Same-sex marriage has been legal in Tennessee since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015. Governor Bill Haslam quickly announced that the state would abide by the court's decision, and same-sex couples began to marry in Tennessee.[1] Previously, Tennessee had banned same-sex marriage both by statute and its State Constitution.

Despite same-sex marriage being legal in Tennessee and now enjoying majority support from the public, with a 2021 survey by the Public Religion Research Institute showing that 54% of Tennessee residents supported same-sex marriage,[2] a number of state politicians and officials continue to oppose it. In 2022, an attempt by a group of Republican lawmakers to curb the legal rights of married same-sex couples would have inadvertently created a loophole allowing child marriages and polygamy in the state. The attempt was widely mocked on social media and opposed by a majority of Democratic and Republican politicians. In 2018, House Republicans blocked a bill to ban child marriages because the Family Action Council of Tennessee, a group which opposes same-sex marriage, feared it could interfere with an anti-same-sex marriage lawsuit it had filed in Bradley County; the bill was passed following outcry, and the lawsuit was later dismissed by a circuit court judge in March 2019.[3]

Restrictions

In 1996, the Tennessee General Assembly enacted a statute banning same-sex marriages.[4] This ban was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court on June 26, 2015.

On May 6, 2004, the House of Representatives approved Amendment 1, a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, by a vote of 85–5. On May 19, the Senate approved it by a vote of 28–1. The amendment required approval by the General Assembly in the following year's legislative session. On February 28, 2005, the Senate approved it by a vote of 29–3, and on March 17 the House approved it by a vote of 88–7.[5] On November 7, 2006, Tennessee voters approved the amendment by 81.3% to 18.7%.[6]

Traditional Marriage Day

On March 25, 2013, the Tennessee Senate voted 32–0 in favor of a non-binding resolution making August 31 "Traditional Marriage Day" in Tennessee. On April 18, the Tennessee House of Representatives voted 89–0 in favor of the resolution, and Governor Bill Haslam signed the resolution into law on May 2.[7]

State lawsuit

In 2014, Frederick Michael Borman, who had married his same-sex spouse, Larry Kevin Pyles-Borman, in August 2010 in Iowa, filed a lawsuit, Borman v. Pyles-Borman, in circuit court in Roane County challenging the state's refusal to grant them a divorce. The plaintiff requested that the state recognize his out-of-state same-sex marriage so that he could file for divorce in Tennessee. He argued that state laws treated legal same-sex marriages as "a special class singled out for disadvantages without any legitimate basis". On August 5, 2014, Judge Russell E. Simmons, Jr. ruled in favor of Tennessee inter alia, holding that the state's anti-recognition laws did not single out same-sex marriages validly performed in other states, and therefore, did not violate the Equal Protection and the Full Faith and Credit clauses of the State Constitution. The ruling was overturned on appeal by the Tennessee Court of Appeals in August 2015 citing the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges.[8]

Federal lawsuit

On October 21, 2013, the National Center for Lesbian Rights filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee on behalf of several same-sex couples in Tennessee. The case, Tanco v. Haslam, sought to require the state to recognize their marriages established in California and New York. On March 14, 2014, U.S. District Judge Aleta Arthur Trauger granted a preliminary injunction requiring the state to recognize the marriages of the plaintiff couples.[9] The state defendants appealed Tanco to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, which granted a stay. A three-judge panel heard oral arguments in the case on August 6, 2014, along with same-sex marriage cases originating from Michigan, Ohio, and Kentucky.[10] The Sixth Circuit ultimately ruled in favor of the states and upheld the bans on November 6, 2014.[11]

