Master is a version of DeepMind's Go software AlphaGo, named after the account name (originally Magister/Magist) used online, which won 60 straight online games against human professional Go players from 29 December 2016 to 4 January 2017. This version was also used in the Future of Go Summit in May 2017.[1][2] It used four TPUs on a single machine with Elo rating 4,858.[3] DeepMind claimed that AlphaGo Master was 3-stone stronger than the version used in AlphaGo v. Lee Sedol.[4]

DeepMind released a version of AlphaGo Master in December 2017 that serves as a teaching tool analyzing the win rates of 6,000 Go openings from 230,000 human games.[5][6]

Matches

Online games

The software was first used to play games against professional players on 29 December 2016 on the Tygem Go server, under the account name 'Magister' (shown as 'Magist' at the server's Chinese version). The account name was changed to 'Master' on 30 December. After playing 30 games on Tygem, it was moved to the FoxGo server on 1 January 2017.

Master played at the pace of 10 games per day. Many quickly suspected it to be an AI player due to little or no resting between games. After winning its 59th game it was revealed in the chatroom that Master was controlled by Aja Huang of the DeepMind team.[7] On 4 January 2017, after these games were completed, Demis Hassabis, the co-founder of DeepMind, confirmed that Magister and Master both played using an updated version of AlphaGo[8][9] and said, "We're looking forward to playing some official, full-length games later [in 2017] in collaboration with Go organizations and experts".[8][9]

Gu Li, a 9-dan player and co-founder of FoxGo, offered a bounty of 100,000 RMB (14,400 USD) to the first human player who could defeat Master.[9] However, no one took the bounty since Master's final online record was 60 wins and 0 losses,[10] including three victories over Go's top ranked player, Ke Jie,[11] who had been quietly briefed in advance that Master was a version of AlphaGo.[10]

Master's adversaries included many world champions such as Ke Jie, Park Jeong-hwan, Yuta Iyama, Tuo Jiaxi, Mi Yuting, Shi Yue, Chen Yaoye, Li Qincheng, Gu Li, Chang Hao, Tang Weixing, Fan Tingyu, Zhou Ruiyang, Jiang Weijie, Chou Chun-hsun, Kim Ji-seok, Kang Dong-yun, Park Yeong-hun, and Won Seong-jin, and also included national champions or world championship runners-up such as Lian Xiao, Tan Xiao, Meng Tailing, Dang Yifei, Huang Yunsong, Yang Dingxin, Gu Zihao, Shin Jinseo, Cho Han-seung, and An Sungjoon.[12] All 60 games except one were fast-paced games with three 20 or 30 seconds byo-yomi. Master offered to extend the byo-yomi to one minute when playing with Nie Weiping due to his old age.

