Pyongyang Metro
A blue circle with red lettering inside it; underneath the circle is a red V
Type D (Puhung Station)
Type D (Puhung Station)
Overview
Native name평양 지하철도
P'yŏngyang Chihach'ŏlto
LocalePyongyang, North Korea
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines2[1]
Line numberChollima Line
Hyoksin Line
Number of stations16 (Chollima Line : 8, Hyoksin Line : 8)[1]
Daily ridership400,000 (Weekdays)
700,000 (Holidays)
(July 2019)[1]
HeadquartersPyongyang Metro,
City Metro Unit,
Railway Section,
Transport and Communication Commission,
Pyongyang,
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Operation
Began operationSeptember 1973 (1973-09)[2]
Operator(s)Pyongyang Metro Administration Bureau[1][2]
Characterrapid transit
Number of vehicles224 (Type D : 216,[3] Type 1 : 8[4])
Train length4
Headway3 minute (peak)
5 minute (off-peak)
Technical
System length22.5 km (14.0 mi)[1][2]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Top speed70 km/h (43 mph) (Type D)
Route Map of Pyongyang Metro

Pyongyang Metro
Chosŏn'gŭl
Hancha
Revised RomanizationPyeongyang Jihacheoldo
McCune–ReischauerP'yŏngyang Chihach'ŏldo

The Pyongyang Metro (Korean: 평양 지하철도; MR: P'yŏngyang Chihach'ŏlto) is the rapid transit system in Pyongyang, the capital and largest city of North Korea. It consists of two lines: the Chollima Line, which runs north from Puhŭng Station on the banks of the Taedong River to Pulgŭnbyŏl Station, and the Hyŏksin Line, which runs from Kwangbok Station in the southwest to Ragwŏn Station in the northeast. The two lines intersect at Chŏnu Station.

Daily ridership is estimated to be between 300,000 and 700,000.[5][6] Structural engineering of the Metro was completed by North Korea, with rolling stock and related electronic equipment imported from China.[7][8][9] This was later replaced with rolling stock acquired from East Germany.[10]

The Pyongyang Metro has a museum devoted to its construction and history.

Construction

Construction of the metro network started in 1965, and stations were opened between 1969 and 1972 by Supreme Leader Kim Il Sung.[11] Most of the 16 public stations were built in the 1970s, except for the two most grandiose stations—Puhŭng and Yŏnggwang, which were constructed in 1987. According to NK News sources, a construction accident in 1971 killed tens if not hundreds of laborers, forcing the rerouting of the metro so it would not cross the Taedong River.[12]

China had provided technical aid for the metro's construction, sending experts to install equipment made in China, including electrical equipment made in Xiangtan, Hunan[13] and the escalator with vertical height of 64 m made by Shanghai Seleva.[14][15]

Pyongyang Metro is among the deepest metros in the world, with the track at over 110 metres (360 ft) deep underground; the metro does not have any above-ground track segments or stations. Due to the depth of the metro and the lack of outside segments, its stations can double as bomb shelters, with blast doors in place at hallways.[16][17] It takes three and a half minutes from the ground to the platform by escalator. The metro is so deep that the temperature of the platform maintains a constant 18 °C (64 °F) all year.[18] The Saint Petersburg Metro also claims to be the deepest, based on the average depth of all its stations. The Arsenalna station on Kyiv Metro's Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line is currently the deepest station in the world at 105.5 metres (346 ft).[19] The deepest heavy rail station in the world is the Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station, located 80 m (260 ft) underground. The Porta Alpina railway station, located above the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, was supposed to be 800 m (2,600 ft) underground, but the project was indefinitely shelved in 2012.[20]

The system was initially electrified at 825 volts, but lowered down to 750 volts to support operation of the Class GI sets.[21] However, this conflicts with the documentation on the DK4 sets, which uses 750 volts with a +20% and a -38% tolerance.[22]

A 1999 KBS news broadcast stated that two lines were under construction, with line 3 to run from Kwangbok station to Mangyongdae, while the location of line 4 was unknown. The two lines were to open for the 55th Party Foundation Day.[23]

