Loon LLC
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryInternet and telecommunication
Founded2011 (2011)
Defunct2021 (2021)
ParentAlphabet Inc.
Websiteloon.com
A Loon balloon at the Christchurch launch event in June 2013

Loon LLC was an Alphabet Inc. subsidiary working on providing Internet access to rural and remote areas. The company used high-altitude balloons in the stratosphere at an altitude of 18 km (11 mi) to 25 km (16 mi) to create an aerial wireless network with up to 1 Mbit/s speeds.[1][2][3][4] A reference to the balloons used,[1] Project Loon began as a research and development project by X (formerly Google X) in 2011, but later spun out into a separate company in July 2018.[5] In January 2021, it was announced that the company would be shut down due to lack of profitability.[6][7][8][9]

The balloons were maneuvered by adjusting their altitude in the stratosphere to float to a wind layer after identifying the wind layer with the desired speed and direction using wind data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Users of the service connected to the balloon network using a special Internet antenna attached to their building. The signal travelled through the balloon network from balloon to balloon, then to a ground-based station connected to an Internet service provider (ISP), then into the global Internet.

In January 2021, Alphabet announced that Loon would be shut down.[7]

Timeline

Declined business acquisition

In 2008, Google considered contracting with or acquiring Space Data Corp.,[10] a company that sends balloons carrying small base stations about 20 mi (32 km) up in the air for providing connectivity to truckers and oil companies in the southern United States, but didn't do so.[11]

Internal project and the public announcement

Unofficial development on the project began in 2011 under incubation in Google X with a series of trial runs in California's Central Valley. The project was officially announced as a Google project on June 14, 2013.[1]

First launches

On June 16, 2013, Google launched about 30 balloons in New Zealand in coordination with the Civil Aviation Authority from the Tekapo area in the South Island. About 50 local users in and around Christchurch and the Canterbury region tested connections to the aerial network using special antennas.[1] After this initial trial, Google planned on sending up 300 balloons around the world at the 40th parallel south that would provide coverage to New Zealand, Australia, Chile, and Argentina. Google hoped to eventually have thousands of balloons flying in the stratosphere.[1][2]

Testing and practical implementations

The first person to connect and receive internet access from one of the Loon balloons was Charles Nimmo, a farmer and entrepreneur in Leeston, New Zealand. Nimmo was one of 50 people in the area around Christchurch who agreed to be a pilot tester for Loon. The New Zealand farmer lived in a rural location that was unable to get broadband access to the Internet. The town's residents used a satellite Internet service in 2009, but found that the service could incur costs of up to $1000 per month.[3]

Locals participating in the testing were not made aware of the details, other than that it had potential ability to deliver Internet connectivity, but allowed project workers to attach a basketball-sized receiver resembling a giant bright-red party balloon to an outside wall of their property in order to connect to the network.[3]

The technology designed in the project could allow countries to avoid using expensive fiber cable that would have to be installed underground to allow users to connect to the Internet. Alphabet felt this would greatly increase Internet usage in developing countries in regions such as Africa and Southeast Asia that can't afford to lay underground fiber cable.[12]

New partners and further implementations

In May 2014, Google X laboratories director Eric "Astro" Teller announced that, rather than negotiate a section of bandwidth that was free for them worldwide, they would instead become a temporary base station that could be leased by the mobile operators of the country it was crossing over. This was based on work done by the Access Field Development Director, Kai Wulff, who was involved in fiber and broadband roll-outs in Emerging Markets from the early 2000s.

In May–June 2014 Google tested its balloon-powered internet access venture in Piauí, Brazil, marking its first LTE experiments and launch near the equator.[13]

In 2014, Google partnered with France's Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) on the project.[14]

On July 28, 2015, Google signed an agreement with officials of Information and Communication Technology Agency (ICTA) – Sri Lanka, to launch the technology on a mass scale.[15] As a result, by March 2016,[15] Sri Lanka will be the second country in the world to get full coverage of internet using LTE, after Vatican City.

