This is a list of participants, associates and helpers of, and certain infiltrators (such as Heinz Pannwitz) into, the Red Orchestra (German: Die Rote Kapelle) as it was known in Germany. Red Orchestra was the name given by the Abwehr to members of the German resistance to Nazism and anti-Nazi resistance movements in Allied or occupied countries during World War II. Many of the people on this list were arrested by the Abwehr or Gestapo. They were tried at the Nazi Imperial War Court before being executed either by hanging or guillotine, unless otherwise indicated. As the SS-Sonderkommando also took action against Soviet espionage networks within Switzerland, people who worked there are also included here.[1]

Group organisational diagrams

The following meticulously researched hierarchy diagrams were created by the Joint security service that consisted of the MI6 and the CIA between 1945 and 31 December 1949.[2]

Key

  • If a person was associated with a group, then they are shaded.
  • If they joined one group and left to join another, perhaps because the first group was disrupted, then the second group is detailed in notes and they are shaded based on the first group.
  • If they worked for Soviet intelligence and built a group, then they are shaded as Soviet intelligence agents.
Country Colour Group Colour Group Colour Group Colour Group
Germany Schulze-Boysen Group Harnack Group von Scheliha Group Uhrig Group
Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Germany military including Gestapo, Funkabwehr
Belgium Trepper Group Gurevich Group Jeffremov Group September 1939-May 1942 Jeffremov Group May 1942-August 1942
Netherlands Winterink Group or Group Hilda
France Group Andre Lyons Group Marseilles Group Ozols Network
Switzerland Rote Drei Group Sissy Group Long Group Pakbo Group
Soviet Union Soviet intelligence officers

A

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Robert Abshagen (1911–1944) Insurance employee, sailor and construction worker KPD member, Communist Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group 19 October 1942 in Hamburg Sentenced to death by the Volksgerichthof on 2 May 1944. Beheaded in Hamburg on 10 July 10, 1944 The group that Abshagen was part of was created by Anton Saefkow and eventually held resistance cells in large Hamburg companies.[6]
Alexander Abramson (1896–?) Lawyer and economist Rote Drei Codenames: Isaak and Sascha[7]
Vera Ackermann Militant communist Encrypted communications prior to transmission and handed the ciphered text to the Sokols, who were radio operators, for transmission to the Soviets Trepper Group Escaped being arrested [8] (Partial Preview at Google Books)
Maurice Aenis-Haenslin KPD member, liaison between Henry Robinson and Rachel Dübendorfer for the Rote Drei in Geneva Rote Drei Group Real person was never identified as name was identified through radio traffic. The name fitted two individuals but other facts didn't.[9]
Bernhard Almstadt (1897–1944) Managing director of the Arbeiter-Sport-Verlag KPD member. Courier, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front). Uhrig Group 12 July 1944 and sentenced to death on the 19th Executed on 6 November 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden penitentiary [10]
Leonid Abramovich Anulov (1897–1974) Soviet agent Organizer of the Rote Drei in Switzerland Recalled to the Soviet Union in 1938, received the Order of Lenin and released from office. He was then arrested under Soviet law § 436 and sentenced to 15 years at a work education detention camp. [11][12]
Rita Arnould (1914–1943) Housewife Courier Trepper Group Rue des Atrebates 101, Brussels on 13 December 1941 Death sentence in April 1943 [13] Rita Arnould (née Bloch) became an informer after being captured by the SS in Brussels. She betrayed the Gurevich group in Brussels, forcing many of its members to flee to France and other minor characters to stay hidden. Arnould was, nonetheless, executed on 20 August 1943 at Plötzensee Prison.[14]

B

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Otto Bach Member of International Labour Office in Geneva Facilitated introductions Rote Drei Member of the German Chamber of Commerce in Paris. Worked with Heinz Pannwitz.[15]
Margarete Barcza (1912–1985)[16] Mistress and later wife of Anatoly Gurevich.[17]
Robert Barth (1910–1945) Typesetter Communist and parachute agent Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested October 1942 Landed with Albert Hoessler[18]
Bernhard Bästlein (1894–1944) Precision mechanic KPD member, Communist. Built the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group. Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group 30 May 1944 and sentenced to death on 5 September 18 September 1944 beheaded with a hatchet Linked to Harnack Group via Wilhelm Guddorf. Also linked to Schulze-Boysen and Uhrig people.[19]
Arnold Bauer (1909–2006) Writer Communist and KPD member Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war [20]
Carl Baumann (1912–1996) Artist Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested in autumn 1942 and sent to the Eastern Front in 1943 Wounded in 1944 and captured by Soviet forces, but survived the war Baumann created a now famous painting called Rote Kapelle 1941 ref number Inv-Nr. 1967 LM, now located in the Stadtmuseum in Münster in which he portrays Harro Schulze-Boysen, Walter Küchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher as architects building a bridge away from Nazism.[21]
Anna Becker 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Mother of Friedrich Beuthke's wife, Charlotte. Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazi's called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge, when a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[22]
Emil Becker 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Father of Friedrich Beuthke's wife, Charlotte. Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge, when a Red Orchestra member was discovered.[22]
Karl Behrens (1909–1943) Tool designer Communist Black Front member, then member KPD Harnack Group 16 September 1942. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 18 January 1943, the death penalty Killed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison [23]
Clare Behrens (1915–2011) Tailor Survived the war Wife of Karl Behrens
Willy Berg Gestapo Kriminalinspector Sonderkommando Pannwitz. Monitored Trepper and Gurevitch. Worked for Heinz Pannwitz[24]
Helene Berger (1898–?) Austrian economist Supplied intelligence to Rachel Dübendorfer Rote Drei [25]
Hanna Berger (née Johanna Elisabeth Hochleitner-Köllchen) (1910–1962) Teacher, director, theatre director Enabling subversive communist gatherings in her home. KPD member Schulze-Boysen Group 1942, suspected of preparing to commit high treason and sentenced to two years in concentration camp, but was acquitted after several months on 21 August 1943 Survived the war [26]
Liane Berkowitz (1923–1943) Student Took part in pamphleteering against The Soviet Paradise Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 26 September 1942. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 20 January 1943, the death penalty Executed on 20 January 1943 at Plötzensee Prison [27]
Sergei Bessonov

(1892–1941)

Foreign Intelligence Unit of the Soviet Embassy in Berlin Created the Harro Schulze-Boysen Group. Convinced Harnack to work for the Soviets. Murdered by the Soviet secret police in Stalin's Medvedev Forest massacre on 11 September 1941.
Maurice Beublet

(?–1943)

Belgian lawyer Simexco legal advisor Gurevich Group 4 December 1942 in Brussels 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison [25]
Leon Beurton (1914–1997) Soviet agent Chief cipher expert for Alexander Radó. Trained by Ursula Hamburger in WT procedures. Rote Drei Group Survived the war. Married to Ursula Kuczynski.[9] Codenamed William Miller, John, Fenton.[28]
Anna Beuthke (1883–1943) Mother of the Beuthke family KPD, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends.

Arrested 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[29]

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[22]

Ernst Beuthke (1903–1943) No profession, warehouse man. Only son of the Beuthke family who held no profession.[22] Communist KPD Anti-Fascist fighter in Spain, and Germany fighting the SA. Soviet parachutist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends. Hid in Charlotte Hundt's home upon arrival. Arrested with his wife after returning from the USSR and exposing himself in the Little Moscow garden colony. 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[30]
Friedrich Beuthke (1906–1943) Welder. Youngest son of the Beuthke family.[22] KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[31]

Richard Beuthke (1880–1943) Servant and turner. Father of the Beuthke family.[22] KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial. [32]

Walter Beuthke (1904–1943) Precision mechanic. Second eldest son of the Beuthke family.[22] KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial. [33]

Charlotte Beuthke (1909–1943) Communist KPD member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Shot without trial.[22] Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Married to Walter Beuthke.[34]
Mario Bianchi (1909–?) Physician, ear, nose and throat specialist Kept a safehouse that hid a number of contacts. Later, hid Alexander and Helen Radó after Rote Drei was broken up. Rote Drei Survived the war [35]
Lotte Bischoff (née Charlotte Wielepp) (1901–1994) stenographer KPD, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front. SED functionary Saefkov-Jacob-Bästlein Group Survived the war In contact with Wilhelm Knöchel, Robert Uhrig, and Kurt and Elisabeth Schumacher.[36]
Kurt Bietzke (1894–1943) Painter KPD co-founder. Procured illegal quarters, got passports, money and ration cards. Tucholla group, Red Mountain Climbers Sentenced to death by the People's Court (Germany) in July 1942 17 August 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. [37]
Herbert Bittcher (1908–1944) Foreman SPD. Later became a communist and joined the KPD Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Arrested by Gestapo On 1 January 1944 sentenced to death for the "preparation for high treason". Executed in January 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden Prison [38]
Joseph Blumsack Member of the foreign workers section of the Communist Party of Belgium Courier between Brussels and Paris Trepper Group Arrested 7 January 1943 and deported to Germany.

Rumoured to have survived but no evidence of this.

 Married to Renée Clais-Blumsack.[35]
Georges Blun (1893–1999) French journalist from Le Monde Soviet agent Rote Drei Group. Survived the war Directed small Blun network of six people in Switzerland. Codename Long. Secrets offered by Blun could not match the quality of the Lucy secrets, but still a very important member of the Red Three Group. Survived the war.[9]
Suzanne Boisson (1918–?) Courier Gurevich Group. 13 December 1941 Unknown [39]
Karl Böhme (1914–1943) Commercial clerk Tried to organise the repair of the radio located at Hans Coppi Schulze-Boysen Group

Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 30 January 1943 "for preparation for high treason in a unit with favorability of the enemy and for aiding espionage".

 Wife Margarete Böhme was also picked up by the Gestapo and killed.
Anton Börner Soviet intelligence agent Soviet parachutist KPD Trained as an upholsterer. Captured by the Gestapo upon landing.
Wilhelm Bösch Died 10 April 1945 Locksmith Communist KPD member. Collected money and food for persecuted colleagues. AEG turbine factory group 21 March 1945 sentenced to death by Berlin Superior court Murdered in Plötzensee Prison on 10 April 1945 [40]
Hermann Böse (1871–1943) Music teacher and conductor Communist, KPD member Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Sent to the KZ Mißler concentration camp [41]
Paul Böttcher (1891–1975) Communist politician, MP, Journalist Passed information between Christian Schneider and Alexander Radó Rote Drei Group 1933 taken into 10 months protective custody by the Nazis, released and emigrated to Switzerland Survived the war Married to Rachel Dübendorfer. Codename Paul, codenamed Hans Saalbach.

[42]

Margrit Bolli (1919–2017) Dancer Radio operator Rote Drei 13 October 1943 and sentenced to 10 months in prison Survived the war Code name Rosa, Schatz-Bolli,Schwarz-Boili. Recruited by Alexander Radó and trained in Wireless Telegraphy by Alexander Foote.[43]
Cato Bontjes van Beek (1920–1943) Artist. Distributed illegal writings and leaflets Schulze-Boysen Group 20 September 1942. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 18 January 1943 18 January 1943 sentenced to death for high treason and guillotined. A personal clemency to Hitler was refused. [44] Started opposing Hitler when she was 13 years old when she heard a broadcast from Hitler in 1933 in the one nation speech.
Mietje Bontjes van Beek (1922–2012) Artist and author Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Not actively involved in the resistance. Occasionally took food and cigarettes along with her sister Cato to French forced labourers in Berlin.[45]
Jan Bontjes van Beek (1899–1969) Ceramist and sculptor Schulze-Boysen Group 20 September 1942 in Berlin Survived the war Became famous sculptor and ceramist after the war, with a particular focus on vases. Fringe member of the group through his daughter Cato[46]
Henriette Bourgeois (1917–?) stenographer Radio operator Rote Drei Group Survived the war Codename Harry[47]
Elsa Boysen (1883–1963) Schulze-Boysen Group 26 September 1942 Survived the war Aunt of Harro Schulze-Boysen.[48]
Walter Bremer (1904–1995) Surveying student and Police officer Helped produce the Die Innere Front newspaper Survived the war [49]
Robert Breyer Painter and illustrator Trepper Group 25 November 1942 in Paris Hanged in July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison
Cay-Hugo Graf von Brockdorff (1915–1999) Sculptor Schulze-Boysen group Arrested in 1943 on the Eastern Front and sent to a Strafbataillon Survived the war and married resistance fighter Eva Lippold. Marie Hübner was maid of honor. [50]
Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff (1911–1943) Office worker Radio experimenter, used own house as communication centre for Hans Coppi Schulze-Boysen Group 16 September 1942 arrested and sentenced to 10 years. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on 21 April 1943 to four years in prison for preparation for high treason. Hitler turned penalty into death sentence. 13 May 1943, strangled with a rope attached to a meathook in Plötzensee Prison [51]
Eva-Maria Buch (1921–1943) Interpreter, translator, bookseller and student Translation of individual pamphlets and the Die Innere Front newspaper into French Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 11 October 1942 On 3 February 1943 sentenced by the 2nd Reichskriegsgericht to death for the preparation of a high-treasonous enterprise and because of enemy favouritism and executed in Plötzensee Prison. [52]
Walter Budeus (1902–1944) Machinist Communist, former KPD member. Built illegal group in northern Berlin to report armaments production and to disseminate leaflets. Uhrig Group February 1942 21 August 1944 beheaded [53]
Hugo Buschmann

(1899–1983)[54]

 Industrialist. President of the Eternit AG, a construction materials company. Worked as an informant for Schulze-Boysen Schulze-Boysen Group

Survived the war

Travelled as Leo Buschmann[55]