In 2012, Korean Central Television released renders of a new station bearing the name Mangyongdae displayed at the Pyongyang Architectural Festival.[24]

In 2018, NK News claimed that there would be possible extensions to the metro system, with anonymous sources claiming activity to the west of Kwangbok Station. Commercial satellite imagery revealed only one structure under construction, and it speculated an absence of announcements from state media was due to funding issues, as well as due to the 1970s tunneling accidents.[12]

In 2019, Kaeson station and Tongil Station were modernised,[25] adding TVs that show the next service and brighter lighting. This was followed by Jonu station and Chonsung station in 2020.[26] The TVs can also display a digital version of the Rodong Sinmun.

At the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea, it was announced to push forward on the updating and renovation of the Pyongyang Metro, along with the production of new-type subway trains.[27]

Operation

The Pyongyang Metro was designed to operate every few minutes. During rush hour, the trains can operate at a minimum interval of two minutes. The trains have the ability to play music and other recordings.[28] In current service, they run at every 3 minutes in rush hour and every 5 minutes throughout the day.[29] It operates from 5:30 am to 11:30 pm.[30]

The Pyongyang Metro is the cheapest in the world to ride, at only five North Korean won (worth half of a US cent) per ticket.[31] Instead of paper tickets, the Metro previously used an aluminium token, with the emblem of the Metro minted on it and the Korean "지". It has used a paper ticket system, with "지" printed with blue ink on it.[29] Tickets are bought at station booths. Nowadays, the network uses contactless cards that feature the logo of the network and a train set on the front, with the terms and conditions on the other side. Gates display the number of trips remaining on the card, with a trip being a tap on entry and exit.[29] Smoking and eating inside the Metro system is prohibited and is punishable by a large fine.

Pyongyang Metro Administration Bureau, the operator of the system, is ranked at the dead-last place in the world when it comes to the metro's inaccessibility to disabled people with wheelchairs. This is due to the North Korean government excluding persons with disabilities in the society, which is a violation of human rights, generating criticism from the United Nations' Human Rights Council.[32] This makes Pyongyang's public transport accessibility to the disabled the worst in the world after Moscow Metro in Moscow, Russia[33] and the New York City Subway in New York City, United States.[34]

Network

The Pyongyang Metro network consists of two lines:

  •   Chollima Line, named after a winged horse from ancient Korean mythology. It spans about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi). Construction started in 1968, and the line opened on September 6, 1973. The total route contains the Puhung, Yonggwang, Ponghwa, Sŭngni, Tongil, Kaeson, Jonu, and Pulgunbyol stations.
  •   Hyŏksin Line, which literally means renewal, spans about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). Regular service started on October 9, 1975. The route contains the Kwangbok, Konguk, Hwanggumbol, Konsol, Hyoksin, Jonsung, Samhung, and Rakwon stations. The closed Kwangmyong station is located between the Samhung and Rakwon stations.

The two lines have a linking track, located somewhere near Jonsung station.[35]

Most metro stations bear reference to nearby features, with Kaesŏn Station ("Triumph station") being located at the Arch of Triumph, Yonggwang station located near Yonggwang street, Sungni station at Sungni street.[36]

The network runs entirely underground. The design of the network was based on metro networks in other communist countries, in particular the Moscow Metro.[37] Both networks share many characteristics, such as the great depth of the lines (over 100 metres (330 ft)) and the large distances between stations. Another common feature is the Socialist realist art on display in the stations - such as murals and statues.[38] Staff of the Metro have a military-style uniform that is specific to these workers. Each Metro station has a free toilet for use by patrons. Stations also play state radio-broadcasts and have a display of the Rodong Sinmun newspaper.

In times of war, the metro stations can serve as bomb shelters.[39] For this purpose the stations are fitted with large steel doors.[40] Some sources claim that large military installations are connected to the stations,[41] and also that there exist secret lines solely for government use.[5][42]

One station, Kwangmyŏng, has been closed since 1995 due to the mausoleum of Kim Il-sung being located at that station. Trains do not stop at that station.