No.DatePlayer (dan during the game)Time controlMovesMaster color and result
129 December 2016China Pan Tingyu (1 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi146White won by resignation
229 December 2016China Zhang Ziliang (1 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi174White won by resignation
329 December 2016China Ding Shixiong (3 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi151Black won by resignation
429 December 2016China Xie Erhao (4 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi222White won by resignation
529 December 2016China Yu Zhiying (5 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi113Black won by resignation
629 December 2016China Li Xiangyu (3 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi131Black won by resignation
729 December 2016China Qiao Zhijian (4 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi163Black won by resignation
829 December 2016China Han Yizhou (5 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi104White won by resignation
929 December 2016China Meng Tailing (6 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi275Black won by 4.5 points
1029 December 2016China Meng Tailing (6 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi148White won by resignation
1130 December 2016China Chen Hao (5 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi170White won by resignation
1230 December 2016South Korea Ryu Suhang (5 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi144White won by resignation
1330 December 2016China Wang Haoyang (6 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi136White won by resignation
1430 December 2016China Yan Zaiming (3 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi129Black won by resignation
1530 December 2016South Korea Park Junghwan (9 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi150White won by time
1630 December 2016China Lian Xiao (7 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi122White won by resignation
1730 December 2016China Lian Xiao (7 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi164White won by resignation
1830 December 2016China Ke Jie (9 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi228Black won by 5.5 points
1930 December 2016China Ke Jie (9 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi128White won by resignation
2030 December 2016South Korea Park Junghwan (9 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi255Black won by 5.5 points
2131 December 2016China Chen Yaoye (9 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi270White won by 5.5 points
2231 December 2016China Chen Yaoye (9 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi277White won by 4.5 points
2331 December 2016South Korea Kim Jung-hyun (6 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi135Black won by resignation
2431 December 2016South Korea Park Junghwan (9 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi223Black won by resignation
2531 December 2016South Korea Park Junghwan (9 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi261White won by 0.5 points
2631 December 2016South Korea Yun Chanhee (6 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi217Black won by resignation
2731 December 2016China Fan Tingyu (9 dan)three 30-second byo-yomi215Black won by resignation
2831 December 2016China Meng Tailing (6 dan)three 20-second byo-yomi163Black won by resignation
2931 December 2016China Mi Yuting (9 dan)three 30-second byo-yomi311White won by 0.5 points
3031 December 2016China Tang Weixing (9 dan)three 30-second byo-yomi186White won by resignation
311 January 2017China Li Qincheng (9 dan)1 minute + three 20-second byo-yomi179Black won by resignation
322 January 2017China Gu Li (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi154White won by resignation
332 January 2017China Gu Li (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi191Black won by resignation
342 January 2017China Dang Yifei (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi149Black won by resignation
352 January 2017China Jiang Weijie (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi280White won by 1.5 points
362 January 2017China Gu Zihao (5 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi209Black won by resignation
372 January 2017South Korea Park Yeong-hun (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi173Black won by resignation
382 January 2017China Tuo Jiaxi (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi239Black won by resignation
392 January 2017Japan Yuta Iyama (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi135Black won by resignation
402 January 2017China Meng Tailing (6 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi274White won by 2.5 points
412 January 2017South Korea Kim Ji-seok (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi170White won by resignation
423 January 2017China Yang Dingxin (4 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi125Black won by resignation
433 January 2017South Korea Kang Dong-yun (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi165Black won by resignation
443 January 2017South Korea An Sung-joon (7 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi260White won by 2.5 points
453 January 2017China Shi Yue (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi167Black won by resignation
463 January 2017China Lian Xiao (7 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi144White won by resignation
473 January 2017China Tan Xiao (7 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi191Black won by resignation
483 January 2017South Korea Park Junghwan (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi270White won by 1.5 points
493 January 2017South Korea Won Seong-jin (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi222White won by resignation
503 January 2017China Ke Jie (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi178White won by resignation
514 January 2017Taiwan Chou Chun-hsun (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi118White won by resignation
524 January 2017China Fan Tingyu (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi202White won by resignation
534 January 2017China Huang Yunsong (5 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi133Black won by resignation
544 January 2017China Nie Weiping (9 dan)1 minute + three 60-second byo-yomi254Black won by 7.5 points
554 January 2017China Chen Yaoye (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi267White won by 1.5 points
564 January 2017South Korea Cho Han-seung (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi171Black won by resignation
574 January 2017South Korea Shin Jin-seo (6 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi139Black won by resignation
584 January 2017China Chang Hao (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi178White won by resignation
594 January 2017China Zhou Ruiyang (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi161Black won by resignation
604 January 2017China Gu Li (9 dan)1 minute + three 30-second byo-yomi235White won by 2.5 points

Future of Go Summit

The Master version also participated in the Future of Go summit in May 2017.[1] It defeated Ke Jie in a three-game match by three to zero and beat a human team with five top Go professionals.