In February 2016, Google announced it had achieved a stable laser communication connection between two balloons over a distance of 62 miles (100 km). The connection was stable over many hours and during day and nighttime and reached a data rate of 155 Mbit/s.[16]

On February 25, 2016, Google started testing their autolauncher named "Chicken Little" at former naval station Roosevelt Roads located in Ceiba, Puerto Rico.[17]

Patent disagreement

In May 2017, Space Data started proceedings for patent infringement.[10] Google settled the case in July 2019.[18]

Support for Puerto Rico

On October 6, 2017, Google filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and cleared it the same day, with authorization to start immediately to provide emergency LTE coverage to Puerto Rico in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria. The plan allowed 30 balloons to relay communication between ground terminals connected to people's handsets. Google would have to install Over The Air (OTA) updates to allow Band 8 (900 MHz) operations and at the end of the authorization, a separate OTA update would disable this operation. Puerto Rico Governor Ricardo Rosselló announced at a press conference on October 8, 2017 the launch of Google's Loon Project on the Caribbean island, following its approval by the FCC.

On October 9, 2017, multiple balloons were spotted near Puerto Rico via Flightradar24.[19] That same month, it was reported that the project had spun off into its own company Loon Inc; however, it was clarified that it still remained as a project at X, until July 2018.[20] On November 9, 2017, it was reported that Google had launched several balloons from Nevada and positioned them over Puerto Rico as part of an effort to bring 100,000 people online.[21]

Independent entity

On July 11, 2018, X, Google's R&D facility, announced that Loon was "graduating", becoming an Alphabet subsidiary in its own right rather than a project of X.[22] As part of its first commercial agreement with Telkom Kenya, Loon pledged to bring internet access to some of Kenya's most inaccessible regions,[23] to be live in 2019.[24]

On April 26, 2019, they formed a partnership and received funding from Softbank.[25]

Notable milestones

On July 23, 2019, Loon announced they had reached one million hours of stratospheric flight between their balloon fleet. In an article written by Loon's CTO Sal Candido via Medium, he explained some of the navigational techniques the autonomous balloons deployed such as tacking, loitering and figure-8's to deliver internet service in the most efficient way possible.[26]

In October 2020, atmospheric scientists Pedram Hassanzadeh (Rice University), Aditi Sheshadri (Stanford University), Edwin Gerber (New York University) and M. Joan Alexander (NorthWest Research Associates) received funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation to use high resolution data collected by the Loon balloons to examine gravity waves in the stratosphere and use the resulting data to improve climate and weather modeling.[27]

On October 28, 2020, Loon claimed a record-duration flight of 312 days for a balloon (HBAL703) which launched from Puerto Rico in May 2019 and landed in Baja, Mexico in March 2020.[28]

Project closure

On January 21, 2021, it was announced that Loon would be shut down.[7] In his announcement, Teller said "Sadly, despite the team’s groundbreaking technical achievements over the last 9 years […] the road to commercial viability has proven much longer and riskier than hoped."[29] In a WIRED article about the shutdown of Project Loon, reasons for the shutdown were speculated. In areas Loon intended to target, Internet availability had increased from 75% to 93% in the last 10 years. The remaining areas are primarily populated by those unable to afford a 4G phone.[30] Its pilot service in Kenya would be shut down in March 2021 but the company said it would pledge $10 million to support nonprofits and businesses in Kenya dedicated to "connectivity, Internet, entrepreneurship and education."[7]

Technology

Connectivity

The system aimed to bring Internet access to remote and rural areas poorly served by existing provisions, and to improve communication during natural disasters to affected regions.[31][32]

The Loon network worked by transmitting signal from the ground station through a number of balloons floating high up in the atmosphere and then being received by customers' receivers and phones. Also shown the wind travelling strategy, the internet connection and the area served

The balloons used patch antennas – which are directional antennas – to transmit signals to ground stations or LTE users. Some smartphones with Google SIM cards could use Google Internet services. The whole infrastructure was based on LTE; the eNodeB component (the equivalent of the "base station" that talks directly to handsets) was carried in the balloon.