The map of the Hyŏksin line shows two additional stations after Kwangbok: Yŏngung (영웅) and Ch'ilgol (칠골), both of them reportedly under development. The map of the Chollima Line, on the other hand, shows four additional stations, two at each end of the line—Ryŏnmot (련못), Sŏp'o (서포), Ch'ŏngch'un (청춘) and Man'gyŏngdae (만경대)—also planned or under development. However, the most recent maps omit these stations.[29] The Chollima line is already connected to the State Railway Sopo station on the way to the metro depot, and plans of the metro seem to suggest that the non-commercial segment of this line would be eventually part of the metro system.[36] However, the current tunnel exit does not allow for this, as this segment does not have third rail electrification, and is locomotive hauled by the GKD5B shunters and would require negotiating a switchback.

In addition to the main system for passenger use, there is allegedly an extra system for government use, similar to Moscow's Metro-2. The secret Pyongyang system supposedly connects important government locations.[43] There is also reportedly a massive underground plaza for mobilization, as well as an underground road connecting two metro stations.[44]

Rolling stock

When operations on the Metro started in the 1970s, newly built DK4 passenger cars were used, made for North Korea by the Chinese firm Changchun Railway Vehicles.

Some of the Chinese-made rolling stock have been observed operating near the Sinuiju area and northern regions.[21]

North Koreans riding the Pyongyang Metro in 2012. The portraits above the door are of former leaders Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.

Since 1997, the Pyongyang Metro has mainly used former German rolling stock from the Berlin U-Bahn.[45]

The former Berlin trainsets were given a new red and cream livery in Pyongyang.[45] All advertising was removed and replaced by portraits of leaders, Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il. In 2000, a BBC reporter saw "old East German trains complete with their original German graffiti".[10] Koryo Tours in another article write about and show the old West-Berlin D-trains, suggesting that the BBC article could have mixing them up with the Class GI of East Berlin.[45] After about 2006, Type D cars were mainly used. The Class GI rolling stock has been banned from underground tunnel operations due to frequent control stand fires and was withdrawn from Metro service in 2001, and those cars are now operating on the railway network around Pyongyang and northern regions as commuter trains.[46][47] One Type D metro car appears to have been converted into a departmental vehicle, with a subsequently installed second driver's cab at the car's back next to the inter carriage door. The metro car is painted in yellow with red warning trims.[48]

In 2015, Kim Jong Un rode a newly manufactured four car train set which was reported to have been developed and built at Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works in North Korea,[49] although the cars appeared to be significantly renovated D-class cars. This set is named 'Underground Electric Vehicle No. 1'. It features a VVVF control and initially fitted with an asynchronous motor but later replaced with a permanent magnet synchronous motor developed by the Kim Chaek University of Technology. It usually runs on the Chollima Line but has also ran on the Hyoksin Line.[50]

As a gift to the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea, it is reported that the Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works are working to complete new metro cars, promoted by the 80 day campaign.[51] However, in the Korean Central News Agency article summarising the eighty day campaign, there was no mention of any new vehicles being produced.[52] Previously, it was reported that a 4-door set was to be manufactured to mainly run on the Hyoksin line, to be named Underground Electric Vehicle No. 2.[50] Another news report stated that Kim Chong-tae Locomotive Works was organising the serial production of the Underground Electric Vehicle Type 1 for the 80 day campaign and mentioned the construction of the car body. However, although this was a goal of the 80 day campaign, a new set has yet to be built.[53]

Image Type Maximum Speed Traction Built Manufacturer Country of Origin No. of Cars Number Range Disposition Notes
DK4 80 km/h[54] Camshaft variable resistor control, 76 kWh max output per motor, total 304 kWh. Designed to run on 750 volts.[54] 1973-1978 CNR Changchun Railway Vehicles China 112 cars provided to North Korea by September 1978.[15] 001 to 1xx Set beginning with 001 is likely retained as a special vehicle[55] Derivative of the Beijing Subway's DK3 Series.

Some units converted into 1000 Series trains for Korean State Railway services. Some units can be still seen stored in the metro depot, which are occasionally in service as vintage trains on special occasions and public holidays.