Innovative moves

Go experts were extremely impressed by Master's performance and by its non-human play style in its online games. Ke Jie stated, "After humanity spent thousands of years improving our tactics, computers tell us that humans are completely wrong... I would go as far as to say not a single human has touched the edge of the truth of Go".[10]

Master played many innovative moves and inspired professional players.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

In the 23rd online game Master invaded the 3-3 point at a very early stage.[20]

Online game 23, Master (black) v. Kim Jung-hyun

In the 24th online game Master played six stones along the second line.[20]

Online game 24 Master (black) v. Park Junghwan

Operator errors

On 20 January 2017, DeepMind team members Fan Hui[21] and Aja Huang[22] disclosed that Master's operator accidentally entered a move other than AlphaGo's choice in two situations during the online games.

In the 9th online game, Master recommended point a for Move 107.

Online game 9, Master (black) v. Meng Tailing.

In the 39th online game, Master recommended point a for Move 99.

Online game 39, Master (black) v. Yuta Iyama

Example game

Online game 30: Master (white) v. Tang Weixing (31 December 2016), Master won by resignation. White 36 was widely praised.[23]

First 99 moves
Moves 100-186 (149 at 131, 150 at 130)

References

  1. 1 2 "AlphaGo官方解读让三子 对人类高手没这种优势" (in Chinese). Sina. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  2. "各版alphago实力对比 master能让李世石版3子" (in Chinese). Sina. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  3. Silver, David; Schrittwieser, Julian; Simonyan, Karen; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Huang, Aja; Guez, Arthur; Hubert, Thomas; Baker, Lucas; Lai, Matthew; Bolton, Adrian; Chen, Yutian; Lillicrap, Timothy; Fan, Hui; Sifre, Laurent; Driessche, George van den; Graepel, Thore; Hassabis, Demis (19 October 2017). "Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge" (PDF). Nature. 550 (7676): 354–359. Bibcode:2017Natur.550..354S. doi:10.1038/nature24270. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29052630. S2CID 205261034.Closed access icon
  4. "AlphaGo棋力比去年涨三子 柯洁想赢它可能只剩一招" (in Chinese). Sina. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  5. "AlphaGo teaching tool". DeepMind.
  6. "AlphaGo教学工具上线 樊麾:使用Master版本" (in Chinese). Sina.com.cn. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  7. "横扫中日韩棋手斩获59胜的Master发话:我是阿尔法狗". 澎湃新闻. 2017-01-04.
  8. 1 2 Demis Hassabis (4 January 2017). "Demis Hassabis on Twitter: "Excited to share an update on #AlphaGo!"". Demis Hassabis's Twitter account. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 Elizabeth Gibney (4 January 2017). "Google reveals secret test of AI bot to beat top Go players". Nature. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 "Humans Mourn Loss After Google Is Unmasked as China's Go Master". Wall Street Journal. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  11. "The world's best Go player says he still has "one last move" to defeat Google's AlphaGo AI". Quartz. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  12. "Full list of human players participating in the 60 games" (in Chinese). Sohu. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  13. Nie Weiping (3 January 2017). "神秘高手Master颠覆了围棋传统,这更证明了藤泽秀行那句话" (in Chinese). Toutiao. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  14. "韩国研究新版AlphaGo:穿越而来展示未来围棋" (in Chinese). Sina.com. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  15. "金成龙分析AlphaGo:愿你为人类划开围棋的新天地" (in Chinese). Sina.com. 28 January 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  16. "韩国家队分析AlphaGo60局1 很强但不"完美"" (in Chinese). Sina.com. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  17. "韩国家队分析AlphaGo60局2 井山一局最有机会" (in Chinese). Sina.com. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  18. "阿法狗最令人感动一手 王铭琬:推波助澜" (in Chinese). Sina.com. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  19. Nie Weiping (19 January 2017). "李昌镐学习"阿法狗流",日本棋手放下包袱仍有一战" (in Chinese). Toutiao. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  20. 1 2 "Innovations of AlphaGo". DeepMind. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  21. "Clarification". Fan Hui's Sina Weibo. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  22. "Clarification". Aja Huang's Facebook. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  23. "高手战Master技术分析:人类仍有机会赢AI?" (in Chinese). QQ.com. 2 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
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