Initially, the balloons communicated using unlicensed 2.4 and 5.8 GHz ISM bands,[33] and Google claimed that the setup allowed it to deliver "speeds comparable to 3G" to users, but they then switched to LTE[34] with cellular spectrum by cooperating with local telecommunication operators.[35] It is unclear how technologies that rely on short communications times (low latency pings), such as VoIP, might need to be modified to work in an environment similar to mobile phones where the signal may have to relay through multiple balloons before reaching the wider Internet.[36][37] Google also experimented with laser communication technology to interconnect balloons at high altitude and achieved a data rate of 155 Mbit/s over a distance of 100 km (62 mi).[16]

Stratospheric balloons

Loon deployed its high-altitude balloon network into the stratosphere, between altitudes of 18 km and 25 km. The company stated that the particular altitude and layer of the stratosphere is advantageous for the balloons because of its low wind speeds, which are usually recorded between 5 mph and 20 mph (10 km/h to 30 km/h). The layer is also an area of minimal turbulence. The company said it was able to model the seasonal, longitudinal and latitudinal wind speed variations, allowing them to adjust the placements of their balloons.[38]

Loon claimed it could control the latitudinal and longitudinal position of its high-altitude balloons by changing their altitude. They did this by adjusting the volume and density of internal gas (which is composed of either helium, hydrogen or another lighter-than-air substance), which allowed the balloon's variable buoyancy system to control the altitude. Additionally, Google had indicated that the balloons were possibly constructed from materials like metalized Mylar, BoPET, or a highly flexible latex or rubber material, like chloroprene.[38]

Equipment

Balloons and their electronics

The balloon envelopes used in the project were designed and made by Raven Aerostar,[39] and were based on the Raven Aerostar Super Pressure Balloon.[40] The balloons were composed of polyethylene plastic about 0.076 mm (0.0030 in) thick. The balloons were superpressure balloons filled with helium, standing 15 m (49 ft) across and 12 m (39 ft) tall when fully inflated. They carried a custom air pump system dubbed the "Croce"[41] that pumped in or released air to ballast the balloon and control its altitude.[1] A small box weighing 10 kg (22 lb) containing each balloon's electronic equipment hung underneath the inflated envelope. This box contained circuit boards that controlled the system, radio antennas and a Ubiquiti Networks 'Rocket M2'[42] to communicate with other balloons and with Internet antennas on the ground, and batteries to store solar power so the balloons could operate during the night. Each balloon's electronics were powered by an array of solar panels that sat between the envelope and the hardware. In full sun, the panels produced 100 watts of power, which was sufficient to keep the unit running while also charging a battery for use at night. A parachute, called Raven Aerostar Payload Recovery Parachute,[40] was attached to the top of the envelope to allow for a controlled descent, landing and payload recovery when a balloon was ready to be taken out of service.[33] In the case of an unexpected failure, the parachute deploys automatically.[43] When taken out of service, the balloon was guided to an easily reached location, and the helium was vented into the atmosphere. The balloons typically had a maximum life of about 100 days, although Google claimed that its tweaked design could have enabled them to stay aloft for closer to 200 days.[44]

The balloons were equipped with automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast and so could be publicly tracked (along with other balloons) with the call-sign "HBAL"[45]

Ground stations

The prototype ground stations used a Ubiquiti Networks 'Rocket M5'[42] radio and a custom patch antenna[46] to connect to the balloons at a height of 20 km (12 mi).[32] Some reports called Google's project the Google Balloon Internet.[2][47][48]

Key people

Key people involved in the project included Rich DeVaul, chief technical architect, who is also an expert on wearable technology; Mike Cassidy, a project leader; and Cyrus Behroozi, a networking and telecommunication lead.[1]

Legacy

Some of the technology and methods developed by Loon LLC live on as telecommunications infrastructure in Africa.[6][49] Project Taara, which started its pan-African rollout in Kenya, continues to provide reliable high-speed internet to the unconnected and under-connected.[50][51][52] It is also serving as of 2021 to bridge a "particularly stubborn connectivity gap" of 3.0 miles (4.8 km) between Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, across the Congo River. It was wryly noted that while there are many, many areas worldwide with clear climates which could be served by this technology that foggy San Francisco, California would not ideally be one of them.[53]

Incidents

Reception

Loon has generally been well received, although Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project developers and astronomers have raised concerns that the lower of the two ISM bands that Loon used (2.4 GHz) would interfere with the mid-band frequency range (0.5 GHz–3 GHz) used in the SKA project.[67]

