Climate and growing cycle length

The length of the growing cycle for chia varies based on location and is influenced by elevation.^[9] For production sites located in different ecosystems in Bolivia, Ecuador and northwestern Argentina, growing cycles are between 100 and 150 days in duration.^[10] Accordingly, commercial production fields are located in the range of 8–2,200 m (26–7,218 ft) altitude across a variety of ecosystems ranging from tropical coastal desert, to tropical rain forest, and inter-Andean dry valley.^[10] In northwestern Argentina, a time span from planting to harvest of 120–180 days is reported for fields located at elevations of 900–1,500 m (3,000–4,900 ft).^[11]

S. hispanica is a short-day flowering plant,^[12] indicating its photoperiodic sensitivity and lack of photoperiodic variability in traditional cultivars, which has limited commercial use of chia seeds to tropical and subtropical latitudes until 2012.^[13] Now, traditional domesticated lines of Salvia species grow naturally or can be cultivated in temperate zones at higher latitudes in the United States.^[3][12] In Arizona and Kentucky, seed maturation of traditional chia cultivars is stopped by frost before or after flower set, preventing seed harvesting.^[12] Advances in plant breeding during 2012, however, led to development of new early-flowering chia genotypes proving to have higher yields in Kentucky.^[13]

Seed yield and composition

Seed yield varies depending on cultivars, mode of cultivation, and growing conditions by geographic region. For example, commercial fields in Argentina and Colombia vary in yield range from 450 to 1,250 kilograms per hectare (400 to 1,120 lb/acre).^[11][14] A small-scale study with three cultivars grown in the inter-Andean valleys of Ecuador produced yields up to 2,300 kg/ha (2,100 lb/acre), indicating that the favorable growing environment and cultivar interacted to produce the high yields.^[9] Genotype has a larger effect on yield than on protein content, oil content, fatty acid composition, or phenolic compounds, whereas high temperature reduces oil content and degree of unsaturation, and raises protein content.

Soil, seedbed requirements, and sowing

The cultivation of S. hispanica requires light to medium clay or sandy soils.^[15] The plant prefers well-drained, moderately fertile soils, but can cope with acid soils and moderate drought.^[13][15] Sown chia seeds need moisture for seedling establishment, while the maturing chia plant does not tolerate wet soils during growth.^[13]

Traditional cultivation techniques of S. hispanica include soil preparation by disruption and loosening followed by seed broadcasting.^[16] In modern commercial production, a typical sowing rate of 6 kg/ha (5.4 lb/acre) and row spacing of 0.7–0.8 m (2 ft 3+1⁄2 in – 2 ft 7+1⁄2 in) are usually applied.^[11]

Fertilization and irrigation

S. hispanica can be cultivated under low fertilizer input, using 100 kg/ha (89 lb/acre) nitrogen or in some cases, no fertilizer is used.^[12][14]

Irrigation frequency in chia production fields may vary from none to eight irrigations per growing season, depending on climatic conditions and rainfall.^[14]

Genetic diversity and breeding

The wide range of wild and cultivated varieties of S. hispanica are based on seed size, shattering of seeds, and seed color.^[17][18] Seed weight and color have high heritability, with a single recessive gene responsible for white color.^[18]

Diseases and crop management

Currently, no major pests or diseases affect chia production.^[15] Essential oils in chia leaves have repellent properties against insects, making it suitable for organic cultivation.^[13] Virus infections, however, possibly transmitted by white flies, may occur.^[19] Weeds may present a problem in the early development of the chia crop until its canopy closes, but because chia is sensitive to most commonly used herbicides, mechanical weed control is preferred.^[13]