C

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Marcelle Capre (1914–?) Soviet intelligence officer Acted as a cutout for agent Jerome. Provided intelligence on French aircraft. Trepper Group Code name Martha. Hid Germaine Schneider in her apartment. Assistant to Henry Robinson.[56]
Robert Jean Christen (1898–?) Gurevich Group 25 November 1942 in Brussels Survived the war Simexco shareholder[47]
Joséphine Clais (?–1945) Courier Jeffremov Group January 1943 and sent to Breendonk prison camp Died in early 1945 in Ravensbrück concentration camp Married name Joséphine Verhimst. Sister of Germaine Schneider and Reneé Clais. Recruited by Germaine.[57]
Reneé Clais (Blumsack) (1907–1945) Courier between Brussels and Paris Trepper Group Arrested on 7 January 1943 in Brussels 10 March 1945 in the Mauthausen concentration camp Wife of Joseph Blumsack. Sister of Germaine Schneider and Joséphine Clais. Recruited by Germaine.[35]
Suzanne Cointe (1905–1943) Piano teacher. Secretary to Alfred Corbin at Simex Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison [58]
Frieda Coppi Tailor Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin Mother of Hans Coppi. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Hans Coppi (1916–1942) Student Disributing phamplets, later establishing a radio link to the Soviet Union Harnack group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin. On 19 December 1942, the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty Death penalty 19 December 1942 Introduced to Schulze-Boysen via Heinrich Scheel.[59] Ran the Coro group. Code name Strahlmann.[60]
Hilde Coppi (1909–1943) Clerk KPD Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin. On 20 January 1943, the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht pronounced the death penalty. Death penalty on 20 January 1943 Wife of Hans Coppi. Mother of Hans Coppi Jr. (born 27 November 1942)[59]
Kurt Coppi Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin
Robert Coppi (1882–1960) Painter specialising in lacquer and gilding KPD Harnack Group 12 September 1942 Father of Hans Coppi. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Alfred Corbin (1919–1943) French commercial director Ran the 5th Trepper sub-network. Managing director of Simex in Paris. Courier Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Initially never knew anything about the network but was gradually drawn in over many months, eventually becoming a core member.[61]
Denise Corbin 25 November 1942 Fresnes Prison Wife of Robert Corbin. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Marie Corbin 26 November 1942 Ravensbrück concentration camp.

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.

Robert Corbin Liaison between Alfred Corbin and the Organisation Todt Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris 8 March 1943 death penalty Denise Corbin was his wife. Brother of Alfred Corbin. uncovered.

[62]

Fritz Cremer (1906–1993) Sculptor. Soldier between 1940 and 1944. KPD member, Communist Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Husband of Hanna Berger, who, although arrested as part of Schulze-Boysen group, escaped in 1944. Both Cremer and Berger survived the war. [63] Cremer had strong contacts with Walter Küchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher
Buntea Crupnic (1911–2002) Lawyer Communist. Provisioned safehouses in the Brussels area and responsible to Elizabeth Depelsenaire. Jeffremov Group Survived the war Code name Irma Salno, Irene Sadnow, Andree, Yvonne[61][64]

D

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Charles Francois Daniels (1911–?) Businessman Courier between Simexco in Brussels and Simex in Paris Gurevich Group Business associate of Guillaume Hoorickx and Heinrich Rauch.[65]
Anton Danilov Belgian communist, Soviet agent Secret writing specialist to prepare identity papers Gurevich Group 12 December 1941 in Brussels while transmitting Believed to have been executed in or around 1943. Code name: Antonio, Desmet, de Smet, de Smith Assistant to Anton Makarov. Assumed to be David Kamy in disguise.[66]
Elizabeth Depelsenaire (1913–1998) Lawyer, feminist Belgian Communist, Intelligence officer Jeffremov Group Arrested July 1942 Survived the war Worked in the group in 1941 and 1942.[67]
Werner Dissel (1912–2003) Actor Volunteered into the Wehrmacht to betray them. Schulze-Boysen group Escaped detection Survived the war Helped to publish the magazine of the Schulze-Boysen Group called The Adversary. Was a personnel friend of Harro Schulze-Boysen.[68]
Rachel Dobrik (1908–?) Rote Drei accountant Supplied monies to Rachel Dübendorfer from an American account Rote Drei Dobrik warned Alexander Radó that the Swiss were going to arrest Rote Drei members.[69]
Martha Dodd (1908–1990) Writer Soviet agent Harnack group Survived the war [70]
Charles Drailly (1901–1945) Banker and commercial expert Became director of Simexco in March 1941. Gurevich Group then worked for the Rote Drei Arrested on 25 November 1942 Died of Typhus on 4 January 1945 Mauthausen concentration camp Drailly was aware of the activities of the Belgian intelligence networks but did not actively take part in them.[71]
Germaine Drailly (1899–1945) Rote Drei Arrested 26 November 1942 and deported to Berlin On 13 May 1945, sentenced to death by the Reichskriegsgericht. Married to Nazarin Drailly.
Nazarin Drailly (1900–1943) Helped to establish Simexco Took over management of Simexco after Gurevich left for France. Gurevich Group, Rote Drei 6 January 1943 Brussels. Tortured with dogs who ripped his legs to shreds and they had to be amputated. 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Brother of Charles Drailly. Actively involved in the collection of military and industrial intelligence.[72]
Solange Drailly (born 1 February 1926) Rote Drei Arrested as part of the Simexco round up by the Gestapo in November 1942. Released for lack of evidence. Survived the war. Daughter of Nazarin and Germaine Drailly.
Rachel Dübendorfer (1900–1973) Secretary of International Labour Organization Polish Comintern representative Rote Drei Survived the war. Code name was Sissy.[73]
Jutta Dubinsky (1917–1985) KPD/SED Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group and later Hans Coppi group 21 October 1942 in Berlin The 2nd senate of the People's Court sentenced on 21 August 1943 to eight years in prison. Survived the war. Became involved with Harnack through the Fritz Cremer, Cay-Hugo von Brockdorff and Wolfgang Thiess.
Viktor Dubinsky (1912–1942) Student KPD/SED Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group and later Hans Coppi group 26 October 1942 in Guben 21 April 1943 sentenced to five years in prison for preparation of High Treason. Became involved with Harnack through the Fritz Cremer, Cay-Hugo von Brockdorff and Wolfgang Thiess.
Jacques Duclos (1896–1975) French Communist politician PKF, Coordinator of the Resistance. Managed connections to Moscow Trepper group Survived the war [74]

E

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Modeste Ehrlich Trepper Group December 1942 Sent to a concentration camp Betrayed by Trepper to save his life.[75]
Erna Eifler (1908–1944) Stenographer Soviet parachutist KPD, Communist agent Arrested on 15 October 1942 in Hamburg On 8 April or 7 June 1944 shot dead in Ravensbrück concentration camp Arrived in Germany with Wilhelm Fellendorf in May 1942 and were to provide communication for the von Scheliha group but Harnack heard of their arrival in Hamburg.[76]
Charlotte Eisenblätter (1903–1944) Chief secretary in a large company Creating leaflets and writing addresses. Uhrig group Arrested in February 1942, she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp On the 10 July 1944, sentenced to death for preparing for high treason [77]
Horst von Einsiedel (1905–1947) Lawyer and economist Kreisau group Worked with Arvid Harnack in the 1930s to build a resistance group.
Ina Ender (1917–2008) Seamstress and eventually model Courier Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Hans Coppi who ran the Coro Group Arrested September 1942 In July 1943 sentenced to six years in prison by the Reichskriegsgericht for assisting to disintegrate the military forces (distributing leaflets). Ender survived the war Married to Hans Lautenschläger
Alexander Erdberg (1909–1961) Soviet intelligence agent. Acted as contact between Moscow and Harnack Schulze-Boysen Groups Recruited Harnack Group, Created Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Worked for the Foreign Intelligence Unit of the Soviet Embassy in Berlin.[78]

F

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Katharina Fellendorf (1884–1944) Housewife Mother of Wilhelm Fellendorf.

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.[79]

Wilhelm Fellendorf (1903–1944) Locksmith, driver Soviet agent Schulze-Boysen and Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group 15 October 1942 28 October 1942 in Hamburg Came to Germany in May 1942 with Erna Eifler as a parachutist to collect intelligence.[79]
Wilhem Franz Flicke (1897–1957) German Wehrmacht soldier and cryptanalyst, later author Worked on the cryptanalysis of Rote Drei messages Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW/Chi) Flicke wrote two books. The second one was called War Secrets in the Ether that described an OKW/Chi intercept station at Lauf.[80] The first and most salient book was on the subject of the Die Rote Kapelle.[81] The information is no longer considered fully accurate and is at times, misleading.[82]
Alexander Foote (1905–1957) Radio operator Radio operator Rote Drei Group In November 1943 imprisoned by Swiss who picked up his radio by DF-ing it. Released September 1944 Survived the war Code names:Jim, Alfred, Major Granatow, Alfred Feodorovich Capidus, Alexander Alexandrovich Dymov, John South, Albert Mueller. Worked with Ursula Beurton then Alexander Radó. Had many code names.[83]
Karl Frank (1906–1944) Cabinetmaker and politician KPD member, produced papers and pamphlets attacking the Nazi regime, calling for acts of resistance. Uhrig Group Arrested in May 1942 and in June 1944, sent to the Sachsenhausen and Landsberg concentration camps. Executed on August 21, 1944 at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Frank was in the communist group that created resistance cells in factories around Berlin and Hamburg. The cells were coordinated by Robert Uhrig.

G

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Erwin Gehrts (1890–1943) Journalist, Colonel in Luftwaffe Communist, Gehrts passed all his Luftwaffe documents and interesting events to Shulze-Boysen who passed some to Harnack Shulze-Boysen Group 9 October 1942 Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty 10 January 1943 One of the most important members of the Shulze-Boysen Group.[84]
Walter Gersmann (1914–1942) Gardener KPD member and Soviet intelligence agent. Soviet parachutist. Arrested by the Gestapo on 18 or 19 May 1942, the day after parachuting from a plane near the village of Dittau Executed at the end of 1942 Trained as an agent by the GRU and sent to Europe. Betrayed members of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group after being turned by the Gestapo after almost a year of captivity.[85]
Selma Gessner–Bührer (1916–1974) Swiss Soviet agent Worked for Maria Josefovna Poliakova in Switzerland in 1936. Rote Drei Survived the war Recalled in 1941 by Moscow to provide assistance to Alexander Radó. Acted as a cutout between Jules Humbert-Droz and Alexander Foote.[86]
Karl Giering (1900–1945) Gestapo agent and police officer First head of Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle. Died of throat cancer before the end of the war. Kriminalrat in AMT, Abteilung II, RSHA. Leading detective in the search for Soviet agents in Belgium and France. Was replaced by Heinz Pannwitz in August 1943 as he was dying of cancer.[87]
Pierre Giraud (1914–1943) Trepper Group December 1942 in Paris Committed suicide in early 1943 at Fresnes. Husband of Suzanne Giraud. [88]
Suzanne Giraud (1910–?) Custodian of a wireless telegraphy set located in Le Pecq. Worked as a courier transporting documents between the French communists and the Trepper Group. Trepper Group Arrested in 1942 Presumably executed in 1942 or 1943 Wife of Pierre Giraud, who was recruited by Léon Grossvogel. Codename was Lucy and worked under the name of Lucienne Giraud, Trepper's connection to the French Communist Party.[89]
Robert Giraud (1906–1943) Courier Trepper Group Giraud was the main liaison between Trepper and executive committee of the French Communist Party.[90]
Hans Bernd Gisevius (1904–1974) German diplomat and intelligence officer Informant Rote Drei Survived the war. Gisevius liaison in Zürich between Allen Dulles, station chief for the American OSS and the German Resistance forces in Germany. Rudolf Roessler identified Gisevius as a source to a friend after the war.[91]
Walter Glass (1889–1956) Pattern shop owner Housed and fed Bernhard Bästlein with his daughters in 1944 at his own apartment 5 July 1944 VGH ruling on 1 November 1944, sentenced to four years in jail Glass was the father of Lucie Nix and Vera Wulff.
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (1884–1945) German politician Informant Rote Drei 12 August 1944 Hanged on 2 February 1945 in Plötzensee Prison Joined the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler. He is one of the four Rote Drei sources in Germany named by Rudolf Roessler.[92]
Ursula Goetze (1916–1943) Student Apartment was used for a number of secret meetings. Schulze-Boysen and Harnack groups 15 October 1942 in Berlin 18 January 1943, the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for conspiracy to commit high treason and favouring the enemy [93][94]
Sarah Goldberg (1921–2003) Radio operator in Belgium. Recruited by Hermann Isbutzki. Trepper Group 4 June 1943 Deported to Germany and then Auschwitz concentration camp After the Red Orchestra was destroyed in Belgium in 1943, transferred to work with Jewish partisans in Brussels. Rescued on 23 April 1945. Survived the war. Founding member of Belgian section of Amnesty International.[95]
Joseph Goldenberg Arrested in early 1942 Fort Breendonk concentration camp from September 1942 to March 1943, died there on 13 April 1943 following an "interrogation".
Herbert Gollnow (1911–1943) Consular Secretary, at the Federal Foreign Office Later, lieutenant in the Luftwaffe working as a Liaison officer from the Abwehr Harnack Group Arrested on 19 October 1942 in Berlin Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for conspiracy to commit high treason and favouring the enemy on 19 December 1942. One of the core members of Harnack Group[96]
Otto Gollnow (1923–1944) Bank apprentice, soldier 26 September 1942 in Berlin Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for undermining the military, received a six-year prison sentence.
Daniël Goulooze (1901–1965) Director of the Communist Party of the Netherlands Radio operator. Liaison officer between CPN and the Communist International in Moscow. Hilda Group Arrested sometime in 1943 Survived the war. Codenames:Daan.Not charged as a terrorist by as a spy and survived by changing his name in the concentration camp.[97][98]
Max Grabowski (1897–1981) Painter and decorator Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) Schulze-Boysen Group Brother of Otto Grabowski. Printed the Die Innere Front in his paint workshop.[99][100]
Otto Grabowski (1892–1961) Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Zeitung Neuköllner Sturmfahne Schulze-Boysen Group Brother of Max Grabowski. Founder of Die Innere Front[101]
Herbert Grasse (1910–1942) Printer KJVD, KPD. Participated in the productions of the illegal paper, Zeitung Neuköllner Sturmfahne Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin Committed suicide the day after his arrest Had close links with the group around Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster and later had contact with John Sieg. Later pushed for joint actions in the AEG factory amongst workers who were resisting.[102]
John Graudenz (1884–1942) Journalist, photographer, sales representative In charge of the technical aspects of the producing the AGIS leaflets. Later helped Schulze Boysen organise intelligence. Schulze Boysen Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942 the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to the death penalty because of preparation for high treason, enemy favour, destruction of the military force and espionage [103]
Karin Graudenz Schulze Boysen Group

Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin; released after two weeks.