4-axle trailer car Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works North Korea 2xx 4 axle trailer cars built to lengthen DK4 sets to 3 or 4 cars.[56]
G "Gisela" 70 km/h Contactor Control 1978-1983

Bought in 1996[57]

 LEW Hennigsdorf GDR 120 5xx - 6xx Retired in 2001 Ex-BVG trains from the Berlin U-Bahn bought second-hand in 1996

Most converted into 500 Series trains for Korean State Railway services after the trains were banned from operating in underground tunnels due to frequent and severe control stand fires.

D "Dora" 70 km/h Contactor Control 1958-1965

Bought in 1999[57]

 O&K, DWM, AEG, Siemens FRG 220 known carriages, although only 132 were recorded to be in service.[58] 7xx, 8xx and 9xx In service Ex-BVG[59] trains from the Berlin U-Bahn bought second-hand in 1998.

Some class D sets have a next stop indicator installed.[48]

Underground Electric Vehicle No. 1 Unknown IGBT-VVVF Inverter and PMSM motors 2015[50] Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works (with Chinese-built components) North Korea 8

(2 sets)

 1xx (101 to 108) In service [53]
Jaju-ho (self-reliance type) Unknown Unknown

(possibly Resistor Control)

 Unknown (before 1974) Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works North Korea Unknown ? Unknown Prototype train.

Rode by Kim Jong Il in 1974 but is no longer in service and said to be stored in the Pyongyang Metro museum.[60]

Yonggwang-ho (glory type) Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works 415 A model of the 3 door version exists in the metro museum, numbered 415.[61]

Seen in a 1995 news report, coupled to DK4 cars.[23]

GKD5B 45 km/h[62] 12V135Z Diesel engine 1996-1997[63] CNR Dalian China 2 In service Diesel-electric shunting locomotives, used to haul metro trains under overhead electrification section from tunnel portal to depot.

Tourism

Before 2010, tourists were only allowed to travel between Puhŭng Station (left) and Yŏnggwang Station (right), sparking a conspiracy theory that the two stations comprised the entire system.

In general, tourism in North Korea is allowed only in guided groups with no diversion allowed from pre-planned itineraries. Foreign tourists used to be allowed to travel only between Puhŭng Station and Yŏnggwang Station.[64] However, foreign students were allowed to freely use the entire metro system.[65] Since 2010, tourists have been allowed to ride the metro at six stations,[66] and in 2014, all of the metro stations were opened to foreigners. University students traveling with the Pyongyang Project have also reported visiting every station.[67]

As of 2014, it is possible for tourists on special Public Transport Tours to take metro rides through both lines, including visits to all stations.[68] In April 2014, the first tourist group visited stations on both metro lines, and it is expected that such extended visits to both metro lines will remain possible for future tourist groups.[69]

The previously limited tourist access gave rise to a conspiracy theory that the metro was purely for show. It was claimed that it only consisted of two stops and that the passengers were actors.[70][71][72]

Museum

Pyongyang Metro has its own museum. A large portion of the collection is related to President Kim Il Sung providing "on-the-spot guidance" to the workers constructing the system. Among the exhibits are a special funicular-like vehicle which the president used to descend to a station under construction (it rode down the inclined tunnels that would eventually be used by the escalators), and a railbus in which he rode around the system.[73][74] The museum also has a map of the planned lines; it shows the Chollima and Hyoksin line terminating at a common station near Chilgol, the third line that would cross the Taedong River, eventually terminating near Rakrang and the locations of the depots, one far past the western terminus of the Hyoksin line and the depot in Sopo for the Chollima line.[75]

