination.[64]: 430  She wrote in an August 1993 letter to Marijane Meaker: "USA could save 11 million per day if they would cut the dough to Israel. The Jewish vote is 1%."[68]

Writing history

Comic books

After graduating from Barnard College, before her short stories started appearing in print, Highsmith wrote for comic book publishers from 1942 and 1948, while she lived in New York City and Mexico. Answering an ad for "reporter/rewrite", she landed a job working for comic book publisher Ned Pines in a "bullpen" with four artists and three other writers. Initially scripting two comic-book stories a day for $55-a-week paychecks, Highsmith soon realized she could make more money by freelance writing for comics, a situation which enabled her to find time to work on her own short stories and live for a period in Mexico. The comic book scriptwriter job was the only long-term job Highsmith ever held.[7]

From 1942 to 1943, for the Sangor–Pines shop (Better/Cinema/Pines/Standard/Nedor), Highsmith wrote "Sergeant Bill King" stories, contributed to Black Terror and Fighting Yank comics, and wrote profiles such as Catherine the Great, Barney Ross, and Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker for the "Real Life Comics" series. From 1943 to 1946, under editor Vincent Fago at Timely Comics, she contributed to its U.S.A. Comics wartime series, writing scenarios for comics such as Jap Buster Johnson and The Destroyer. During these same years she wrote for Fawcett Publications, scripting for Fawcett Comics characters "Crisco and Jasper" and others.[69] Highsmith also wrote for True Comics, Captain Midnight, and Western Comics.[70]

When Highsmith wrote the psychological thriller novel The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955), one of the title character's first victims is a comic-book artist named Reddington: "Tom had a hunch about Reddington. He was a comic-book artist. He probably didn't know whether he was coming or going."[71]

Early novels and short stories

Highsmith's first novel, Strangers on a Train, proved modestly successful upon publication in 1950, and Alfred Hitchcock's 1951 film adaptation of the novel enhanced her reputation.

How was it possible to be afraid and in love, Therese thought. The two things did not go together. How was it possible to be afraid, when the two of them grew stronger together every day? And every night. Every night was different, and every morning. Together they possessed a miracle.

–The Price of Salt, chapter eighteen (Coward-McCann, 1952)

Highsmith's second novel, The Price of Salt, was published in 1952 under the pen name Claire Morgan.[72] Highsmith mined her personal life for the novel's content.[45] Its groundbreaking happy ending[5][lower-alpha 6] and departure from stereotypical conceptions about lesbians made it stand out in lesbian fiction.[73] In what BBC 2's The Late Show presenter Sarah Dunant described as a "literary coming out" after 38 years of disaffirmation,[74] Highsmith finally acknowledged authorship of the novel publicly when she agreed to the 1990 publication by Bloomsbury retitled Carol. Highsmith wrote in the "Afterword" to the new edition:

If I were to write a novel about a lesbian relationship, would I then be labelled a lesbian-book writer? That was a possibility, even though I might never be inspired to write another such book in my life. So I decided to offer the book under another name.
The appeal of The Price of Salt was that it had a happy ending for its two main characters, or at least they were going to try to have a future together. Prior to this book, homosexuals male and female in American novels had had to pay for their deviation by cutting their wrists, drowning themselves in a swimming pool, or by switching to heterosexuality (so it was stated), or by collapsing – alone and miserable and shunned – into a depression equal to hell.[75]

The paperback version of the novel sold nearly one million copies before its 1990 reissue as Carol.[76] The Price of Salt is distinct for also being the only one of Highsmith's novels in which no violent crime takes place,[47] and where her characters have "more explicit sexual existences" and are allowed "to find happiness in their relationship."[2]

Her short stories appeared for the first time in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine in the early 1950s.

Her last novel, Small g: a Summer Idyll, was rejected by Knopf (her usual publisher by then) several months before her death,[77] leaving Highsmith without an American publisher.[61] It was published posthumously in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing in March 1995,[78] and nine years later in the United States by W. W. Norton.[79]

The "Ripliad"

In 1955, Highsmith wrote The Talented Mr. Ripley, a novel about Tom Ripley, a charming criminal who murders a rich man and steals his identity. Highsmith wrote four sequels: Ripley Under Ground (1970), Ripley's Game (1974), The Boy Who Followed Ripley (1980) and Ripley Under Water (1991), about Ripley's exploits as a con artist and serial killer who always gets away with his crimes. The series—collectively called "The Ripliad"—are some of Highsmith's most popular works.