 Daughter of John Graudenz. Also called Karin Reetz after being married.
Silva Graudenz Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin; released after two weeks. Daughter of John Graudenz
Toni Graudenz (died 1985) Press photographer Schulze-Boysen group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On the 12 September 1942 in Berlin the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced to three years in prison for listening to enemy transmitter and omission of an advertisement. Survived the war. Third wife of John Graudenz
Manfred von Grimm (1911–?) Long Group Arrested October 1942 Survived the war. Became the Minister of Cultural Affairs in Lower Saxony. Codenamed Grau for Rote Drei. Worked for Polish intelligence.[104]
Adolf Grimme (1889–1963) Prussian Minister of Science, Art and Education Sent letters to university professors and distributed pamphlets Harnack group Avoided the death penalty in 1943 by informing on the Red Orchestra. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on 2 February 1943 for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and because of enemy privileges to three years penitentiary Survived the war Friends with Adam Kuckhoff.[105]
Maria Grimme Harnack group Survived the war Wife of Adolf Grimme.[105]
Anna Griotto Courier for Henry Robinson group in France Own house used to hold meeting between Henry Robinson and Trepper Group members Trepper Group

Survived the war

 Wife of Medardo Griotto.[106]
Medardo Griotto (1901–1943) Engraver Produce fake documents, also operated a safe house Trepper group Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to death in March 1943. Executed on 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Suspected of being Henry Robinson's main assistant.[106]
Léon Grossvogel (1904–?) Electrician and manager Ran the 1st Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence concerning industry and economy. Responsible for the communications networks of the Trepper Group. Trepper Group Arrested in 1943 by Gestapo Possibly executed in Fresnes Prison, possibly survived the war Husband of Jeanne Grossvogel-Pesant. Worked at Le Roi du Caoutchouc. Later created the Foreign Excellent Rain Coat Company with Jules Jaspar.[106]
Jeanne Grossvogel-Pesant (1901–1943) Manager of ostend branch of Le Roi du Caoutchouc Ran the 3rd Trepper sub-network

Later created the Foreign Excellent Rain Coat Company with Jules Jaspar and her husband.

 Trepper Group Arrested 25 November 1942 Executed in July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Wife of Léon Grossvogel[106]
Malvina Gruber (1900–?) Courier between Paris and Brussels and Cutout between Rajchmann and Trepper. Gurevich Group Arrested in Brussels on 12 October 1942 Protected by the Sonderkommando, used to discover other agents in Brussels and Paris. In August 1947 in prison in Belgium, later sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in February 1949 by court martial in Brussels, released December 1951. Wife of Adolf Gruber. Mistress of Abraham Rajchmann, the forger.[107] In 1953, Gruber still engaged in espionage.[107]
Wilhelm Guddorf (1902–1943) Journalist and writer Communist Harnack group Arrested on 10 October 1942 and sentenced to death in February 1943. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 3 February 1943 the death sentence for preparation for high treason and because of enemy favouritism Executed at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin on 13 May Important member of Schulze-Boysen Group as well.[108]
Hilde Guddorf (1907–1980) Shorthand typist, later GDR politician Communist member of Young Communist League of Germany and Communist Party of Germany Harnack Group Survived the war Husband of Wilhelm Guddorf. Worked with the Uhrig group.[109]
Anatoly Gurevich (1913–2009) Soviet agent. Provided intelligence to Trepper from François Darlan and the Girauds. Ran the 7th Trepper sub-network. Trepper Group 12 November 1942 in Marseille Returned to Soviet Union, sent to Lubyanka prison, later deported to labour camp. Rehabilitated in 1990. Leader of the Gurevich Group. Real name Anatoly Gurevich. Codenames: Kent, Fritz, Arthus Barcza, Simon Urwith, Manolo, Dupuis, Lebrun); see name Table. G. Founded the Simexco company as a cover for intelligence work in Brussels in autumn 1940. Gurevich and Nazarin Drailly were principal stockholders and managing directors.[110][111]

H

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Max Habjanic Swiss bureaucrat of Balkan descent Provider of fake identity papers Rote Drei

Survived the war

 Code name:Cobbler Max. Provided passports for Anna Barbara Müller that eventually reached Henry Robinson. Habjanic used blank forms to create passports and then sent individual copies of each form to various senior police officers who signed them without suspecting what they were.[112]
Ruthild Hahne (1910–2001) Sculptor Communist. House used as a meeting place. Worked on the Die Innere Front (The Internal Front) Harnack and Schulze-Boysen Groups Arrested on 21 August 1943. The 2nd Senate of the People's Court sentenced her on 21 August 1943 to four years in prison. In February 1945, Hahne was able to escape from the women's prison in Cottbus Survived the war Became involved with Harnack through Fritz Cremer, Cay von Brockdorff, and Wolfgang Thiess. Moved to East Germany after the war and joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany.[113]
Rudolf Hamburger (1903–1980) Architect GRU, Red Army intelligence agent, Undertaking photographic jobs Rote Drei Survived the war Codename Rudi. First husband of Ursula Kuczynski, who was Sonia directing Swiss groups.[114]
Edmond Hamel (1910–?) Trained as a wireless specialist Trained by Alexander Foote on WT operations and began transmitting to Moscow in March 1941 Rote Drei 8 October 1943. Served only five days as Swiss did not know his true identity. Released July 1944. Sentenced in 1947 and imprisoned for nine months. Survived the war.

Husband of Olga Hamel.[115]

Olga Hamel (1907–?) Trained as a wireless specialist Assisted her husband in the transmission of WT traffic. Rote Drei 8 October 1943 Released July 1944. Later sentenced to 7 months in 1947 by a Swiss court. Code name: Delez, Maud. Wife of Edmond Hamel. When arrested, 129 messages were found in their flat. Received large sums of money from Alexander Radó in 1942 and 1942[116]
Ernst Happach Ran a duplicating machine in his apartment to duplicate AGIS leaflets created in part by John Graudenz Shulze-Boysen Group Arrested in Berlin on 12 September 1942 Spend two years in prison for "failure to report a plan of high treason". Recruited by Libertas Schulze-Boysen
Arvid Harnack (1901–1942) Jurist, economist Scientific expert in the Reich Economic Ministry Formed the Harnack Group Arrested on 7 September 1942. The 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 19 December 1942. Hanged four days later at Plötzensee Prison. [117]
Falk Harnack (1913–1991) Director and screenwriter Leafletting Harnack Group, later joined White Rose Arrested and acquitted on 19 April 1943. In August 1943 he was removed from Wehrmacht and transferred to a penal battalion, the 999th Light Afrika Division. In December 1943 sent to a concentration camp but escaped. Survived the war in Greece Brother to Arvid Harnack.[118]
Mildred Harnack (1902–1943) Literary historian and translator Brought together a discussion circle at home that created the Red Orchestra Harnack Group Arrested on 7 September with her husband Arvid Harnack, when a radio message they had sent was read by Referat 12 Initially given six years in prison, but Hitler ordered a new trial and she was sentenced to death on 16 January 1943 by the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. She was executed on the same day. Mildred Harnack is the only member of the Red Orchestra whose burial site is known.[119]
Hilde Hauck (1905–1988) Administrator and interpreter KPD Survived the war Under the supervision of the Gestapo for the duration of the War.
Hans Hausamann (1897–1974) Swiss author and intelligence officer Provided information to Czech Colonel Karel Sedlacek Directed Büro Ha, the unofficial autonomous Swiss intelligence centre, loosely attached to official Swiss military intelligence. Survived the war [120]
Robert Havemann (1910–1982) Chemist and later East German dissident KPD, founded the European Union resistance group Arrested in 1943. Fate was postponed several times until the Brandenburg-Görden Prison was liberated by the Red Army. Survived the war [121]
Wolfgang Havemann (1910–1982) Lawyer Communist Harnack Group Arrested on 5 September 1943 by Gestapo. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him on 17 February 1943 for failed high treason to nine months in prison Survived the war Son of Gustav Havemann, who was a prominent Nazi. Created the European Union Resistance Group. On 16 December 1943 sentenced to death by the People's Court and later had the sentence deferred several times by Wolfgang Wirth, a senior scientist from the Waffenamt.[122]
Horst Heilmann (1923–1942) Student and wireless operator. Cryptanalyst Passed secret communications from the Abwehr to the Group. Later tried to warn Shulze-Boysen when the GRU spy Johann Wenzel's traffic was deciphered by Referat 12 and Schulze-Boysen was exposed. Schulze-Boysen Group On 19 December 1942, the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty On 22 December 1942, executed by decapitation at Plötzensee Prison. Executed with Harro Schulze-Boysen. Recruited by Schulze-Boysen.[123]
Carl Helfrich (1906–1960) Journalist Worked in the Foreign Office, where Rudolf von Scheliha was Head of Unit Harnack and Schulze-Boysen Groups Sent directly to a concentration camp Survived the war [124]
Bruno Hempel Leafleting and pamphleting Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested in spring 1943 2nd Senate of the People's Court condemned him on 21 August 1943 to two years in prison. Had contact with Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster
Hans Henniger (1904–?) Luftwaffe inspector, later soldier Allowed John Graudenz to elicit information from him. Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 9 October 1942 in Berlin the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 20 January 1943 "for disobedience in the field and surrendering a state secret", and sentenced to four years. [125]
Rudolf Herrnstadt (1903–1966) Journalist Communist politician and Soviet agent Von Scheliha Group Survived the war During World War II, he held a senior position in the Red Army.[126]
Kurt Hess (1901–?) Dentist Let John Sieg use his dentist's office to host illegal meetings. Communist.
Henrika Hillbolling Courier Winterink Group Arrested on 19 August 1942 in Amsterdam. Sent to Fort Breendonk prison. Executed in January 1943.

Her husband, Jacob Hillbolling, was executed at the same time as Henrika.