Tanco was incorporated into Obergefell v. Hodges and decided along with several other Sixth Circuit court cases related to the legality of state bans on same-sex marriage by the U.S. Supreme Court on June 26, 2015. In a 5–4 ruling, the Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuit's judgment and struck down Tennessee's ban.[1][12] Governor Bill Haslam announced the same day that the state would abide by the court's decision, "We will comply with the decision and will ensure that our departments are able to do so as quickly as possible."[1] The Tennessee Attorney General, Herbert Slatery, issued the following statement: "Today's United States Supreme Court decision not only changes the definition of marriage, but takes from the states and their citizens the longstanding authority to vote and decide what marriage means. To the Tennessee citizen who asks 'Don't we get a chance to vote on this in some way?' the answer from the Supreme Court is a resounding, 'No, you do not.' For the Court to tell all Tennesseans that they have no voice, no right to vote, on these issues is disappointing. The Court, nevertheless, has spoken and we respect its decision. Our office is prepared to work with the Governor and the General Assembly, as needed, to take the necessary steps to implement the decision." Representative Marsha Blackburn said she was "disappointed", and the Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee, Ron Ramsey, said the ruling was an "unfortunate and fundamentally wrong opinion". Representative Jim Cooper from Tennessee's 5th congressional district said, "Love and equality win. I'm glad the Supreme Court ruled on the right side of history." Representative Steve Cohen from Tennessee's 9th congressional district said, "I hope today's Supreme Court ruling can put this issue to rest. [...] As we have seen today, courage and justice always overcome cowardice and prejudice.", and the Mayor of Nashville, Karl Dean, said he was "pleased" with the court ruling.[13]

24 same-sex couples were married in Nashville that Friday, June 26, starting with Nikki and Lauren Von Haeger on Friday morning.[14] Bradley Foreman and Chris Brower were the first couple to receive a license in Memphis on June 26.[15] The following counties did not immediately issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples in the wake of the Obergefell ruling: Decatur, Grundy, Marion, Obion and Warren, but all have since begun issuing licenses. By June 30, 2015, all of Tennessee's 95 counties were either issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples or had announced their willingness to do so.[16] Trauger issued a final injunction in Tanco on August 24, 2015, enjoining the state from enforcing its same-sex marriage bans.

Developments after legalization

On January 20, 2016, a House subcommittee voted 1–4 to reject a bill called the Natural Marriage Defense Act which sought to overrule the Supreme Court ruling. Representative Mike Carter had concerns over the legal basis for ignoring the Supreme Court's ruling, labeling it "nullification". Carter was joined by another Republican and two Democrats in rejecting the bill.[17] The Natural Marriage Defense Act was reintroduced to the Tennessee General Assembly on February 8, 2017, with 13 Republican cosponsors. According to legislative analysts, the bill would have cost the state over $9 million if approved. Opponents argued that the bill was unconstitutional and a violation of Obergefell.[18] On March 29, a House subcommittee decided to delay debate on the bill until at least 2018.[19][20] In January 2018, the bill was withdrawn.[21][22] It was reintroduced in February 2019,[23] but died without a vote.[24]

In 2022, Representative Tom Leatherwood introduced a bill that would have allowed opposite-sex couples to file marriage "contracts" based on common-law marriage principles, but the contracts would not have been available to same-sex couples. The bill was cosponsored by 18 other Republican lawmakers, and its companion bill in the Senate was introduced by Senator Janice Bowling. Leatherwood said, "So, all this bill does is give an alternative form of marriage for those pastors and other individuals who have a conscientious objection to the current pathway to marriage in our law." Critics argued that it was a "deliberate effort" to circumvent Obergefell and could lead to costly legal battles. Representative Mike Stewart quickly pointed out that the bill did not contain an age limit. Representative Torrey Harris asked Leatherwood to file an amendment explicitly barring minors from the process, which Leatherwood initially chose not to do.[25] News of the omission of an age limit spread fast, and caused fierce backlash from civil society. The bill was widely mocked, and some worried the move helped reinforce stereotypes regarding Tennessee as "backward". The sponsors reacted to the backlash by amended their bill to include an age limit, and Leathwood stated, "Yes, I am opposed to child marriages." Nonetheless, social media posts continued to circulate that the bill would have legalized child marriage in Tennessee. Occupy Democrats wrote on Facebook, "Tennessee Republicans are advancing a 'marry little kids' bill that will allow them to marry children of any age." Representative Johnny Garrett also pointed out that the bill did not prohibit polygamous marriage contracts. Despite being amended by the sponsors, the bill continued to be opposed by several Republican and Democratic politicians. Civil rights attorney Abby Rubenfeld said, "This argument that it is going to set up two separate paths to marriage is blatantly unconstitutional in violation of the Obergefell decision, which is the law of the land."[26] The bill was sent to summer study on April 13, which effectively killed it for that legislative session.[3]