Network map

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 平壌地下鉄 - 西船junctionどっと混む (in Japanese)
  2. 1 2 3 평양 지하철도 - 나무위키 (in Korean)
  3. ↑ 平壌地下鉄 D型 - 西船junctionどっと混む (in Japanese)
  4. ↑ 平壌地下鉄 1型 - 西船junctionどっと混む (in Japanese)
  5. 1 2 Harris, Mark Edward; Cumings, Bruce (2007). Inside North Korea. Chronicle Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8118-5751-2.
  6. ↑ "CNN Special Investigations Unit: Notes from North Korea". CNN. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
  7. ↑ 关于朝鲜地铁最早是中国修建的说法是真的吗? (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  8. ↑ "China Releases Details on Aid to N.Korea". Choson Ilbo. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  9. ↑ 中国第一笔援助是对朝鲜提供 平壤地铁系我援建 (in Chinese). 中国网. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  10. 1 2 Lister, Richard (8 October 2000). "Life in Pyongyang". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  11. ↑ 철도동호회 - 조선국 평양지하철도. Daum 카페 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  12. 1 2 O'Carroll, Chad (25 April 2018). "North Korea extending Pyongyang metro system, sources say". NK News. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019.
  13. ↑ 湘潭电机股份有限公司地铁产品. Xiangtan Electric Manufacturing Company Limited (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  14. ↑ 罗菁 (31 October 2014). 申城38年援建国外198个成套项目 平壤地铁电梯为沪产 (in Chinese). 东方网. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  15. 1 2 李永林主编 (1995). 《吉林省志·卷三十三·对外经贸志》 (in Chinese). pp. 444–445. ISBN 7206022952.
  16. ↑ Davies, Elliott (16 April 2016). "I was part of the first group of outsiders allowed to ride the entire North Korean subway system — here's what I saw". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  17. ↑ 平壤的表情：你不知道的朝鲜 (in Chinese). Netease. 31 July 2007. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
  18. ↑ 任力波 (17 February 2005). 平壤地铁 站台内常年保持18摄氏度恒温 (in Chinese). Xinhua. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  19. ↑ Официальный сайт киевского метрополитена. Kyiv Metro.
  20. ↑ "World's Longest Tunnel Drilled Under Swiss Alps". DNews. Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  21. 1 2 平壌地下鉄－車両紹介. 2427junction.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  22. ↑ "DK4型地下铁道电动客车 (上)" [DK4 metro set (part 1)]. 铁道车辆. 1982/8: 42.
  23. 1 2 "평양 지하철 증설공사". KBS 뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  24. ↑ "Pyongyang — Underground — New stations". transphoto.org. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  25. ↑ Video ‘’Revolutionary History in the Pyongyang Subway [CC]‘’ showing modernised stations
  26. ↑ "Underground Pyongyang Is Getting Young". KCNA Watch. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  27. ↑ "Great programme for struggle leading Korean-style socialist construction to fresh victory: On report made by Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un at Eighth Congress of WPK". The Pyongyang Times. KCNA. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  28. ↑ One minute riding the Pyongyang metro to the tune of Rossini's "il barbiere di siviglia". YouTube. 25 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 4 平壌地下鉄. 2427junction.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  30. ↑ "평양 대중교통/전차 재등장 24시간 운행(북한경제)". www.hani.co.kr (in Korean). 11 January 1994. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  31. ↑ Hooi, Ng Si (6 September 2008). "A world of its own". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  32. ↑ 황석주 (31 January 2018). "N.K. lacks accessible infrastructure for disabled persons: expert". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  33. ↑ "Wheelchair Accessible Public Transportation in Moscow, Russia". Wheelchair Travel. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  34. ↑ "The slow train to NYC subway accessibility". New York Daily News. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  35. ↑ "平壌地下鉄 革新線". 2427junction.com. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  36. 1 2 "平壌地下鉄 千里馬線". 2427junction.com. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  37. ↑ Korea: North-South nuclear issues : hearing before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, July 25, 1990. U.S. G.P.O. 1991. p. 85.
  38. ↑ Ishikawa, Shō (1988). The country aglow with Juche: North Korea as seen by a journalist. Foreign languages Pub. House. p. 65.
  39. ↑ Robinson, Martin; Bartlett, Ray; Whyte Rob (2007). Korea. Lonely Planet. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-74104-558-1.
  40. ↑ Springer, Chris (2003). Pyongyang: the hidden history of the North Korean capital. Entente Bt. p. 125. ISBN 978-963-00-8104-7.