Concerns have been raised about international political issues such as spectrum allocation, national airspace control, overflight right charges, and Internet censorship.[68]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Levy, Steven (June 14, 2013). "How Google Will Use High-Flying Balloons to Deliver Internet to the Hinterlands". Wired. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 "Google to beam Internet from balloons". Agence France-Presse. June 15, 2013. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 "Google launches Project Loon". The New Zealand Herald. June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  4. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic (June 14, 2013). "Google X Announces Project Loon: Balloon-Powered Internet For Rural, Remote And Underserved Areas". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  5. ↑ Koulopoulos, Thomas (July 2018). "The Moonshot to Create the Next Google". Inc. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  6. 1 2 Schroeder, Stan (January 22, 2021). "Alphabet gives up on balloon-powered internet". Mashable. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Peters, Jay (January 21, 2021). "Alphabet is shutting down Loon, its internet balloon company". The Verge. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  8. ↑ Langley, Hugh. "Google's balloon project Loon crashed, but some investors are happy with CEO Sundar Pichai putting limits on money-burning 'moonshots'". Business Insider. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  9. ↑ Michelle Toh. "Alphabet is shutting down Loon, its ambitious internet balloon venture". CNN. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  10. 1 2 "A Lawsuit Has Alphabet's Project Loon In Jeopardy | Backchannel". WIRED. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  11. ↑ Sharma, Amol (February 20, 2008). "Floating a New Idea For Going Wireless, Parachute Included". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 23, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  12. ↑ Perry, Nick; Mendoza, Martha (June 15, 2013). "Google launches Internet-beaming balloons". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  13. ↑ Summers, Nick (June 16, 2014). "Google Marks Project Loon Birthday with First LTE Experiments". TNW | Google.
  14. ↑ Svitak, Amy (December 12, 2014). "Google, France Partner on Balloon-Powered Internet". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  15. 1 2 "Google Project Loon to provide free internet across Sri Lanka". International Business Times UK. July 29, 2015.
  16. 1 2 "Google Laser-Beams the Film Real Genius 60 Miles Between Balloons". WIRED. February 24, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Project Loon shows off autolauncher at work in Puerto Rico". Engadget.
  18. ↑ "Google Settles Balloon IP Suit Ahead Of Trial". Law 360.
  19. ↑ @DrSalted (October 9, 2017). ".@Google 's parent company Alphabet gets FCC approval to fly 30 Project Loon balloons over Puerto Rico & provide LTE coverage. Google's balloons can be tracked via their ADS-B transponders on websites such as @flightradar24 https://www.flightradar24.com/multiview/f252d5c,f229cff,f2599b6,f25bf29,f25fb17,f26d9de … #GOOGL #PuertoRico #HuracanMaria" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  20. ↑ "Alphabet may have spun out Project Loon into its own company (update: Alphabet responds)".
  21. ↑ "Project Loon Launches Balloons". Popular Mechanics. November 10, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  22. ↑ "INSIDE X, THE MOONSHOT FACTORY RACING TO BUILD THE NEXT GOOGLE". July 11, 2018. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  23. ↑ "Google's balloons to deliver net to Kenya". BBC News. July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  24. ↑ Crabtree, Justina (July 20, 2018). "Google's Loon to bring 4G to remote areas of Kenya – via balloon". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  25. ↑ "Internet connectivity projects unite as Alphabet spinout Loon grabs $125M from SoftBank's HAPSMobile". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  26. ↑ Candido, Salvatore (July 23, 2019). "1 Million Hours of Stratospheric Flight". Medium. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Literal rise of the internet enables new climate science". EurekAlert!. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  28. ↑ Candido, Salvatore. "312 Days in the Stratosphere". Medium. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  29. ↑ Teller, Astro (January 22, 2021). "Loon's final flight". X blog. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Exclusive: Alphabet Is Grounding Loon—but Won't Call It a Failure". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  31. ↑ Mack, Eric (June 14, 2013). "Meet Google's 'Project Loon:' Balloon-powered 'net access". CNET. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  32. 1 2 Brodkin, Jon (June 14, 2013). "Google flies Internet balloons in stratosphere for a "network in the sky"". ArsTechnica. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  33. 1 2 "How Loon Works". Google. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  34. ↑ "- YouTube". www.youtube.com.
  35. ↑ "Loon - X, the moonshot factory". X, the moonshot factory.