The "suave, agreeable and utterly amoral" Ripley is Highsmith's most famous character, and has been critically acclaimed for being "both a likable character and a cold-blooded killer."[80] He has typically been regarded as "cultivated", a "dapper sociopath", and an "agreeable and urbane psychopath."[81]

Sam Jordison of The Guardian wrote, "It is near impossible, I would say, not to root for Tom Ripley. Not to like him. Not, on some level, to want him to win. Patricia Highsmith does a fine job of ensuring he wheedles his way into our sympathies."[82] Film critic Roger Ebert made a similar appraisal of the character in his review of Purple Noon, René Clément's 1960 film adaptation of The Talented Mr. Ripley: "Ripley is a criminal of intelligence and cunning who gets away with murder. He's charming and literate, and a monster. It's insidious, the way Highsmith seduces us into identifying with him and sharing his selfishness; Ripley believes that getting his own way is worth whatever price anyone else might have to pay. We all have a little of that in us."[83] Novelist Sarah Waters esteemed The Talented Mr. Ripley as the "one book I wish I'd written."[84]

The first three books of the "Ripley" series have been adapted into films five times. In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that a group of production companies were planning a television series based on the novels.[85] The series is currently in development.[86]

Honors

Awards and nominations

Bibliography

Novels

The "Ripliad"

Adaptations of Highsmith works

Highsmith discussing murder on British television programme After Dark (June 1988)

Several of Highsmith's works have been adapted for other media, some more than once.[92][93][94] In 1978, Highsmith was president of the jury at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival.[7][95]

Film

"Ripliad"

Television

Theatre

Radio

  • 2002. A four-episode radio drama of The Cry of the Owl was broadcast by BBC Radio 4, with voice acting by John Sharian as Robert Forester, Joanne McQuinn as Jenny Theirolf, Adrian Lester as Greg Wyncoop, and Matt Rippy as Jack Neilsen.[106]
  • 2009. All five books of the "Ripliad" were dramatized by BBC Radio 4, with Ian Hart voicing Tom Ripley.[107]
  • 2014. A five-segment dramatization of Carol (aka The Price of Salt) was broadcast by BBC Radio 4, with voice acting by Miranda Richardson as Carol Aird and Andrea Deck as Therese Belivet.[108]
  • 2019. A five-episode broadcast of selected short stories (One for the Islands, A Curious Suicide, The Terrors of Basket-Weaving, The Man Who Wrote Books In His Head, The Baby Spoon) by BBC Radio 4.[109]

Novels, films, plays, and art about Highsmith

Novels
  • Dawson, Jill (2016). The Crime Writer. Sceptre. ISBN 978-1444731118.[110]
Graphic Novels
  • Ellis, Grace; Templer, Hannah (2022). Flung Out of Space: Inspired by the Indecent Adventures of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). New York: Abrams ComicArts. ISBN 978-1419744334.
Films
Plays
Art

See also

  • Ruth Rendell: A "mistress of suspense" contemporary of Highsmith for whom Highsmith acknowledged rarely admitted admiration. Rendell explored characters and themes similar to Highsmith's.[117][118]

Notes

  1. ↑ Highsmith wrote in her "Diary 8" on June 17, 1948: "What is so impossible, is that the male face doesn't attract me, isn't beautiful to me. Though I can imagine a familiarity with a man, which would ... allow us to work and make us happy—and certainly sane ... [t]he question is, whether men alone, their selves, don't get unbearably boring?"[36]
  2. ↑ The character of Carol Aird and much of the plot of The Price of Salt was inspired by Highsmith's former lovers Kathryn Hamill Cohen and Philadelphia socialite Virginia Kent Catherwood,[41][12][44] and her relationships with them.[45][46] Catherwood lost custody of her daughter in divorce proceedings that involved tape-recorded lesbian trysts in hotel rooms.[47]
  3. ↑ Meaker recalled: "[Patricia] was a wonderful, giving, funny person when I [first] met her. I can always remember her smile and her laughter because that was so much a part of her. But when she came back she was despicable. I couldn't believe her hatred for blacks, for Jews in particular, but even for gay people. She hated everybody."[52]
  4. ↑ "Carol Aird" is the upper-class, married woman going through a difficult divorce in Highsmith's novel The Price of Salt.
  5. ↑ During her lifetime, Highsmith supported Yaddo with contributions she preferred to keep anonymous. One of these gifts created an endowed fund to underwrite an annual residency for a young creative artist working in any medium. At her request the residency is now known as the "Patricia Highsmith-Plangman Residency".[59]
  6. ↑ Marijane Meaker (who wrote lesbian pulp fiction novels under the pseudonyms of "Ann Aldrich" and "Vin Packer") stated in her memoir: "[The Price of Salt] was for many years the only lesbian novel, in either hard or soft cover, with a happy ending."[5]