Jacob Hillbolling Scout and Courier Winterink Group Sent to Fort Breendonk prison. Executed in January 1943. His wife, Henrika Hillbolling, was executed at the same time as Jacob.
Helmut Himpel (1907–1943) Electrical engineer, later became a dentist Treated Jewish patients free of charge. Distribution of pamphlets. Distributed the teachings of Galen, which cited the Aktion T4 that resulted in Hitler stopping the killing of mentally ill patients. Through John Graudenz met Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 17 September 1942 in Berlin. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht Reichskriegsgericht announced on the 26 January 1943 the death penalty citing "preparation for high treason and enemy favoritism". One of the core group around Schulze-Boysen and fiancé of Maria Terwiel.[127][128]
Albert Hoessler (1910–1942?) Labourer KPD member, Communist, Soviet intelligence agent Murdered September 1942 without trial Codename Stein, Franz.[129] On 5 August 1942 parachuted into Germany. Sent to establish a WT link to Moscow for the Schulze-Boysen Group, initially from Erika von Brockdorff's apartment and then from Oda Schottmüller apartment.
Walter Hoffmann Toolmaker Took part in discussion groups, listened to foreign broadcasts and distributed leaflets. Schulze-Boysen Group The 2nd Senate of the People's Court sentenced him to one year in prison on 21 August 1943 Personal friend of Harro and Libertas Schulze-Boysen.
Karl Hofmaier (1897–1988) Journalist Expelled from the Swiss Communist Party. Joined the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland. Rote Drei Group Survived the war Close to Alexander Radó and Rachel Dübendorfer.[129]
Walter Homann (1906–1945) Locksmith and metal worker KPD. Worked at the AEG turbine factory helping his colleagues, who were killed at the same time as him. AEG turbine factory Group Arrested 8 February 1945. Sentenced on 21 March 1945 and murdered on the same day at Plötzensee Prison.
Margarete Hoffmann-Scholz Trepper Group via the small Basile Maximovitch Group Sentenced to six years in prison Niece of the commander of Paris, General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel.
Caroline Hoorickx Assisted the Belgian network from 1939 to 1941. Courier for Gurevich. Gurevich Group Wife of Guillaume Hoorickx. Mistress of Anton Makarov.[130]
Guillaume Hoorickx (1900–?) Painter Agent of the Gurevich Group in Belgium between 1940-1942. Used own apartments for meetings. In early 1942, moved to Simexco to work as a buyer but really as a courier. Gurevich Group and the Trepper Group Arrested on 28 December 1942. Repatriated to Belgium on 2 June 1945. After the war tried to contact former Simexco people. Codename Bill.[131]
Arthur Hübner (1899–1962) During interwar period sent on missions to Europe for the General Staff of the Red Army. Acted as a Scout Survived the war Precursor to the Red Orchestra. Many of Hübner's family were involved the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack groups. His father was Emil Hübner.[132]
Emil Hübner (1862–1943) Politician Worked for Communist International from the 1920s. Arranged accommodation including his own house for Soviet parachutists. Arrested September 1942 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 10 February 1943 the death penalty. Executed on 5 August 1943 at Plötzensee Prison. Whole family including grandchildren were arrested and executed. Frida Wesolek was his daughter.
Max Hübner (1862–1943) German politician KPD, worked with the Communist International. Trained as radio operator. Ran a photography shop in his basement to create false documents including passports, set up with KPD money. The unit also built radio transceivers. Shulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 18 October 1942 in Berlin. Death penalty on 10 February 1943 "for aiding and abetting the preparation of a highly treacherous enterprise and espionage". Worked with Adam Kuckhoff, Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg.[125]
Marie Hübner (1903–2001) Domestic servant Shulze-Boysen Group Survived the war. Became friends with Erika von Brockdorff. Married Wilhelm Hübner.[133]
Jules Humbert-Droz (1872–1971) Swiss journalist and pastor. Thought to be an agent of Maria Josefovna Poliakova before the war. Later recruited agents for Alexander Radó. Rote Drei Arrested June 1942 and expelled from Switzerland Known to have survived the war Established Comintern Youth International in Switzerland with Willi Münzenberg and Henry Robinson.[134]
Arlette Humbert-Laroche (1915–1945) French poet and secretary at an unemployed workers' organisation Distributing leaflets to factories. Travelled between several groups Arrested January 1943 She was locked up in Fresnes Prison, then deported to Germany where she was sent to Ravensbrück camp, then to Mauthausen and later Bergen-Belsen concentration camp [135]
Charlotte Hundt (1900–1943) Clerk Hosted the parachutist Ernst Beuthke at her house. Arrested on 17 May 1943 in Wittenau Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial house of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Lina Mueller, Wally Radoch and Ella Trebe, one day after their husbands.[136]
Marta Husemann (1913–1960) Actress Communist. KPD member. Schulze-Boysen Group In November 1936 and the following March to June 1937 detained at the Moringen concentration camp. 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her on 26 January 1943 for preparing a highly treasonous company to a 4 years of imprisonment. Captured in 1945 by the Red Army. Survived the war Husband of Walter Husemann.
Walter Husemann (1909–1943) Editor Communist. Worked for the NKGB Schulze-Boysen Group On 9 September 1942, Husemann was arrested at this workplace. Sentenced to death on January 26, 1943, for "Preparation to high treason and aid for espionage" and executed at Plötzensee Prison 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 26 January 1943 for preparation for treason and aiding espionage. Executed on 13 May 1943 Codename Akim. Taught Hans Coppi the radio in 1941.[137]

I

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Else Imme (1885–1943) Retail manager Collected monies for persecuted fellow citizens. Distributed Soviet radio transmissions. Held illegal meetings in her apartment for the Schulze-Boysen group Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested 18 October 1942. On 30 January 1943, 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to death for favoring the enemy 5 August 1943 executed at Plötzensee Prison
Hermann Isbutzki (1914–1944) Radio operator who was to build his own network Gurevich Group then Trepper Group and later Jeffremov Group Arrested on August 13, 1942 in Brussels Executed in July 1944 in Plötzensee Prison. Arrested when Jefremov, who was under German control betrayed him, and tortured for almost a year. Heinz Pannwitz used his name to conduct playbacks, i.e. maintaining the connection to Moscow.[138][139]

J

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Franz Jacob (1906–1944) Machine fitter Built the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Group Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Group 4 July 1944 On 5 September 1944 sentenced to death by the People's Court and executed on 18 September 1944, at Brandenburg-Görden Prison [140]
Krystana Iwanowa Janewa (1914–1944) Soviet agent Shulze-Boysen, Harnack and Bästlein Groups Arested in late 1944. Taken to the Barnimstrasse women's prison in Berlin and later transferred to a prison in Halle Janewa died from ill treatment [141]
Jean Baptiste Janssens (1898–?) Shoemaker Courier Jeffremov Group Arrested January 1943 Janssens died in Breendonk concentration camp [142]
Jules Jaspar (1878–1963) Belgian Consul Director of Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company. Helped people persecuted by the Nazis. Trepper Group Arrested and sent to Mauthausem concentration camp Liberated in May 1945. Survived the war In 1942, helped establish Simexco in Marseille.[142]
Konstantin Jeffremov (1910–?) Soviet Army Captain, engineer and chemical warfare expert Soviet agent Worked all over Europe, later built Jeffremov Group in Belgium Arrested on 22 July 1942 and conducted a playback in Fort Breendonk until late November 1944 Unknown Agent active in Europe from 1936.[143]

K

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Ludwig Kainz Construction engineer in Organisation Todt December 1942 in Paris Sentenced to three years in prison
David Kamy (1911–1943) Graduate Chemist Radio operator who was trained by Johann Wenzel alongside Sophia Poznańska. Gurevich Group 13 December 1941 Assumed to be Anton Danilov while undercover. Captured at 101 Rue des Atrebates, Brussels[144]
Louis Kapelowitz (1891–19??) Czech commercial director Director of the Excellent Raincoat Company and later director of the subsidiary, the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company Trepper Group Survived the war Kapelowitz's wife, Sarah, was the sister of Leon Grossvogel. Maurice Padawer and Adolf Lerner, directors of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company, were both married to sisters of Louis Kapelowitz.[145]
Hillel Katz (1905–1943) Secretary at Simex company Trepper Group December 1942 when the Simex people were rounded up. Disappeared in November 1943. Likely shot without trial Code names:Andre Dubois, Rene and Le Petit Andre. Assistant to Trepper who betrayed him. He was responsible for liaison between Leon Grossvogel, Henry Robinson and the Simex company.


His brother, Joseph Katz (aka Mayer ben Josef Katz), was part of the Lyon network.[146]

Gerhard Kegel (1907–1989) Diplomat KPD member Von Scheliha Group Survived the war. According to Simon Wiesenthal, Kegel worked for the Gestapo during World War II.[147]
Waldemar Heinrich Keller (1906–1991) Simex technical advisor Trepper Group Arrested on 19 November 1942 in Paris Sentenced to three years in prison Made a fortune before his arrest by dealing in industrial diamonds with the Todt Organization. Seemed to be an agent who worked mainly for money.[148]
Helmut Kindler (1912–2008) Journalist European Union Group Had a successful career after the war. Kindler was a childhood friend of Ilse Stöbe.
Richard Klotzbücher (1902–1945) Cashier and HR person at AEG Turbine Factory Suppression of Nazi state efforts Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Arrested on 22 February 1945 Executed on 10 April 1945 in Plötzensee Prison for "preparation of treason" [149]
Heinrich Koenen (1910–1945) German engineer Soviet agent Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 29 October 1942 Executed without trial at Sachsenhausen concentration camp in February 1945 Parachutist. Parachuted into Germany on 23 October 1942 to receive some intelligence from Rudolf von Scheliha and blackmail him if the intelligence was not forthcoming but was arrested within several days.[150]
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Korotkov (1909–1961) Soviet Agent Recruited Arvid Harnack around December 1941. Survived the war 1941 Deputy Resident of the NKVD in Berlin. Code name was Alexander Erdberg. Erdberg acted as a contact between Moscow and the Harnack and Schulze-Boysen groups in Berlin. Later from 1946 to 1957 Korotkov was deputy Head of foreign intelligence service of the KGB of the USSR[151][152]
Anna Krauss (1884–1943) Lacquer and paint wholesaler Fortune-teller and clairvoyant who counted Libertas Schulze-Boysen as a client. She used her apartment to create and print leaflets and pamphlets with John Graudenz Schulze-Boysen Group September 14, 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 12 February 1943 the death penalty for decomposing the military force Read the fortunes of all the Schulze-Boysen group to provide and engender a steely backbone for the group.[153]
Werner Krauss (1900–1976) German Romanist academic KPD Communist. Schulze-Boysen Group 24 November 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 18 January 1943, the sentence was revised on 14 September 1944 to five years in prison. Survived the war Made contact with Shulze-Boysen via John Rittmeister and supported their actions on many occasions.[154] Krauss wrote an anti-fascist novel Die Passionen der halykonischen Seele in 1943.[155] His sentence was commuted from the death penalty to a period in jail after a plea of clemency from his academic friends at the University of Marburg where he was employed.[156]
Willy Kruyt (John W. Kruyt Sr.) (1877–1943) Dutch Protestant minister Soviet agent, Parachutist Jeffremov Group 20 July 1942 Successively jailed in St Gilles, Breedonck, and Moabit prisons. Believed to have been executed at Moabit in 1943. Sent by Soviet intelligence to provide a bastion for the Jeffremov Group[157]
John W. Kruyt Jr. (1926–?) Soviet agent, Parachutist Dropped in the Netherlands to supply a radio to Daan Goulooze. Son of John W. Kruyt Sr.[157]
Walter Küchenmeister (1897–1943) German machine technician, communist, political writer Wrote a number of pamphlets Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 On 6 February 1943, he was sentenced to death by the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War Court for belonging to the resistance organisation. Executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. [158]
Adam Kuckhoff (1887–1943) German writer, journalist who wrote on communist and marxist philosophies Produced and collaborated on illegal pamphlets. Also worked on writing the Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) Harnack Group 12 September 1942, arrested in Prague. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 6 February 1943 for preparing a highly treasonous company and for Enemy favorability 5 August 1943, executed at Plötzensee Prison Also closely affiliated with the Shulze-Boysen Group and considered an important member of both groups. His wife was Greta Kuckhoff.[157][159]
Margarete Kuckhoff (1902–1981) Economist Harnack Group Arrested on 12 September 1942, the same day as her husband. On 3 February 1943, she was sentenced to death as an accomplice to high treason and [for] failure to report a case of espionage by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. However her sentence was lifted on 4 May 1943, but a second trial on 27 September 1943 resulted in a sentence of ten years at Waldheim Prison where she was liberated by the Red Army in May 1945. Survived the war Known by the first name as Greta. Husband was Adam Kuckhoff. Important member of the Harnack Group as well.[160][161]
Ursula Kuczynski (1907–2000) Editor Soviet agent. Survived the war Code name: Ruth Werner, Ursula Beurton, and Ursula Hamburger.[162] Sent to Switzerland during the interwar period to build an intelligence network. Later she became a handler of Klaus Fuchs, couriering intelligence to the Soviet Union from 1943. Considered one of the top Soviet spy's during the post-war period.[163] KPD member.
Yvonne Kuenstlunger Cutout Trepper Group Cousin of Rita Arnould. Managed the contacts between Rue des Atrébates and Isidor Springer.[164][165]
Hans-Heinrich Kummerow (1903–1944) Telecommunications engineer and designer at the Opta Radio AG in Berlin Supplied intelligence to the Soviet Union Arrested in Berlin at the end of November 1942 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 18 December 1942 the death penalty for high treason. Beheaded in Halle Prison on 4 February 1944. Husband of Ingeborg Kummerow.[166] Occasionally used Schulze-Boysen's groups radio transmitter to transmit reports to Moscow.
Ingeborg Kummerow (1912–1943) Arrested in September 1942. On January 27, 1943, she was sentenced to death for aiding and abetting espionage by the 4th Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. On 5 August 1943, she was executed in Plötzensee Prison Wife of Hansheinrich Kummerow.[166]
Hans Kurfess (1915–?) Lawyer German cryptanalyst worked in Referat 12 Later enciphered texts prepared by Anatoly Gurevich as part of Sonderkommando Pannwitz in Paris.[167][168]

L

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
François Lachenal (1918–1997) Swiss publisher and diplomat Informant Rote Drei Code name: Diener. Passed low grade intelligence to Jean-Pierre Vigier, the son in law of Rachel Dübendorfer.[169]
Otto Lang (1890–1945) Office worker. Also employed as an umbrella maker. SPD Working in AEG factory, spreads foreign news and leaflets. Support families who have been persecuted by the Nazi's. Arrested in February 1945 On 10 April 1945, murdered in Plötzensee Prison [170]
Fritz Lange (1898–1981) Teacher and soldier Co-editor of the Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) Bernhard Bästlein and Wilhelm Guddorf On 8 October 1943 the 2nd Senate of Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to five years in prison "for aiding the high treason and enemy favoritism" Survived the war Member of the Harnack Group through Wilhelm Guddorf.
Hans Lautenschläger Commercial employee and union official Schulze-Boysen group Arrested on 24 February 1943 on Guernsey

The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 3 July 1943 for decomposition of the military force and preparation for high treason. The death penalty was never carried out.