On March 6, 2023, the House of Representatives passed legislation proposed by Representative Monty Fritts, by a vote of 74–22, allowing county clerks to refuse to solemnize marriages between same-sex couples, interracial couples and interfaith couples.[27] Senate action on the bill has been put on hold until 2024.[28]

Court challenges

In January 2016, a conservative lawyer filed a lawsuit in Williamson County seeking to stop same-sex marriages in Tennessee. In June 2016, a judge, while declaring his personal opposition to Obergefell, dismissed the lawsuit. The judge ruled that the plaintiff could not show he had been harmed by the Obergefell ruling.[29] The decision was upheld by the Tennessee Court of Appeals in May 2018.[30] The court's opinion stated, "None of the citizen plaintiffs alleged that they were denied a marriage license; instead, they complain of the issuance of marriage license to others."

A similar lawsuit was filed in Bradley County in February 2016.[31] The lawsuit, which was filed by David Fowler, the president of the Family Action Council of Tennessee, on behalf of a local pastor and a county commissioner, sought to prevent the county clerk from issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Fowler accused the Supreme Court of "usurping" the Tennessee General Assembly's right to define marriage, and that because the Assembly had not yet modified its marriage statutes, all marriages performed since Obergefell (whether same-sex or opposite-sex) were invalid. The county clerk requested that the case be dismissed. A hearing on whether to dismiss the lawsuit was held in December 2017.[32] In March 2018, House Republicans killed a proposed bill to ban child marriages due to opposition from the Family Action Council, which feared that the bill could interfere with their lawsuit. The move received considerable media coverage. Representative Darren Jernigan, the bill's main sponsor, said: "Basically, what has happened is the Family Action Council wants to continue to let 13-year-olds get married in the state at the sake of their court case against same-sex couples. It's disgraceful. I'm embarrassed for the State of Tennessee, and I can only pray that we bring this back next year and not let them get in the way."[33] The bill was revived due to political pressure, passed, and signed into law in May 2018 by Governor Haslam, preventing anyone younger than 17 from marrying in Tennessee.[34] Eventually, the case was dismissed by a circuit court judge in March 2019. According to the Cleveland Daily Banner, the lawsuit cost the county between $15,000–70,000.[35]

In June 2019, a video was revealed showing Craig Northcott, district attorney for Coffee County, saying that he intended to prosecute assaults within same-sex marriages as regular assaults, not as domestic assaults (which would be punished more severely). Northcott's reason was rooted in his personal opinion. He said that enhanced charges were introduced "to recognize and protect the sanctity of marriage. And I said there's no marriage to protect [between people of the same sex]. So I don't prosecute them as domestics."[36] The Tennessee Board of Professional Responsibility opened an investigation into Northcott over his comments that same-sex couples were not entitled to protection from domestic violence and that all Muslims are "evil", though dismissed the charges without comment in July 2021.[37]

In December 2019, a group of Christian ministers filed a petition for declaratory judgment asking the Tennessee Department of Health to revert to its pre-Obergefell marriage forms, which excluded same-sex couples. The group, supported by Fowler, alleged that the state was violating the Tennessee Constitution by issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[38] A spokesperson for the National Center for Lesbian Rights said, "This is a political stunt, not a serious legal threat. If Fowler actually followed through on filing a lawsuit, it would be thrown out. Marriage equality is the law of the land, including in Tennessee."[39]

Resolutions of support or opposition

In September 2015, Greene County passed a resolution expressing opposition to same-sex marriage. Similar resolutions were subsequently approved in Carter, Dickson,[40] Hawkins,[41] Johnson, McMinn, Morgan, Sullivan and Unicoi counties.[42] Hamblen and Washington counties rejected such resolutions,[43] and Davidson County approved a resolution in February 2016 expressing support for same-sex marriage and asking state lawmakers to reject anti-LGBT bills.[44]

On March 3, 2016, the House of Representatives passed a resolution, in a 73–18 vote, expressing opposition to Obergefell.[45]