References

  1. ↑ "Mary P Highsmith". FamilySearch. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (From the United States Social Security Administration Death Master File).
  2. 1 2 Shore, Robert (January 7, 2000). "The talented Ms Highsmith". The Guardian. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  3. 1 2 Wilson, Andrew (May 24, 2003). "Ripley's enduring allure". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  4. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia (1970). "Foreword". Eleven (1st ed.). William Heinemann Ltd. p. xi. ISBN 0-434-33510-X.
  5. 1 2 3 Meaker, Marijane (2003). "One". Highsmith: A Romance of the 1950s (1st ed.). San Francisco: Cleis Press. p. 1. ISBN 1-57344-171-6.
  6. ↑ Castle, Terry (November 10, 2003). "The Ick Factor". The New Republic. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Schenkar, Joan (2009). The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312303754.
  8. 1 2 Doll, Jen (December 4, 2015). "The Bizarre True Story Behind "The Talented Mr. Ripley"". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  9. ↑ Cohen, Patricia (December 10, 2009). "The Haunts of Miss Highsmith". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  10. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Alter Ego: Part 1". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  11. ↑ Michaud, Jon (January 25, 2010). "Book Club: Highsmith and The New Yorker". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 Wilson, Andrew (2003). "How I adore my Virginias". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  13. ↑ Willcox, Kathleen (June 1, 2016). "Patricia Highsmith, Yaddo and America". Saratoga Living. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  14. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "The Real Romance of Objects". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  15. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "La Mamma: Part 3". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  16. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "A Simple Act of Forgery". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  17. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "The Cake That Was Shaped Like a Coffin: Part 8". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  18. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (2003). "This shimmery void 1967–1968". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  19. ↑ O'Neill, Anne (September 28, 2015). "Booze as muse: writers and alcohol, from Ernest Hemingway to Patricia Highsmith". The Irish Times. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  20. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Social Studies: Part 1". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  21. ↑ Guinard, Mavis (August 17, 1991). "Patricia Highsmith: Alone With Ripley". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  22. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (2003). "Work is more fun than play 1983–1986". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  23. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "The Cake That Was Shaped Like a Coffin". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  24. 1 2 Fierman, Daniel (January 14, 2000). "Mystery Girl: Deceased mistress of suspense Patricia Highsmith is finding new fans with The Talented Mr. Ripley". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  25. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Alter Ego: Part 3". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  26. ↑ Ballard, JG (July 21, 2003). "Summer reading: What I'll be reading this summer". The Sunday Telegraph. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  27. 1 2 3 Gross, Terry (January 6, 2016). "In 'Carol,' 2 Women Leap Into An Unlikely Love Affair". Fresh Air. NPR. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  28. ↑ Cocozza, Paula (November 12, 2015). "How Patricia Highsmith's Carol became a film: 'Lesbianism is not an issue. It's a state of normal'". The Guardian. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  29. ↑ Emily (November 13, 2015). "Phyllis Nagy: On Screen Writing and CAROL". The Laughing Lesbian. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  30. ↑ Walter, Natasha (July 11, 2003). "A lover, not a liker". The Guardian. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  31. 1 2 Currey, Mason (2013). Daily Rituals: How Artists Work (1st ed.). Knopf. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-307-27360-4.
  32. 1 2 Dawson, Jill (May 13, 2015). "Carol: the women behind Patricia Highsmith's lesbian novel". The Guardian. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  33. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (September 29, 2011). "After Patricia". The Paris Review. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wilson, Andrew (2003). "Yaddo, shadow – shadow, Yaddo". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  35. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Les Girls". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. 267–435. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  36. 1 2 Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Social Studies Part 2". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  37. ↑ Meaker, Marijane (2003). "Four". Highsmith: A Romance of the 1950s (1st ed.). Cleis Press. p. 25. ISBN 1-57344-171-6.