Married Ina Ender on 14 September 1936. He and his wife, Ina, appeared as themselves in a 1988 titular documentary-style film directed by Thomas Grimm.[171][172]

Ina Ender-Lautenschläger (1917–2008) Photo model
 Communicated gossip that became intelligence Schulze-Boysen group Arrested on 16 September 1942 Survived the war Married Hans Lautenschläger on 14 September 1936. The couple appeared as themselves in a 1988 titular documentary-style film directed by Thomas Grimm.[171]
Claire Legrand (?–1944) Trepper Group Arrested on 30 November 1942 in Marseille by the Gestapo In November 1944 sent to Auschwitz concentration camp and executed. Wife of Jules Jaspar.[173]
Willy Lehmann (1884–1942) Police officer, Gestapo Soviet Agent Worked in the Office IV of the Reich Security Main Office December 1942 discovered Shot without a trial [174]
Ernst Lemmer (1898–1970) German journalist, later politician Informant for Georges Blun Rote Drei Survived the war. Code name: Agnes.[9]
Waldemar Lentz (1909-?) German cryptanalyst worked in Referat 12 and part of Sonderkommando Pannwitz in Paris Arrested on 5 September 1942 in Berlin and later released. Survived the war Members of Referat 12 detached to Aussenstelle Paris.[175][176]
Friedrich Lenz (1885–1968) Professor of economics Liaison between intelligence groups and the Soviet embassy. cutout between Harnack and the Soviet embassy in 1941. Harnack Group and others Survived the war and went back into academia. His Soviet principal was Gunther Lubszynski.[177]
Abraham Isaac Lerner (1891–?) Commercial director Director of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company Trepper Group Managed to escape arrest in May 1941 and moved to New York via Portugal Code name: Adolf.[178]
Antonia Lyon-Smith (1925–2010) Schoolchild Betrayed the French resistance. 21 October 1943 by Heinz Pannwitz. Went on to live a happy life in Devon.[179] Acquainted with Claude Spaak who procured false papers for her. Unwittingly assisted the escape of Leopold Trepper. Daughter of British Brigadier Tristram Lyon-Smith. She became linked to Gestapo agent, Karl Gagl, a member of Sonderkommando Pannwitz, who wanted to marry her but didn't.[179][180]
Wilhelm Leist (1899–1945) Toolmaker KPD Founded a resistance group at the AEG turbine factory Arrested on 7 March 1945 by the Gestapo Murdered on 10 April 1945 at Plötzensee Prison [181]
Hans Gerhardt Lubszynski (1904–?) German research and radio engineer, member of the German Communist Party. Informant Trepper Group Identified in the Robinson papers an agent. Worked with Heinz Erwin Kallmann in England who identified with the code name of Professor.[182]
Rose Luschinsky (1903–?) Physician Trepper Group Sister of Rachel Dübendorfer. Identified in the Robinson papers an agent under the code name: Jenny.[183]

M

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Mikhail Makarov (1915–circa 1942) Soviet intelligence agent Ran the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company. Was an expert in false documents and secret inks. Trepper Group

Executed in Plötzensee Prison circa 1942.

 Code name Carlos Alamo, Chemnitz. Offered wireless telegraphy training to people recruited by Trepper.[184]
Helmut Marquardt Assistant radio operator Shulze-Boysen Group Acquittal in a trial of the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 3 July 1943 After his acquittal the 19-year-old Marquart received a protective detention order and was admitted to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[185]
Charles Mathieu Inspector in Belgian Gendarmerie On behalf of the Gestapo, penetrated the Rote Kapelle in Belgium, leading to the arrest of Jeffremov.[186]
Anna Maximovitch (1901–1943) Neurologist Ran the 4th Trepper sub-network Trepper Group December 1942 20 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Code name: Arztin. Provided intelligence from French clerical and royalist sources including Bishop Chaptal of Paris.[187]
Basile Maximovitch (1902–1943) Chemist and Civil-Mining engineer Ran the 3rd Trepper sub-network Trepper Group 16 December 1942 6 July 1943 at Plötzensee Prison Code name: Professor. Provided intelligence from white Russian emigrant groups; also from German Wehrmacht personnel. In a relationship with Margarete Hoffmann-Scholz. Brother of Anna Maximovitch.[187]
Bernhard Mayr von Baldegg (1909–1980) Swiss intelligence office Reported to Captain Max Waibel.[188]
Marcel Melliand (?–1943) Businessman and publisher of textile magazine Courier. Schulze-Boysen used John Graudenz to pass information to England via Melliand but Melliand was unable to get a visa.[189] Schulze-Boysen Group 26 September 1942 in Heidelberg Had excellent business contacts in Switzerland and was considered a strong anti-fascist.[189][190]
Franz Mett (1904–1944) Miner and metal worker Built resistance group centred around Robert Uhrig and was in contact with the resistance in Berlin Uhrig group 4 February 1942 Sentenced to death on 7 June 1944 and executed on 21 August 1944 in Brandenburg-Görden Prison. [191]
Ewald Meyer (1911–2003) Artist and graphic artist Illustrated a number of banned book by Nazi's that were used to resist. Also helped illustrate leaflets Survived the war After the war his career flourished and he had a large number of exhibition in different European countries.
Wilhelm Milke (1896–1944) Metalworker KPD member, Communist Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Arrested on 21 October 1942 Milke was found dead in his cell in Plötzensee Prison Helped to organise aid for those of were persecuted and supported foreign forced labour.[192]
Juliette Moussier (1892–?) Employee of the Confiserie Jacquin, a confectionery manufacturer PCF member, Courier Trepper Group Passed reports from the Trepper Group to the French Communist Party.[193] Later Trepper requested a meeting with Moussier as part of a German playback operation, while he was in custody to prove to Soviet intelligence that he was still free and enable the playback operation to continue, otherwise he would likely have been executed. Instead he managed to pass a long message containing the news that we was exposed along with a large number of people who were captured. Trepper requested that Moscow send a radio message to the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle from the Red Army to indicate that they understood.[194]
Marius Mouttet (1876–1968) French minister, later socialist diplomat and colonial adviser Informer to Foote Rote Drei Did not appear in Rote Drei traffic after 1942.[195]
Anna Barbara Müller (1880–?) Seamstress, later owned an appointments agency Soviet agent Arrested in June 1943 in Freiburg after being enticed in Germany to help her brother. Sentenced to death but the Swiss intervened and was given 2 year sentenced. Released by the Soviets. Code name:Anna (Not the Rote Drei Anna in the German Foreign Office). In 1936 worked for Maria Josefovna Poliakova. Kept in custody during the Robinson interrogation.[196]
Karl Müller (1904–1945) German Locksmith who worked at the AEG turbine factory in Berlin KPD member. Uhrig Group February 24, 1945 when he was tortured by the Gestapo Committed suicide on March 21, 1945 by hanging himself. [197]
Lina Müller (1901–1943) Communist 21 April 1943 Shot dead without trial in Sachsenhausen concentration camp Husband was Heinrich Müller. Friend of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, Wally Radoch and Ella Trebe on 11 August 1943.
Kurt Müller (1903–1944) German carpenter and communist Prepared and distributed pamphlets. Part of the resistance group European Union. Kurt Müller was a half brother of Ilse Stöbe. Also prepared documents to move Jews out of trouble.
Hans Mussig (1904–?) French intelligence agent from February 1939 Arrested in Grenoble by the Gestapo Tortured 35 times by the Gestapo until he agreed to work with the Sonderkommando Pannwitz. Code name: Jean Varon, Rueff. Married to Ilse Bach. Helped to penetrate French resistance.[198]

N

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Eugen Neutert (1905–1943) Electrician. Later retrained as a masseur. KPD member. Courier, organizer, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) Uhrig Group Arrested on 23 October 1942 and sentenced to death in August 1943 The 2nd Senate of the People's Court announced the death penalty on 21 August 1943.On 9 September 1943 he was hanged in Plötzensee Prison Later became friends with the actor Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster in autumn 1941 and became part of their discussion group.
Lucie Nix (1916–1991) Housed Bernhard Bästlein in 1944 when he fled after the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group was broken up. Harnack Group by association Arrested on 5 July 1944. Sentenced to 4 years in prison. Survived the war. Father was Walter Glass.[199]
Léon Nicole (1887–1965) Swiss labor organiser. President of the Swiss socialist party Spotter and recruiter Rote Drei Survived the war [200]
Pierre Nicole (1909–1987) Cutout between Léon Nicole Alexander Foote and Alexander Radó Rote Drei Survived the war Radio operator. Son of Léon Nicole.[200]
Elsa Noffke (1905–1943) Publishing house employee. Soviet parachutist. Radio operator Rote Drei Arrested by the Gestapo soon after being dropped by the RAF in April 1943 Shot dead on 6–7 November 1943 in Ravensbrück concentration camp Soviet Pickaxe agent.[201]
Erich Nutis (1918–?) Secretary in Simexco from January 1942 Trepper Group Arrested November 1942 and deported to Germant Released in April 1945 and returned to Belgium Code name: Andre.[202]

O

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Franz Obermanns (1909–1982) Soviet agent Communist Rote Drei Group Arrested in December 1939 in Switzerland Survived the war Sent to help the Rote Drei group but arrested and confined during the war.[203]
Jean Otten (1911–?) Belgian Salesman Worked to provide safehouses for the group Jeffremov Group 2 October 1943 and taken to Fresnes prison Sentenced to three years in prison and deported to Germany. Husband of Jeanne Otten. Recruited by Elizabeth Depelsenaire to provide safehouses for Jeffremov network.[204]
Sara Heya Orschitizer (1904–19??) Polish wife of Leopold Trepper Assisted Trepper in espionage activities while in Belgium Trepper Group Survived the war Orschitizer divorced Trepper after the war when she found out about Georgie de Winter.[205]
Jeanne Otten (1914–?) Belgian secretary to Phillips Radio Company Worked to provide safehouses for the group Jeffremov Group 2 October 1943 and taken to Frensnes prison Survived the war after being liberated from jail Wife of Jean Otten. Recruited by Elizabeth Depelsenaire.[206]
Waldemar Ozols (1898–?) Soviet agent Communist Ozols Group Unknown Codename SOKOL Solja. Worked for Anatoly Gurevich. Leader of Ozols Group.[207]

P

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Maurice Padawar (1897–?) Commercial Director Director of the Excellent Raincoat Company from 1924 Trepper Group Survived the war Helped establish the forerunner to the Raincoat company known as Le Roi du Caoutchouc. Later director of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat company from 1938 onwards. Gurevich used him to send money to Margarete Barcza' mother in New York. Likely new through Grossvogel that both companies were being used for espionage.[208]
Armand Palivoda (1906–?) Swiss Director of RKO in Geneva Transferred funds from New York to Geneva Rote Drei [209]
Erwin Panndorf (1904–1944) Locksmith and machinist KPD member. Soviet parachutist and scout. Links to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through the Tuchollas. Arrested on 2 August 1942 Killed on 10 December 1942 in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Helped by Felix and Kathe Tucholla to stay in their apartment in Berlin.[210]
Heinz Pannwitz (1911–1975) German Nazi Gestapo officer Survived the war In the last two years of the war, Pannwitz ran the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle, a Gestapo counterintelligence operation against the Red Orchestra espionage network.[211][212]
Jean Passelecq Travelling salesman Shareholder in Simexco via his association with Nazarin Drailly. Supplied intelligence to Gurevich Gurevich Group Arrested on 25 November 1942 in Brussels and deported to Germany Liberated in April 1945 and survived the war After the war was considered by the 1960 NATO Special Committee report to be anti-communist.[213]
Elfriede Paul (1900–1981) Physician Her medical practice was used as a meeting place. She also helped in creating and disseminate leaflets Schulze-Boysen Group and Harnack Group through Küchenmeister Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her on 6 February 1943 for preparation for high treason to six years in prison. Lover of Walter Küchenmeister and one of the core members of Schulze-Boysen Group.[214]
Fernand Pauriol (1913–1944) Editor Radio technician who maintained the Trepper Group radios. Trepper Group Arrested on 13 August 1943 Sentenced to death on 19 January 1944 after severe torture and shot in his cell on 12 August 1944 in Fresnes Prison near Paris. After many arrests in Belgium, Pauriol became the most important radio link to Leopold Trepper.[215]
Maurice Peper (1906–1943) Courier Gurevich Group. Later Jeffremov Group. Contact person Winterink Group/group Hilda. Arrested August 1942 in Brussels by policeman Henry Piepe, who also arrested Anton Wenzel. Executed on 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. Code name: Holländer or Wassermann. Belgian member of Gurevich Group in 1940.[216][217]
Rene Petipas (1912–?) French communist Liaison between French communists and the Rote Drei. Trepper Group December 1943. Arrested same time as Henry Robinson. Code name: Blanche, Biquette. Provided a safe house for a transmitter. Associate of Maurice Emile Aenis-Hanslin. Robinson was her controller.[218]
Simone Pheter (1917–1943) Employee in the Paris office of the Belgian Chamber of Commerce Courier Gurevich Group Arrested in December 1942 Executed on 20 August 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Mistress of Leon Grossvogel[219]
Henry Friedrich Wilhelm Piepe (1893–?) Former state attorney who was Captain in the German army, soldier. Abwehr officer. Abwher III F After Piepe arrested Johann Wenzel he drove to Berlin from Brussels, eventually talked to Wilhelm Canaris then Wilhelm Keitel of his finding, which led to order by Keitel to form the Gestapo unit, the Sonderkommando Pannwitz.[220]
Erna Plüschke Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) and other pamphlets Wife of Heinrich Plüschke
Heinrich Plüschke (1897–1954) Machinist Also participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) and other pamphlets Harnack Group through John Sieg
Johann Podsialdo (1894–19??) German artist and teacher Worked as a translator in the labour recruitment office of the German Kommandantur in Paris. Stole blank forms from his office for use by Käte Voelkner. Trepper Group 13 January 1943 Date of execution not known. Lover of Käte Voelkner.[221]
Gisela von Poellnitz (or von Pöllnitz) (1915–1939) Young Communist League of Germany member, journalist Posted a letter from Schulze-Boysen that contained information about German agents (Staff W) working in the Spanish Civil War. Schulze-Boysen Group Contracted pulmonary tuberculosis. Poellnitz died on 15 June 1939 in a sanatorium in Switzerland after travelling there on the advice of Dr Elfriede Paul.[222]
Yvonne Clemence Fanny Poelmans (1910–?) Gymnast and masseuse Sheltered Joseph Blumsack and his wife in June or July 1942 following Germaine Schneider's escape to France Jeffremov Group Arrested on 7 January 1943 Code name:Mouni. Both Poelmans and the Blumsacks were betrayed by Franz Schneider.[223]
Maria Josefovna Poliakova (1910–?) Soviet Military Intelligence employee Soviet agent Organised the Rote Drei in Switzerland. Intimately involved in it operation during the war. Code name: Gisela, Mildred, Vera and Meg[224]
Jeanne Emma Madeleine Ponsaint (1921–?) Belgian secretary and typist Worked at SimexCo as a secretary and typist Trepper Group Escaped arrest when Simexco employees were being hunted by the Gestapo in November 1942. Finally arrested on 11 December 1942. In April 1943, she was deported to Germany where she was imprisoned in Mauthausen concentration camp. Repatriated to Belgium on 8 May 1945 From 25 November 1942 until her arrest on 11 December 1942 she provided accommodation for Nazarin Drailly.[225]
Louse Marie Pauline Ponsart (1907–?) Belgian secretary Worked at SimexCo as a secretary and typist Trepper Group Arrested 25 November 1942 Imprisoned in Brussels but released 16 April 1943 [226]
Johann Podsiadlo (1894–1943) Artist and arts teacher Employed as an interpreter at a labour recruiting office. Gave blank forms to his partner stolen from his office to enable resistance workers to travel. Trepper Group Arrested in January 1943 in Paris On 28 July 1943 he was killed at Plötzensee Prison. Lover of Käte Voelkner. His children, Hans Voelkner and Henry Voelkner, were sent to a SS Children's home (Lebensborn).[227]
Jan Postma (1895–1944) Trained by the Comintern and returned from Moscow to run the Dutch section of the International Red Aid Dutch communist. Worked to organize asylum for German communists who had escaped from Hitler. Group Hilda Arrested on 11 November 1943 On April 20, 1944 she was sentenced to death and shot on 23 or 31 July 1944. [228]
Sophia Poznańska (1906–1942) Graduated and Cipher clerk Palestine Communist Party Gurevich Group Arrested on 12–13 December 1941 On 29 September 1942, committed suicide in St Gilles Prison in Brussels Trained alongside David Kamy by Johann Wenzel. Later worked with Anton Makarov.[229][230]
Heinz Priess (1920–1945) Machinist Helped the two Soviet parachutists Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Arrested on 19 June 1944 On 12 March 1945 was executed in Brandenburg-Görden Prison Marie Priess was his mother. His brother, Viktor Priess was an intelligence officer with the Red Army and had named his mother's apartment as a safe refuge to use.[231]
Marie Priess (1885/1899–1983) Social Democratic Party of Germany member later Communist Party of Germany Helped the two Soviet parachutists Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf, later supported foreign forced laborers. Arrested on 15 October 1942 in Hamburg, sentenced to death in October 1944 Survived the war due in her own words: Why I survived - I do not know - I was mislaid so often until I was freed from our 'enemies' who were our friends - our liberators What a day! Mother of Heinz Priess.[232]
Otto Pünter (1900–1988) Swiss journalist Low level intelligence source Group Pakbo Survived the war, later lived in Geneva Code name was Pabko. Close to Alexander Radó. Secret member of Communist Party of Switzerland.[233]
Ann-Marie Van Der Putt Encipher/deciphering clerk Belgian Trepper Group. Later worked with Gurevich in Marseilles Escaped arrest Trained by Gurevich in enciphering/deciphering procedures.[234]