Demographics and marriage statistics

Data from the 2000 U.S. census showed that 10,189 same-sex couples were living in Tennessee. By 2005, this had increased to 13,570 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state and constituted 0.8% of coupled households and 0.5% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in Shelby, Davidson and Knox counties. Same-sex partners in Tennessee were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and more likely to be employed. However, the average household income of same-sex couples was lower than different-sex couples, and same-sex couples were also far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 16% of same-sex couples in Tennessee were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 4,233 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005.[46]

From June 2015 to early February 2016, 101 marriage licenses were issued to same-sex couples in Hamilton County, accounting for about 7% of all licenses issued in the county during that time. Neighboring counties including Bradley and Rhea issued 12 and 3 marriage licenses to same-sex couples, respectively.[47]

2018 estimates from the United States Census Bureau showed that there were about 18,000 same-sex households in Tennessee. The bureau estimated that 52% of same-sex couples in the state were married.[48] The 2020 U.S. census showed that there were 10,841 married same-sex couple households (4,485 male couples and 6,356 female couples) and 9,932 unmarried same-sex couple households in Tennessee.[49]

Domestic partnerships

Certain jurisdictions in Tennessee provide for the creation of private domestic partnership contracts.[50] Governor Bill Haslam and House Majority Leader Gerald McCormick both said in 2013 there was "no huge demand" for domestic partnerships in Tennessee.[51]

In August 2013, the City Commission of Collegedale voted 4–1 in favor of granting domestic partnership benefits to same-sex couples. The ordinance went into effect on January 1, 2014.[52] In October 2013, Madeline Rogero, the Mayor of Knoxville, created a domestic partnership program for the city. It went into effect on January 1, 2014.[53]

On November 12, 2013, the City Council of Chattanooga voted 5–4 in favor of granting domestic partnership benefits to same-sex couples.[54] On November 19, 2013, the Council approved the ordinance in a final vote of 5–3.[55] Before the domestic partnership ordinance went into effect,[56] the Citizens for Government Accountability and Transparency, a local segment of the Tea Party, gathered enough signatures to put a repeal of the ordinance to a popular vote in August 2014.[57][58] The Council did not repeal the ordinance on its own, allowing the vote to proceed on August 7, the general election date for Hamilton County.[59] A December 2013 Multi-Quest poll found that 53% Chattanooga registers voters opposed the city ordinance allowing domestic partnerships and adding sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression to the city's nondiscrimination policy, while 37% supported.[60] On August 7, 2014, Chattanooga voters repealed the ordinance by a vote of 62.58% in favor and 37.42% against.[61]

On June 17, 2014, the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County voted 27–7 in favor of granting domestic partnership benefits to same-sex couples in Nashville and Davidson County. Mayor Karl Dean signed the ordinance into law on June 25, 2014.[62][63]

Public opinion

Members of the United Church of Christ campaining for same-sex marriage in Knoxville, June 2009

Opinion polls of Tennessee registered voters were periodically conducted by Vanderbilt University, Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), and the Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI).

According to a January 2011 Vanderbilt University survey, 27% of Tennessee respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 69% were opposed.[64] Another Vanderbilt University poll conducted in May 2013 showed that 32% of Tennessee voters supported same-sex marriage, 17% supported civil unions but not marriage, and 46% were opposed to either type of legal recognition. Voters under the age of 30 were overwhelmingly more likely to support one of these types of legal recognition.[65] When the same survey asked about domestic partner benefits, 62% expressed support and 31% opposition.[66]

A Middle Tennessee State University survey conducted in March 2013 found that 28% of respondents supported same-sex marriage and 62% were opposed.[67] A similar poll from January 2014 showed 26% support and 64% opposition,[68] while a poll from January 2015 showed 32% support and 55% opposition.[69] Another MTSU opinion poll, conducted in November 2015 after the legalization of same-sex marriage, found support at 29% and opposition at 57%.[70] A Vanderbilt University poll from November 2016 found support for same-sex marriage at 32% and opposition at 45%.[71]