  38. ↑ Espana, Marco (May 6, 2015). "Famous First Words: Strangers on a Train". Late Night Library. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  39. 1 2 3 Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Social Studies Part 2". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  40. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Les Girls: Part 2". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. 287–289. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  41. 1 2 Wilson, Andrew (2003). "Instantly, I love her". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  42. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (2003). "Introduction". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  43. ↑ Hart, Kate (August 15, 2011). "The Inner Life of Patricia Highsmith". This Recording. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  44. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. 282–286, 287–289. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  45. 1 2 Wilson, Andrew (2003). "Carol, in a thousand cities". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  46. ↑ Jordan, Louis (November 19, 2015). "Carol's Happy Ending". Slate. The Slate Group. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  47. 1 2 Talbot, Margaret (November 30, 2015). "Forbidden Love". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  48. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Les Girls: Part 2". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  49. ↑ Torrance, Kelly Jane (March 2010). "In cold blood". The New Criterion. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  50. ↑ Gerratana, Mimmo (August 11, 2013). "Foto come ukiyo-e: immagini del mondo fluttuante" [Photo as ukiyo-e: images of the floating world]. I sensi della letteratura (in Italian). Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  51. ↑ Meaker, Marijane (2003). Highsmith: A Romance of the 1950s (1st ed.). San Francisco: Cleis Press. ISBN 1-57344-171-6.
  52. 1 2 3 de Bertodano, Helena (June 16, 2003). "A passion that turned to poison". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  53. ↑ Meaker, Marijane (2003). "Eleven". Highsmith: A Romance of the 1950s (1st ed.). Cleis Press. p. 63. ISBN 1-57344-171-6.
  54. ↑ Meaker, Marijane (2003). "Four". Highsmith: A Romance of the 1950s (1st ed.). Cleis Press. p. 24. ISBN 1-57344-171-6.
  55. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Appendix 1: Just the Facts". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 590. ISBN 978-0-312-30375-4.
  56. 1 2 3 Hodgson, Godfrey (February 6, 1995). "Obituary: Patricia Highsmith". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  57. ↑ Dupont, Joan (September 9, 1997). "A Writer's Legacy: Little Tales of Cats and Snails". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  58. ↑ Kennedy, Randy (February 5, 1995). "Patricia Highsmith, Writer Of Crime Tales, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  59. ↑ "Yaddo Shadow" (PDF). Yaddo. Spring 2004. pp. 14–17. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  60. ↑ Swiss Literary Archives (March 7, 2006). "Patricia Highsmith at the Swiss National Library". Swiss National Library. Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  61. 1 2 Bolonik, Kera (November 20, 2003). "Murder, She Wrote". The Nation. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  62. ↑ Gray, John (May 17, 2013). "A Point of View: Tom Ripley and the meaning of evil". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  63. ↑ Attallah, Naim (May 27, 2010). "No Longer With Us: Patricia Highsmith". Naim Attallah Online. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wilson, Andrew (2003). Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  65. ↑ Brooks, Richard (January 17, 2021). "Patricia Highsmith: the 'Jew-hater' who took Jewish women as lovers". The Guardian. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  66. ↑ Winterson, Jeanette (December 16, 2009). "Patricia Highsmith, Hiding in Plain Sight". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  67. ↑ Nagy, Phyllis (November 29, 2015). "Scotch, beer and cigarettes: my weekend with Patricia Highsmith". The Guardian. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  68. ↑ Meaker, Marijane (2003). "Epilogue". Highsmith: A Romance of the 1950s (1st ed.). Cleis Press. p. 205. ISBN 1-57344-171-6.
  69. ↑ Schenkar, Joan (December 2009). "Patricia Highsmith & The Golden Age Of American Comics". Alter Ego. TwoMorrows Publishing. 3 (90): 35–40.
  70. ↑ Raskin, Jonah (2009). "The Talented Patricia Highsmith". web.sonoma.edu. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018. (The article was published originally in The Redwood Coast Review.)
  71. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia (2008). The Talented Mr. Ripley. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-393-33214-8. Originally published by Coward-McCann, Inc., New York, 1955, LCCN 55010083.
  72. ↑ Jones, Nick (September 25, 2015). "Carol by Patricia Highsmith (Bloomsbury, 1990); Orig. The Price of Salt by Claire Morgan (Coward-McCann, 1952): Book Review". Existential Ennui. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  73. ↑ Carlston, Erin G. (November 22, 2015). "Essay: Patricia Highsmith's The Price of Salt, The Lesbian Novel That's Now A Major Motion Picture". The National Book Review. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  74. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (2003). "Art is not always healthy and why should it be? 1988–1992". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747563143.