R

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Hedwig Raasch Mother of Hilde Coppi. Murdered as part of German Sippenhaft tradition.[235]
Kurt Raasch Brother of Hilde Coppi. Murdered as part of German Sippenhaft tradition.[235]
Helena Radó (1901–?) Soviet intelligence agent Committed communist who worked on the mapping company Geopress in Geneva. Rote Drei Group Wife of Alexander Radó, who was a former secretary to Vladimir Lenin.[236]
Alexander Radó (1899–1981) Soviet intelligence agent Ran the Inpress anti-nazi press agency in Paris before World War II and later became director of the Rote Drei Group Rote Drei Group Survived the war Code names: Dora and Albert. Director of the Rote Drei. Later established the mapping company Geopress in Geneva, that was his cover for espionage work.[237]
Friedrich Radoch (1903–1943) Car locksmith Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends. Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp 18 May 1943 Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Emil Becker, Ernst Beuthke, Friedrich Beuthke, Richard Beuthke, Walter Beuthke, Heinrich Mueller on 10 August 1943.[238]
Wally Radoch (1904–1943) Saleswomen Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends. Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp 18 May 1943 Wife of Friedrich Radoch. Sister to Charlotte Hundt. Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, Lina Mueller and Ella Trebe on 11 August 1943.[239]
Abraham Rajchmann (1912–?) Polish career criminal, expert forger and engraver Provided false papers for the group Trepper Group 2 September 1942 in Brussels Detailed in Breendonk prison and agreed to work with Gestapo Code names: Adam Blanssi, Kartenmann, Arthur Roussel, Fabrikant, Max. Malvina Gruber was his mistress. Introduced by Grossvogel into the Trepper Group. In 1948 sentenced by a military court in Brussels to 12 years in prison for collaborating with the Gestapo[240]
Jindkinch Heinrich Rauch (1891–1944) Employee of Simexco Gurevich Group 28 December 1942 in Belgium In April 1943 transferred to Mauthausen concentration camp and killed on 8 January 1944 Known as Henri. Arrested along with Caroline Hoorickx.[241]
Friedrich Rehmer (1921–1943) Soldier Distributed illegal writings to soldiers in the front and leaflets and pamphlets to the inmates of a military hospital when he was injured Schulze-Boysen Arrested on 29 November 1942 in Berlin Sentenced on 18 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War announced the death penalty and killed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Fiancé was Liane Berkowitz. Became part of the Schulze-Boysen through Ursula Götze, Otto Gollnow, Fritz Thiel and Liane Berkowitz and later Eva Rittmeister and John Rittmeister. Eva was his classmate at the evening school.[242]
Gerda Rehmer Not arrested Survived the war Married name was Gerda Siebert. Only tangentially linked to Rote Kapelle. Sister of Friedrich Rehmer.[125]
Oskar Reincke (1907–1944) Carpenter KPD member, Communist Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group 17 October 1942 10 July 1944 at Hamburg's Holstenglacis Prison Helped found the resistance group in December 1941.[243]
Henri Joseph De Reymaeker (1907–?) Belgian agent Obtained false documents for Rauch and Hoorickx that were subsequently used by Anton Danilow and other members of the group. Gurevich Group Arrested multiple times during the war and again arrested in August 1945 by the Belgian authorities but was released by mid 1946. Survived the war Code names: Rik, Rik van Janneke[244]
Herbert Richter-Luckian (1901–1944) German Architect KPD, Communist. Provided intelligence from the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe to Schulze-Boysen, as part of contract work. Schulze-Boysen Group 5 September 1943 by the Gestapo 16 December 1943 by People's Court sentenced to death and killed on 8 May 1944 in Brandenburg-Görden Prison Co-founder of the European Union group, along with the doctor Georg Groscurth, the chemist, Robert Havemann and the dentist Paul Rentsch.[245]
Heinrich Reiser (1895–1963) Gestapo agent and SS officer Ran the Gestapo post in Karlsruhe. Worked with Pannwitz in the Sonderkommando Pannwitz. According to Pannwitz, Reiser was a typical Gestapo type. Reiser and the policeman Henry Piepe arrested Henry Robinson.[245]
Eva Rittmeister (1917–1942) German Paediatric nurse, office clerk Helped Harro Schulze-Boysen to decide to use leaflets and pamphlets to resist the Nazi's. Schulze-Boysen Group 26 September 1942 On the 12 February 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to three years in prison for intercepting hostile broadcasters One of the core members of the Schulze-Boysen Group[246] Has the original idea for Agis leaflets.
John Rittmeister (1898–1943) German psychoanalyst and neurologist Listen to foreign broadcasts that was used to formulate the contents of pamphlets. Collaborated with Shulze-Boysen in the formulation of the Agis leaflets and eventually worked on The concern for Germany's future goes through the people Schulze-Boysen Group 26 September 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgerichts Court announced the death penalty on 12 February 1943 "for preparation for high treason and enemy favouritism" [247]
Henry Robinson (1897–1943) Communist International (Comintern) agent Ran the 2nd Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence from French military and political groups, from the Vichy intelligence, specifically the Deuxième Bureau, from Guallist groups and the central committee of the French Communist Party. Trepper Group December 1943. Betrayed by Trepper and arrested by Abwehr Captain Harry Piepe and the Sonderkommando Pannwitz. Tortured for six months before being moved to Moabit detention centre where he was killed in 1944 Robinson became the section leader for the area of Switzerland, France and Great Britain by 1940-1941 and ran a discrete network of agents in the 1930s. Robinson was forced to transfer his agents to Trepper in December 1940 when the Comintern was dissolved. Robinson considered a Trepper a subordinate and considered him an enemy. When he was arrested, the later famous Robinson Papers were found.[248]
Josef Römer (1892–1944) Lawyer KPD member, Communist. Published the KPD underground magazine Aufbruch. Harnack Group 19 June 1944 sentenced to death by the Reichskriegsgerichts court 25 September 1944 executed by a hatchet at Brandenburg-Görden Prison Linked to John Sieg, Arthur Sodtke and Robert Uhrig.[249]
Rudolf Roessler (1897–1958) Ran a small publishing firm in Lucerne, Switzerland called Vita Nova.[250] Provided extraordinarily high quality German intelligence from sources in German to the group Rote Drei Group Survived the war code name: Lucy. Joined the Rote Drei in September 1942.[251]
Helmut Roloff (1912–2001) Pianist Hid a number of shortwave radio transmitters in his parents' apartment Schulze-Boysen Group 17 December 1942 and kept in the basement of Gestapo headquarters at Prince Albrecht Street with his hands tied behind his back Sent to Spandau Prison after two weeks and wasn't released until 26 January 1943. Survived the war. Had contact with the group through John Graudenz and Helmut Himpel. Provided his neighbours, the Jewish Kuttner family, critical moral and logistical support, risking his own life.[252]
Henri de Ryck (1910–1942) Editor and publisher Simexco shareholder 25 November 1942 in Brussels Died at Mauthausen concentration camp [253]