  41. ↑ Min, Park Hyun (20 August 2007). "Pyongyang Subway Submerged in Water". Daily NK. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  42. ↑ "Kim Jong-il 'Has Secret Underground Escape Route'". The Chosun Ilbo. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  43. ↑ "The Pyongyang Metro: Statistics". pyongyang-metro.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  44. ↑ "Mammoth Underground Square and Road in Pyongyang". Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea. Archived from the original on 7 February 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  45. 1 2 3 "The Pyongyang Metro | North Korea Travel Guide". Koryo Tours. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  46. ↑ "Metro News". pyongyangmetro.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  47. ↑ "Photo: Anju — S-bahn; Pyongyang — Underground — Cars". transphoto.org. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  48. 1 2 平壌地下鉄－D型. 2427junction.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  49. ↑ North Korea Leadership Watch (19 November 2015). "Kim Jong Un Rides the PY Subway". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  50. 1 2 3 平壌地下鉄－地下電動車1号（100形）. 2427junction.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  51. ↑ 지하전동차생산이 마감단계에서 추진되고있다 [Underground electric vehicle production is being promoted at the closing stage.]. dprktoday.com (in Korean). 11 December 2020. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020. Alt URL.
  52. ↑ "KCNA reports on successful conclusion of 80-day campaign". The Pyongyang Times. KCNA. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  53. 1 2 "김종태전기기관차련합기업소 지하전동차생산 마감단계에서 추진". arirangmeari.com. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  54. 1 2 蒋克选, 王焕章 (1982). "DK4型地下铁道电动客车 (上)". 铁道车辆. 1982 - 9th: 42–49.
  55. ↑ "Pyongyang's Transport of Delight". Archived from the original on 20 March 2003.
  56. ↑ ピョンヤン市内をゆく（３）～地下鉄に乗るっ！～ | 長いブログ （旧：ぶらり北朝鮮）. gamp.ameblo.jp. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  57. 1 2 "Pyongyang, Metro (Berlin numbers) — Roster". transphoto.org. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  58. ↑ "BVG D — Roster". transphoto.org. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  59. ↑ Traveling through North Korea | DW Documentary. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  60. ↑ 鉄道省革命事績館 [Korean State Railway Museum]. 2427junction.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  61. ↑ 画像ギャラリー | 北朝鮮にあるもうひとつの「鉄道博物館」 平壌地下鉄建設の功績をたたえた施設とは？. 乗りものニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  62. ↑ "GKD5B Diesel-electric Locomotive (Exported to North Korea)".
  63. ↑ 李炳华. 大连机车车辆厂为朝鲜地铁工程提供GKD5型调车内燃机车. 内燃机车 (in Chinese) (1997年第01期). Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  64. ↑ Burdick, Eddie (2010). Three Days in the Hermit Kingdom: An American Visits North Korea. McFarland. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7864-4898-2.
  65. ↑ Abt, Felix (2014). A Capitalist in North Korea: My Seven Years in the Hermit Kingdom. Tuttle Publishing. p. 226. ISBN 9780804844390.
  66. ↑ "North Korea". testroete.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  67. ↑ Pyongyang metro - 6 stops visited in April 2014. YouTube. 25 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
  68. ↑ Pyongyang Travel. "Public Transport Tours - Information Page". pyongyang-travel.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  69. ↑ "Tourists granted rare access to nearly all stations on Pyongyang metro network". nknews.org. 2 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  70. ↑ Kate Whitehead (13 September 2013). "Touring North Korea: What's real, what's fake?". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  71. ↑ Hamish Macdonald (2 May 2014). "Tourists granted rare access to nearly all stations on Pyongyang metro network". NK News. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  72. ↑ Maeve Shearlaw (13 May 2014). "Mythbusters: uncovering the truth about North Korea". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  73. ↑ The forbidden railway: Vienna - Pyongyang 윈 - 모스크바 - 두만강 - 평양. vienna-pyongyang.blogspot.com. 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  74. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Pyongyang Metro Museum". YouTube.
  75. ↑ "Pyongyang — Metro museum". transphoto.org. Retrieved 19 March 2021.

Bibliography

  • Pyongyang Metro, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1980

Further reading

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Pyongyang Metro (category)
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