  36. ↑ Hodson, Hal (June 18, 2013). "Google's Project Loon to float the internet on balloons". New Scientist. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  37. ↑ Misra, Archan; Das, Subir; McAuley, Anthony J. (2001). "Hierarchical Mobility Management for VoIP Traffic" (PDF). Retrieved October 17, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. 1 2 "Project Loon". Xed Knowledge. February 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020.
  39. ↑ "Project Loon: Raven Aerostar - Google Collaboration". Raven Aerostar. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  40. 1 2 "Loon - Raven Aerostar". ravenaerostar.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019.
  41. ↑ Gartner, Keegan; Ratner, Dan (August 14, 2013). "Ask Away: How do the balloons move up and down?". Google Project Loon. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013. 58s into video: We call this air control system "Croce" because our co-worker lead saw the shape of our impeller housing was bottle shaped and started singing "Time in a Bottle" [by] Jim Croce
  42. 1 2 smweir. "Re: Internet for all". Ubiquiti Networks Community Forum. I've just been down to talk to the folks from Google, who are here in Christchurch, New Zealand, launching their pilot for Loon. One engineer told me "we use the Ubiquiti Rocket M2 for transceiving, and the M5 for groundstation uplink". He described the downwards-pointing antenna on the ballon, which sounded to me like a UniFi polar map, but on a bigger scale. They have modified the firmware to only work with other modified firmware Rockets.
  43. ↑ Kelion, Leo (June 15, 2013). "Google tests balloons to beam internet from near space". BBC News. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  44. ↑ Jon Brodkin (March 11, 2015). "Google balloons, "cell towers in the sky," can serve 4G to a whole state". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
  45. ↑ "Keep Your Eye on the HBAL—Tracking Project Loon Balloons". April 9, 2016.
  46. ↑ Behroozi, Cyrus. "Ask Away: What's inside the Loon antenna?". Google Project Loon. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  47. ↑ "Google's ambitious Internet balloons soar above New Zealand". CBS News. Associated Press. June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  48. ↑ Mendoza, Martha; Perry, Nick (June 15, 2013). "Google begins launching Internet-beaming balloons". NBCNews. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  49. ↑ "Taara - X, the moonshot factory". X, the moonshot factory. Retrieved January 22, 2021. A potential solution to this problem arose during work on Project Loon. The Loon team needed to figure out a way to create a data link between balloons that were flying over 100 km apart. The team investigated the use of wireless optical communication technology to establish high-throughput links between balloons.
  50. ↑ Mbamalu, Socrates. "Google's ambitious Loon internet balloon project has crash-landed". Quartz Africa. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  51. ↑ Kazeem, Yomi. "Google is working on delivering super-fast internet in Africa with experimental light beams". Quartz Africa. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  52. ↑ "Taara - X, the moonshot factory". X, the moonshot factory. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  53. ↑ "High-speed internet via airborne beams of light". BBC News. September 17, 2021.
  54. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic. "One of Google's Project Loon balloons crashed into power lines in Washington state". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
  55. ↑ Sharwood, Simon (June 20, 2014). "That's no plane wreck, that's a Google Wi-Fi balloon: unplanned splashdown scrambles New Zealand emergency services". The Register. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
  56. ↑ "South African sheep farmer discovers downed Google Loon balloon crashed in Karoo Desert". The Daily Telegraph. November 20, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
  57. ↑ "Device known as 'Google Loon' lands in Missouri". KCTV 5. April 27, 2015. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  58. ↑ "Google's Internet balloon 'crashes' in Sri Lanka test flight". Phys. February 18, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  59. ↑ 'Project Loon' Balloon found on farm in KZN
  60. ↑ "Globo de Google aterrizó bajo control - Ciencia - ABC Color". www.abc.com.py.
  61. ↑ "Globo de Google cae a un esteral de Ñeembucú".
  62. ↑ "Cayó un globo de Google en un campo de las modelos Maglietti". www.clarin.com. August 23, 2016.
  63. ↑ "Proyecto Loon in Bocas del Toro", La Prensa, January 9, 2017
  64. ↑ "Balão do Project Loon cai no interior do Piauí". Oficina da Net.
  65. ↑ Ndung'u, Wainaina. "Google device plunges into a miraa farm in Igembe Central, Meru prompting talk of aliens". The Standard. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  66. ↑ "Balão com equipamentos tecnológicos fica pendurado em árvore após cair no Jalapão". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  67. ↑ Richard Chirgwin, Richard (June 17, 2013). "Google launches broadband balloons, radio astronomy frets". The Register. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  68. ↑ Worstall, Tim (June 23, 2013). "Google's Project Loon Problem: International Bureaucracy". Forbes. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
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