S

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Willy Sachse (1896–1944) Precision mechanic, sailor and writer KPD Communist. Robert Uhrig Group Arrested February 1943 In June 1944 he was sentenced to death for treason and carried out on 21 August 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden Prison Linked to Beppo Römer.[254]
Klara Schabbel (1894–1943) Shorthand typist Founding members of the KPD. Worked in the Communist International underground organisation in Germany Links to Trepper Group and Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Arrested on 18 October 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty because of enemy favoritism. She was executed on Plötzensee Prison. Mistress of Henry Robinson. Mother of Leo Schabbel.[255]
Leo Schabbel Arrested on 11 March 1943 Sentenced by the Reichskriegsgericht to 5 years in prison for knowing the activities of his mother Son of Klara Schabbel
Philipp Schaeffer (1894–1943) German orientalist, librarian and sinologist Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 2 October 1942 in Berlin On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 6 February 1943 the death penalty "for preparation for high treason in a unit with hostility" Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence in preparation for high treason in tate unity with enemy favoritism. Beheaded at Plötzensee Prison. [256]
Ilse Schaeffer (1899–1972) Sculptor Communist and KPD member Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 2 October 1942 in Zernsdorf On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her for abetting treason in two cases to three years in prison. Links to Schulze-Boysen Group through Fritz Cremer, Kurt Schumacher and Ruthild Hahne.
Friedrich Schauer (1913–2007) Architect Took part in the counter demonstration at The Soviet Paradise including posting bills Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin. On 21 August 1943, the 2nd Senate of the People's Court sentenced him to eight years in prison. Later linked to Harnack and Schulze-Boysen through Hans Coppi.[257]
Heinrich Scheel (1915–1996) Scharfenberg student, historian Replaced Hans Coppi and became very busy as a courier Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on September 16, 1942 in Berlin On 17 February 1943, Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him for non-disclosure of a crime of treason and treason and enemy privileges to five years penitentiary time. Able to hide the truth from the Gestapo about his activities, thereby saving his life. [258]
Rudolf von Scheliha (1897–1942) Diplomat who worked at the German Foreign Office Furnished intelligence to Ilse Stoebe Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 29 October 1942 in Berlin In December 1942, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht proclaimed the death penalty for treason. [259]
Maria Louisa von Scheliha Arrested on October 29, 1942 in Berlin Wife of Rudolf von Scheliha
Lotte Schleif (1903–1965) Librarian KPD member. Communist. Courier, copying documents, using own apartment for meetings. Harnack Group Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her, "because of preparation for high treason", to eight years in prison. Married to Rudolf Bergtel. Also worked extensively the Schulze-Boysen Group. Wilhelm Guddorf was her contact for both groups. Worked with Philipp Schaeffer who was a librarian.[260]
Renee Schwing Simexco employee Arrested November 1942 Deported to Germany Mistress of Jindkinch Heinrich Rauch.[261]
Friedrich Schlösinger (1908–1942) Interpreter and Soldier Shot himself in a Russian farmhouse after learning of his wife's death. Husband of Rose Schlösinger.
Rose Schlösinger (1907–1943) Secretary at the Federal Foreign Office SPD. Forwarded encrypted messages from Arvid Harnack to the radio operator Hans Coppi. Harnack Group Arrested on September 18, 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. [262]
Christian Schneider (1896–1962) Editor and translator Swiss agent working with Hans Hausamann in Swiss Bureau Ha. Acted as a cutout between Rudolf Roessler (Lucy) and Rachel Dübendorfer (Sissy). Rote Drei Group Survived the war Codename Taylor. Later worked for UNESCO in 1948.[263]
Franz Schneider (1900–1956) Courier provided safehouses Swiss Communist Jeffremov Group Arrested in October 1942 by the Gestapo and sent to Fort Breendonk. Released by the Russians at the end of the war. Survived the war and moved back to Zurich in 1947. Codenamed Niggi and possibly Chimor, a courier for the Jefremov Group. Husband of Germaine Schneider. Later worked for the Trepper Group. Also had link to the Harnack Group.[263]
Germaine Schneider (1903–1945) Courier to France, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Later courier between the Jeffremov group and Teppers Group in Paris. Radio operator Jeffremov Group sub-leader Arrested on January 31, 1943 in Paris Imprisoned until 30 November 1944 in Moabit Prison. Survived the war. Died of cancer on 12 November 1945. Wife of Franz Schneider. Sister of Joséphine and Renee Clais, whom she recruited. Later worked for the Trepper Group, Lyons Group. Codenamed Clais, Pauline, Odette, Papillon and Schmeterling. Trained by Wenzel in radio transmission techniques.[264]
Paul Scholz (Mahlow) (1882–1976) Construction contractor Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin On 30 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him for listening to foreign broadcasters. Scholz received a three-year jail sentence.
Oda Schottmüller (1905–1943) Dancer, mask maker and sculptor Hosted a transmitter in her apartment, although not verified. Distributed pamphlets Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On 26 January 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty for aiding and abetting the preparation of a treasonable enterprise and enemy favouritism. Loosely associated with the Schulze-Boysen Group.[265]
Hesekil Schreiber (1899–1943) Radio operator Trepper Group, later Lyons Group Arrested in December 1942 Codenamed Camille.
Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster (1900–1943) Actor Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested 29 October 1942 in Constance. On 21 August 1943, the 2nd Senate of the People's Court pronounced the death penalty. He was hanged in Plötzensee Prison. Part of Schulze-Boysen group through Hans Coppi[266]
Hermann Schulz (1890–1942) Elementary school teacher Schulze-Boysen Group Sent to the Neuengamme concentration camp and later committed suicide Linked to the Uhrig group
Kurt Schulze (1894–1942) Post worker, later naval radio operator former KPD communist. Soviet agent of the GRU. Kept a transmitter in his house. Schulze-Boysen Group, Harnack Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin In December 1942 the death penalty was announced by the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht and executed on the 22 September 1942. Worked as a radio operator trainer and trained Hans Coppi.[267]
Martha Schulze Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943, the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced a five-year prison sentence, "for not displaying a crime". Wife of Kurt Schulze.
Harro Schulze-Boysen (1909–1942) Journalist, later lieutenant in Luftwaffe Forwarded intelligence to the NKGB . Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 31 August 1942 in Berlin The 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 19 December 1942 the death penalty and he was executed on the 22 December 1942 [268]
Libertas Schulze-Boysen (1913–1942) Received a Soviet Agent Alexander Erdberg and introduced him to Schulze-Boysen, which kickstarted the Schulze-Boysen Group Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on September 8, 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1943 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. Wife of Harro Schulze-Boysen.[269]
Elisabeth Schumacher (1904–1942) Graphic designer Distributing pamphlets and leaflets. Documenting Nazi crimes. Sending letters to prominent individuals. Shulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. Wife of Kurt Schumacher[270]
Kurt Schumacher (1905–1942) Sculptor Published a leaflet called Open Letter to the Eastern Front, helped an escaped prisoner and later housed the parachute agent Albert Hößler in his apartment. Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942, the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence. Husband of Elisabeth Schumacher[271]
Otto Schumacher (1909–?) KPD Jeffremov Group in 1942, later Lyons Group Arrested 30 June 1942 Captured in early 1943 and executed. Possibly worked for Gurevich. Fled Belgium to France and made contact with Hillel Katz.[272]
Henri Marie Sidoine Ghislain Seghers (1914–?) One of the original shareholder in Simexco Gurevich Group Arrested on 24 November 1942 in Brussels Detainee in Breendonk, Mauthausen and Dachau concentration camps. Part of Gurevich Group but not aware of the group's activities. Good friend of Gurevich and Barcza who approached him to invest in Simexco.[273]
Anne Saefkow Wife of Anton Saefkow.[274]
Anton Saefkow (1903–1944) German communist Built the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization that resisted in German munitions plants Harnack Group Arrested July 1944 On 5 September 1944 sentenced to death by Volksgerichtshof, executed on 18 September by guillotine at Brandenburg-Görden Prison Linked to the Harnack's through Wilhelm Guddorf through Bernhard Bästlein.[275][276]
Auguste Sésée (?–1944) Pianist Agent and radio specialist Trepper Group Arrested on 25 August 1942 and sent to Fort Breendonk. Beheaded in Berlin in January 1944 Later worked in the Gurevich Group as an assistant to Mikhail Makarov and later still Jeffremov Group. Betrayed by Maurice Peper.[273]
Ernst Sieber (1916–1994) Railroad worker Created sticky notes to post on walls and street lamps. Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front). Harnack Group through John Sieg. Arrested on August 14, 1944 in Küstrin Charged in the People's Court for preparation for high treason,favoured by the enemy and war treason. Freed on 14 April 1945 in Bayreuth. Survived the war. Later worked for several other groups in Berlin[277][278]
John Sieg (1903–1942) Railroad worker KPD member. Journalist who published Nazi atrocities in the Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). Harnack Group through Adam Kuckhoff Arrested on 11 October 1942 in Berlin Sieg committed suicide on 15 October 15, 1942 in the Gestapo headquarters Prinz-Albrecht-Straße. [279]
Sophie Sieg (née Wloszczynski) (1893–1987) Shorthand typist Arrested on 12 October 1942 in Berlin In June 1943, she was taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp and was released on 30 April 1945 by the Red Army. Wife of John Sieg.[279]
Leo Skrzypczynski Proprietor of a firm manufacturing Wireless Telegraphy components for the Luftwaffe Harnack Group Survived the war. Became a high-level official in the Soviet Zone but became disillusioned with the Soviets and so started to pass secrets to the British Strategic Services Unit[280]
Hendrika Smith CPN member Winterink Group Ran a safe house
Pierre Jean De Soete (1886–1948) Belgian Sculptor and medalist Agent and courier for Heinrich Rauch on Simexo business Gurevich Group Made a bust of Marshall Philippe Pétain, and later a bust of General Alexander von Falkenhausen. De Soete was an old friend of Guillaume Hoorickx.[281]
Jacques Sokol (1911–?) Architect Belgian communist Trepper Group Autumn 1942 Brother of Hersch Sokol[282]
Hersch Sokol (1908–1943) Polish physician Radio operator Trepper Group Arrested on 9 June 1942 near Paris Tortured in Fort Breendonk and executed Husband of Miriam Sokol[283]
Miriam Sokol (1908–1943) Helped manage storing and distributing identity documents Trepper Group Sent to Fort Breendonk and executed Wife of Hersch Sokol[284]
Charles Spaak (1903–1975) Belgian screenwriter Survived the war The whole of the Spaak family was arrested on the orders of Heinz Pannwitz. Brother to Paul and Claude Spaak.
Jean Claude Spaak (1904–1990) Noted Belgian author and husband of Suzanne Trepper Group Attempt was made to capture Spaak in 1943 by the Gestapo but evaded arrest. Survived the war Husband of Suzanne Spaak. Leading member of the Trepper Group in France and close friend of Leopold Trepper and Georgie de Winter.[285]
Lucie Spaak (?–1944) Daughter of Suzanne Spaak
Madeleine Spaak (1895–1944) Sister of Claude and Charles Spaak
Suzanne Spaak (1905–1944) Housewife Typing and distributing leaflets. Later saved 60 Jewish children. Helped save Leopold Trepper. Trepper Group Arrested on 9 November 1943 in Brussels In January 1944, she was sentenced to death and shot dead in her cell on 12 August 1944. Initially worked in the French resistance. Heinz Pannwitz wrote a letter to Foreign Minister of the Belgian exile government in London to tell him that his sister-in-law had been taken to Germany for safety.[286][287]
Georgette Savin (1918–?) Dealt in black market gold. Married to German jeweler Hans Mussig who was French agent.[288]
Jean Jaques Spiess (1916–?) Parisian Banker, representative of Zurich machine brokers Communist, Radio operator Rote Drei Associate of Alexander Foote. Thought to be code named: Roger.[290]
Alexander Spoerl (1917–1978) Writer, film and radio author KPD Communist Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Linked at the start of the Schulze-Boysen Group through Libertas Schulze-Boysen
Flora Van Springer (1909–1943) Gurevich group, then Lyons Group Arrested on 19 December 1942 near Lyon Sent to Plötzensee Prison where she was killed Mistress of Isidor Springer. Real name Flora van Vliet.
Isidore Springer (1912–1942) Diamond dealer Ran the 6th Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence to Trepper from US and Belgian diplomats. Trepper Group Betrayed by Trepper. Committed suicide in 1942. Worked as a recruiter and courier between Trepper and Gurevich. Leader of the Lyons Group. Had contacts with Belgian and US diplomats. Group codename was Romeo.[291][292]
Gerhard Sredzki (1917–1988) KJVD Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Survived the war Husband of Gerda Sredzki. Son of Siegmund Sredzki.
Gerda Sredzki (1917–1995) Machine worker KJVD Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Survived the war Wife of Gerhard Sredzki
Ilse Stöbe (1911–1942) Employee of the Foreign Office, journalist Soviet agent who worked for the GRU Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 by the Gestapo On 14 December 1942, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for treason. Sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she died in 1943. (code name "Alta").[293]
Anna Staritsky (1907–?) Draftswomen and designer Courier Gurevich Group Arrested 1 January 1942 but released Survived the war Mistress of Guillaume Hoorickx. Introduced to Hoorickx to Michail Makarov sometime in 1941. Eventually married Hoorickx after the war and lived in Paris.[294]
Heinz Strelow (1915–1943) Journalist and later Non-commissioned officer KJVD Loose links to Schulze-Boysen Group via van Beek Arrested 1 October 1942 On 18 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. Lover was Cato Bontjes van Beek in shared apartment[295]
Hans Sussmann (1897–1985) Historian and politician KPD, Communist. Created anti-fascist and anti-war leaflets. Shulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Worked with Walter Küchenmeister and Albert Voigts[296]

T

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Maria "Mimi" Terwiel (1910–1943) Secretary Wrote illegal leaflets and took part in attaching stickers at the Nazi propaganda exhibition, The Soviet Paradise. Provided food to hidden Jewish families. Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 17 September 1942 in Berlin On 26 January 1943, the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and enemy favouritism. She was executed in Plötzensee Prison. Her fiancé was Helmut Himpel and they were both devout Catholics.[297] Considered by the Nazis to be first-degree Jewish mixed-race, meaning after 1941, her existence became increasingly fraught and she was at risk of being murdered.[298]
Louis Thevenet (1903–?) Cigarette manufacturer Arrested in November 1942 Died in prison sometime before April 1943 Uninvolved in the Red Orchestra. Anatoly Gurevich sold the remains of Simexco in July 1942.[299]
Fritz Thiel (1916–1943) Precision mechanic Took part in attaching stickers at The Soviet Paradise Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin. On 18 January 1943, the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. He was executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. [300][301]
Hannelore Thiel (1924–1998) Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin Sentenced to 6 years in prison at Ravensbrück concentration camp. Survived the war. Wife of Fritz Thiel. Accused of holding a soviet radio in her apartment. Part of the Heillschen Abendschule group.[302]
Wolfgang Thiess (1911–1943) Clerk Communist. Designed leaflets and then distributed them. Painted slogans on walls. Harnack Group Arrested on 21 October 1942 Sentenced to death on 21 August 1943 by the 2nd Senate of People's Court for preparation for high treason. Killed in Plötzensee Prison . Partner was Ruthild Hahne. Took part in The Soviet Paradise resistance.[303]
Edwin Tietjens (1894–1944) Psychologist and author Hid Jewish factory worker Ruth Heynemann and her mother in their home and procured fake papers Schulze-Boysen Group Alias: the Albanians. Authored a book with Adam Kuckhoff and is considered a prime example of literary camouflage.[304]
Erhard Tohmfor (1909–1943) Chemist and engineer. Head of department at Loewe Radio AG. Sabotaging the armaments industry Schulze-Boysen Group and Harnack Group Arrested at the end of November 1942 4th senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on January 27, 1943 the death penalty for aiding and abetting espionage. His wife was Gertrud Tohmfor.
Alfred Traxl (1912–1943) Commercial clerk, then soldier Sergeant in same unit as Horst Heilmann working with Referat 12 Schulze-Boysen Group Imprisoned from 5 September 1942 to 18 May 1943 On 17 February 1943, the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on for military disobedience in coincidence with the disclosure of a state secret to five years in prison. [305]
Ella Trebe (1902–1943) Metal worker and trade unionist at AEG KPD Communist. Worked as a courier in Europe. Connected to Shulze-Boysen Group and Harnack Group through Wilhelm Guddorf Arrested when a Soviet parachutist Ernst Beuthke she was hiding in her apartment was discovered Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and killed immediately Friend of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, and Lina Mueller, on 11 August 1943.[306]
Leopold Trepper (1904–1982) Communist and Soviet intelligence officer Discovered the plans for Operation Barbarossa in 1941 Established seven intelligence groups in Western Europe On 24 November 1942 was arrested in Paris by Heinrich Müller Managed to convince his captors to become double agents and finally escape Codename Mikler. Took over the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company from Leon Grossvogel. Was known as the Le Grand Chef.[307][308]
Felix Tucholla (1899–1943) Locksmith. KPD member. Courier. Distributed anti-nazi pamphlets. Provided accommodation for the Soviet parachutist, Erwin Panndorf. Uhrig Group Arrested 25 July 1942 People's Court sentenced the couple to death on 17 August 1943. Executed on 8 September 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. Husband of Käthe Tucholla. Links to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Robert Uhrig via Wilhelm Guddorf.[309]
Käthe Tucholla (1910–1943) Athlete and gymnast Courier. Also provided accommodation for the Soviet parachutist, Erwin Panndorf, and later provided help build up his contacts. Uhrig Group Arrested on 25 July 1942 while visiting Meerane People's Court sentenced the couple to death on 17 August 1943. Executed on 28 September 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. Links to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Robert Uhrig via Wilhelm Guddorf. Wife of Felix Tucholla.[310]