  75. ↑ Patricia Highsmith (November 11, 2015). "Happily ever after, at last: Patricia Highsmith on the inspiration for Carol". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  76. ↑ Rich, Frank (November 18, 2015). "Loving Carol". Vulture. New York. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  77. ↑ Rich, Frank (December 12, 1999). "American pseudo". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  78. ↑ King, Francis (March 18, 1995). "Perverse and foolish". The Spectator. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  79. ↑ Leavitt, David (June 20, 2004). "Strangers in a Bar". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  80. ↑ Jordison, Sam (June 9, 2015). "Mr Ripley's great talent? Making us like a killer and his crimes". The Guardian. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
  81. ↑ Silet, Charles L.P. "Patricia Highsmith's Thomas Ripley". MysteryNet. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
  82. ↑ Jordison, Sam (June 2, 2015). "Tom Ripley, the likable psychopath". The Guardian. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
  83. 1 2 Ebert, Roger (July 3, 1996). "Purple Noon". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  84. ↑ Gleeson, Sinead (June 13, 2015). "Patricia Highsmith: a talented writer who always let rip". The Irish Times. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  85. ↑ Goldberg, Lesley (May 27, 2015). "Patricia Highsmith's 'Ripley' Book Series Headed to TV (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
  86. ↑ Andreeva, Nellie (March 24, 2016). "'Luther' Creator Neil Cross To Write TV Series Adaptation Of Tom Ripley Books". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  87. ↑ "Le Prix Littéraire Lucien Barrière". Festival du Cinéma Américain de Deauville. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  88. ↑ Wright, Lance. "The Vuoden Johtolanka (Clue) Award". Omnimystery. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  89. ↑ Berlins, Marcel (April 17, 2008). "The 50 Greatest Crime Writers, No 1: Patricia Highsmith". The Times. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  90. ↑ "Edgars Database". TheEdgars.com. Mystery Writers of America. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  91. ↑ "Books and Writers". booksandwriters.co.uk. Crime Writers' Association. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  92. ↑ Arn, Jackson (November 25, 2015). "Adaptation: Patricia Highsmith". Film Comment. Film Society of Lincoln Center. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  93. ↑ Nolan, Monica (Fall 2015). "Everyone Is Guilty: The Films of Patricia Highsmith" (PDF). Noir City. Film Noir Foundation. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
  94. ↑ Morris, Bill (November 25, 2015). "The Filmable Miss Highsmith". The Millions. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  95. ↑ Berlinale. "Juries 1978". Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin.
  96. ↑ Lesser, Wendy (July 27, 2016). "Purple Noon: A superior take on The Talented Mr. Ripley". Library of America. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  97. ↑ Peary, Gerald (Spring 1988). "Patricia Highsmith". geraldpeary.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  98. ↑ Ebert, Roger (April 9, 2006). "Ripley's Game". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  99. ↑ Malone, Michael (September 25, 2019). "Showtime to Turn Highsmith's 'Ripley' Novels Into Series". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  100. ↑ Porter, Rick (February 10, 2023). "'Ripley' Series Moving From Showtime to Netflix". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  101. ↑ Nagy, Phyllis (December 26, 2016). "Not Easily Pleased". Metrograph Theatre. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  102. ↑ Metzler, J.B. (2001). Lexikon Literaturverfilmungen: Verzeichnis deutschsprachiger Filme 1945-2000 (in German) (1st ed.). Stuttgart, Germany: Springer-Verlag. p. 88. ISBN 978-3-476-01801-4.
  103. ↑ Walt, G. "Tiefe Wasser". Zauberspiegel (in German). Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  104. ↑ Benedict, David (September 29, 1998). "Theatre: Getting away with murder". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  105. ↑ Marks, Peter (September 17, 2010). "Karl Miller shines as 'Talented Mr. Ripley' at Round House Theatre". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  106. ↑ "Patricia Highsmith – The Cry of the Owl". BBC Radio 4. June–July 2002.
  107. ↑ "The Complete Ripley". BBC Radio 4. February–March 2009.
  108. ↑ "Carol". 15 Minute Drama. BBC Radio 4. December 2014.
  109. ↑ "Patricia Highsmith Stories". Short Works. BBC Radio 4. December 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  110. ↑ Dawson, Jill (2016). "The Crime Writer". Hodder & Stoughton. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  111. ↑ "Loving Highsmith". Ticino Film Commission. 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  112. ↑ "Loving Highsmith" (PDF). Zeitgeist Films. 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  113. ↑ Kaufman, Sophie Monks (April 13, 2023). "Loving Highsmith". Little White Lies. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
  114. ↑ Murray-Smith, Joanna (2015). "Switzerland". Dramatists Play Service. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  115. ↑ "Switzerland". Sydney Theatre Company. 2014. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  116. ↑ "Dinner And A Rose". Poetry Beyond Text. Arts and Humanities Research Council. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
  117. ↑ Peters, Fiona (2011). Anxiety and Evil in the Writings of Patricia Highsmith. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-4094-2334-8.
  118. ↑ Hillerman, Tony; Herbert, Rosemary, eds. (2005). A New Omnibus of Crime. Oxford University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-19-518214-9.

Further reading

Books
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patricia Highsmith.

Audio interviews

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.