U

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Carl Uelze (1901–1985) Merchant and executive Communist, KPD. Organised resistance group at the Nordland Deutsche Schnee- und Gleitschutzkettenfabrik, GmbH. Arrested on 1 December 1942. Released on 15 December 1942 after not being identified as part of the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo. Survived the war Husband of Hildegard Uelze. Reduced production at the Nordland Snow and Sliding Chain Factory.[311]
Hildegard Uelze (1915–1967) Arrested along with her husband and Martin Weise. Released on 15 December 1942 Survived the war Wife of Carl Uelze
Robert Uhrig (1903–1944) Toolmaker KPD member. Recognised head of communist resistance up to 1940 and built a resistance network among more than 20 factories. Uhrig Group Arrested in February 1942 along with 200 members of his group On 21 August 1944 guillotined at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison Organised resistance groups in a number of German manufacturing plants that became the Uhrig Group. Linked to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through contact with Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg. Also had contact with the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization. Notable for publishing underground paper Informationdienst.[312]

V

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Marthe Angele Francoise Vandenhoeck (1918–?) Courier Jeffremov Group July 1942 Survived the war after being liberated from prison at the end of the war Used to stage the arrest of Elizabeth Depelsenaire[313]
Josephine Francoise Verhimst (1887–?) Courier Jeffremov Group Arrested with the Jeusseur in January 1943 Mistress of Jean Baptiste Jeusseur. Sent to work by her sister Germaine Schneider.[314]
Jean-Pierre Vigier (1920–2004) League of Nations delegate and French physicist Provided low grade intelligence to Rachel Dübendorfer Rote Drei Group Married Rachel Dübendorfer's daughter Tamara Vigier[313]
Tamara Vigier (1922–?) Courier Rote Drei Group Sentenced to two years in jail in May 1944 Code name:Mara. Daughter of Rachel Dübendorfer and wife of Jean-Pierre Vigier.[9]
Pierre Villon (1901–1980) Architect French Communist Party member. Helped publish the communist L'Humanité newspaper. Trepper Group Survived the war Coordinated part of the Trepper Group contacts with the Soviet Union[315]
Käte Voelkner (1906–1943) Secretary Provided blank forms, stamps and signatures for copying Trepper Group 31 January 1943 in Paris by Sonderkommando Pannwitz 15 March 1943 after being tortured. Sentenced by Manfred Roeder at the Imperial War Court. Passed her information to Trepper on tissue paper or in matchboxes[316]
Hans Voelkner (1928–2002) Son of Käte Voelkner. Later became a GDR intelligence officer for most of the 1960s.[317]
Henry Voelkner Son of Käte Voelkner
Charlotte Vogt Partner of the German Diplomat Gerhard Kegel[318]
Albert Voigts (1904–1943) Patent engineer Communist Schulze-Boysen Group October 1942 in Berlin Sent to June 1943 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp and died on June 30, 1943 Heavily tortured by the Gestapo but never exposed his friends. Worked with Walter Küchenmeister, Hans Sussmann, and Elfriede Paul.[319]

W

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Karoline Wagner (1916–?) Member of SAP Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Collaborated with Anton Saefkow in the 1930s, then Schulze-Boysens later in the 1930s and early 1940s[320]
Max Waibel (1901–1971) Swiss Intelligence Officer Passed military intelligence to the Soviet Union Survived the war Held the rank of Major. Headed the Intelligence Section 1 (NS-1, Rigi) of the Swiss Armed Forces. Later involved in the negotiations of Operation Sunrise.[321]
Martin Weise (1903–1943) German journalist and lecturer KPD member and courier. After being released from jail in 1937 contacted his friend Wilhelm Guddorf to make contact with Bernhard Bästlein and Robert Abshagen to create and distribute illegal pamphlets including Organize the revolutionary mass struggle Arrested on 1 December 1942 in Berlin On 8 October 1943 the 2nd Senate of the People's Court condemned him to death because of preparation for high treason and because of enemy favouritism. Later worked with John Sieg, Fritz Lange and Walter Husemann on The Inner Front[322]
Günther Weisenborn (1902–1969) German writer, playwright and drama critic Involved in writing and distributing subversive pamphlets Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 26 September 1942. Testimony of a cellmate led to the reduction of his sentence from death to 10 years. Saved by the arrival of the Red Army. Husband of Joy Weisenborn. In 1933, all his plays and books were burnt on the orders of Joseph Goebbels. By 1938 he was publishing so called between-the-lines literature that was indirectly critical of the Nazi regime.[323][324] Also worked with the Harnack Group in resistance activities.
Joy Weisenborn (born Margarete Schnabel) (1914–2004) Singer Arrested on 26 September 1942 along with her husband Released on 12 April 1942. Survived the war Wife of Günther Weisenborn, whom she met while staying at the Shulze-Boysens[325]
Ernest David Weiss (1902–1982) Transport economist, later concert pianist Soviet intelligence agent Henry Robinson group Interrogation started on 30 January 1948 by British intelligence. No action was taken against him by MI5. Worked for Soviet intelligence from 1932 to 1939. Associated with Henry Robinson. Alias Walter Lock.[324][326]
Johanna Weissensteiner (1910–1969) Dressmaker. Between 1940-1942 typist at the OKW. Arrested on 16 September 1942 but released Survived the war Wife of Richard Weissensteiner
Richard Weissensteiner (1902–1943) Welder and technical draftsman Communist who attended a number of meetings Harnack Group, later Schulze-Boysen group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On the 30 January 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty For the purpose of assisting in the preparation of high treason in concert with enemy favouritism. Executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. Had strong contacts with Hans Coppi and Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff and involved in discussions
Johann Wenzel (1902–1969) GRU agent Wireless telegraphy specialist and trainer Gurevich Group, then Trepper Group, later Jeffremov Group Arrested 30 June 1942 and forced to take part in playback operation Managed to escape through an unlocked door and survived the war [327]
Frida Wesolek (1887–1943) Housewife KPD member, Communist. Operated a functional radio set that the family owned. Housed Soviet parachutists in her apartment. Schulze-Boysen Group and von Scheliha Group Arrested in October 1942 Sentenced to death by Manfred Roeder in spring 1943. Executed on 5 August 1943. Had contacts with Adam Kuckhoff, Wilhelm Guddorf, and John Sieg as well as Gerhard Kegel and Ilse Stöbe[100] Father was Emil Hübner.[125]
Stanislaus Wesolek (1878–1943) Milling cutter German KPD member Schulze-Boysen Group Husband of Frida Wesolek. Their apartment was used as a safe house.[328][125]
Walter Wesolek (1910–1942) Technician Young Communist International member Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested 18 September 1942 Release 12 April 1943 Grandson of Frida Wesolek[125]
Johannes Wesolek (1907–1942) Radio technician Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 19 October 1942 On 28 May 1943, sentenced to six years in prison by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht for preparation to commit treason at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Saved by the Red Army. Grandson of Frida Wesolek[125]
Georgie de Winter Professional dancer Courier, recruiter and fringe member of group with no political convictions Trepper Group Arrested on 19 October 1943, Deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp, the women's only concentration camp.[329] Accidentally exposed the Maximovitch Group as she had a letter from Antonia Lyon-Smith, when she was arrested. The mistress of Leopold Trepper, they had a son together, Patrick De Winter.[330]
Anton Winterink (1914–1944) Dutch communist and active member of the Communist Party of the Netherlands Lead member of Rote Hilfe. Ran his own agent network. Group Hilda Betrayed by Maurice Peper who was his liaison with Jeffremov. Arrested on 18 August 1942 by Piepe. Shot in Brussels in July 1944 [331]
Joseph Wirth (1879–1956) German politician and later Chancellor of Germany Rote Drei Group Survived the war Messages sent by the Rote Drei indicate that Wirth was ambitious and had contact with the British, German, Russians and American in pursuit of a post-war position. Two of his intermediaries were Georges Blun and Louis Suss.[332]
Vera Wulff (1920–?) Student and housewife Housed Bernhard Bästlein in 1944 when he fled after the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group was broken up Arrested on 5 July 1944 On 1 November 1944, the People's Court sentenced Wulff to 4 years in prison. Father was Walter Glass; sister was Lucie Nix[333]

Y

No entries.

Z

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Edouard Van Der Zyphen Civilian employee in Hentschel factory Jeffremov Group December 1942 Code name:Nelly. Possibly surname called Zijpen. Considered the most important agent for the Jeffremov group.[334]

Literature

  • Rosiejka, Gert (1986). Die Rote Kapelle : "Landesverrat" als antifaschist. Widerstand (1. Aufl ed.). Hamburg: Ergebnisse-Verlag. p. 80. ISBN 3-925622-16-0.
  • Trepper, Leopold (1978). "Appendix 1 - Victims and survivors of the Red Chapel in Western Europe and Germany. Attempting a balance". The truth. Autobiography (in German) (Ungekürzte Ausg ed.). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-423-01387-7.
  • Griebel, Regina; Coburger, Marlies; Scheel, Heinrich (1992). Erfasst? : das Gestapo-Album zur Roten Kapelle : eine Foto-Dokumentation [Captured? The Gestapo album to the Red Chapel. A photo documentation]. Audioscop. ISBN 3-88384-044-0.
  • Weisenborn, Günther (1981). Der lautlose Aufstand : Bericht über die Widerstandsbewegung des deutschen Volkes 1933-1945 [The silent uprising. Report on the resistance movement of the German people 1933-1945] (in German) (Nachaufl ed.). Frankfurt: Röderberg-Verlag. ISBN 3-87682-022-7.
  • Oleschinski, Brigitte (1970). Gedenkstätte Plötzensee (2 ed.). Berlin: Dietz-Verlag. ISBN 3-926082-05-4.

References

  1. ↑ Benz, Wolfgang; Pehle, Walther (May 2001). Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes [Encyclopedia of German Resistance (The Time of National Socialism)]. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl. p. 281. ISBN 978-3596150830.
  2. ↑ British Secret Intelligence Service (17 September 1949). "KV 3/349 The Rote Kapelle:Final Report of a joint Security Service/SIS/CIA investigation after World War II" (pdf). Kew: The National Archives. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  3. ↑ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 77. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  4. ↑ "KV 2/2068" (PF 69073). The National Archives, Kew. Foundation for German communication and related technologie. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  5. ↑ Shergold, H.T. (11 October 1945). "First detailed interrogation of Lentz, Waldermar and Kurfess, Hans" (pdf). Google Drive. CSDIC. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  6. ↑ Bruchmann, Maike. "Franz Jacob * 1906". Stolpersteine Hamburg (in German). Hamburg: Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators. Retrieved 25 June 2019.(in German)
  7. ↑ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 255. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  8. ↑ Trepper, Leopold (1995). Die Wahrheit : Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle (in German). Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. p. 209. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4. OCLC 231649421.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Tittenhofer, Mark A. "The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth". CIA Library. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  10. ↑ "Almstad, Bernhard". Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur (in German). Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  11. ↑ Gary Kern (10 September 2008). A Death in Washington: Walter G. Krivitsky and the Stalin Terror. Enigma Books. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-9824911-5-7. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  12. ↑ Boris Volodarsky (2015). Stalin's Agent: The Life and Death of Alexander Orlov. Oxford University Press. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-19-965658-5. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  13. ↑ Tarrant, V.E. (1995). The Red Orchestra. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-13439-2.
  14. ↑ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 27. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  15. ↑ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 258. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  16. ↑ Marguerite Barcza year of death cited as 1985, rg.ru. 5 November 2004. Accessed 13 October 2022.
  17. ↑ "KV 2/2069". The National Archives, Kew. PF 69074. Retrieved 30 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  18. ↑ Ger van Roon (1998). Widerstand im Dritten Reich: ein Überblick. C.H.Beck. p. 81. ISBN 978-3-406-43691-8. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  19. ↑ Bruchmann, Maike. "Bernhard Bästlein * 1894". Stolpersteine Hamburg (in German). Hamburg: Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  20. ↑ Lehmann, Klaus, ed. (1948). "Widerstandsgruppe Schulze-Boysen/Harnack". Zentrale Forschungsstelle der Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes VVN [Central Research Office of the Association of the Persecuted of the Nazi Regime VVN] (in German). Berlin: VVN-Verlag. pp. 18, 28.
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  333. ↑ Klaus Marxen; Holger Schlüter; North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany). Justizministerium (2004). Terror und "Normalität": Urteile des nationalsozialistischen Volksgerichtshofs 1934-1945 : eine Dokumentation (in German). Justizministerium des Landes NRW. pp. 334–337. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
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