A PRRI survey from 2016 showed that 46% of Tennessee residents supported same-sex marriage, whereas 43% were opposed, the first time a poll had found plurality support.[72] A similar survey from 2017 showed 46% support and 45% opposition.[73] A PRRI survey conducted between January 7 and December 20, 2020 on 1,005 random telephone interviewees showed that 65% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 28% were opposed.[74] A survey conducted by the same polling organization between March 8 and November 9, 2021 showed that 54% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 42% opposed and 4% were undecided.[2]

According to a PRRI survey conducted between March 11 and December 14, 2022, 52% of Tennessee respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 44% were opposed.[75]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Barchenger, Stacey (June 26, 2015). "Same-sex marriages begin in Nashville after Supreme Court ruling". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "PRRI – American Values Atlas 2021: Tennessee". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  3. 1 2 Brown, Melissa (April 13, 2022). "Tennessee marriage bill fails to advance in General Assembly after age-limit controversy". The Tennessean.
  4. ↑ "Senate Bill 2305" (PDF). Office of the Attorney General of the State of Tennessee. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  5. ↑ Bill Information for SJR0031 Archived 2009-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. Tennessee General Assembly.
  6. ↑ Davey, Monica (November 9, 2006). "Liberals Find Rays of Hope on Ballot Measures". New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Tennessee Dedicates 'Traditional Marriage Day,' While Gay Marriage Remains Banned". The Huffington Post. April 24, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Borman v. Pyles-Borman". casetext.com. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  9. ↑ Snow, Justin (March 14, 2014). "Tennessee ordered to recognize same-sex couples' marriages". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  10. ↑ Keen, Lisa (August 7, 2014). "Sixth Circuit GOP judges: Why not let the voters decide who gets to marry?". Keen News Service. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  11. ↑ Margolin, Emma (November 6, 2014). "6th Circuit upholds same-sex marriage bans". MSNBC. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  12. ↑ Glum, Julia (June 26, 2015). "Gay Marriage Supreme Court Decision: Same-Sex Couples Can Marry After Obergefell v. Hodges Ruling". International Business Times. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  13. ↑ Boucher, Dave (June 26, 2015). "Gay marriage: Tennessee reacts to landmark decision". The Tennessean.
  14. ↑ "First Same-Sex Marriages Being Performed In Nashville, 24 Licenses Given". News Channell 5. June 26, 2015.
  15. ↑ "First gay marriage license issued in Shelby County". News Channel 3. June 26, 2015.
  16. ↑ Stacey Barchenger (30 June 2015). "All TN counties ready to issue gay marriage licenses". The Tennessean.
  17. ↑ "Tennessee House Panel Rejects Natural Marriage Defense Act". The Advocate. January 21, 2016.
  18. ↑ "'Natural Marriage' bill could cost Tennessee over $9B". Tennessean. March 23, 2017.
  19. ↑ "'Natural Marriage' act delayed until next year". Tennessean. March 29, 2017.
  20. ↑ "TN HB0892 110th General Assembly". LegiScan.
  21. ↑ "Tennessee bill against same-sex marriage back in the General Assembly". FOX17 Nashville. January 17, 2018.
  22. ↑ "Tennessee House Bill 892". LegiScan.
  23. ↑ "Bill banning gay marriage introduced in Tennessee". WVLT-TV. February 18, 2019.
  24. ↑ "TN HB1369 111th General Assembly". LegiScan.
  25. ↑ Brown, Melissa (April 6, 2022). "Tennessee legislator files amendment to anti-LGBT marriage bill amid age limit backlash". The Tennessean.
  26. ↑ "Tennessee's anti-gay marriage bill sparks bipartisan criticism". NBC news. April 11, 2022.
  27. ↑ Hansford, Amelia (March 9, 2023). "Tennessee bill allowing officials to refuse to marry same-sex couples inches closer to reality". PinkNews.
  28. ↑ McCullough, Erin (March 17, 2023). "Five Tennessee bills that were paused until 2024 by the General Assembly". WKRN.
  29. ↑ "Judge dismisses one state lawsuit against same-sex marriage". knoxblogs.com. 20 June 2016.
  30. ↑ Appellate court dismisses anti same-sex marriage lawsuit against Williamson County Clerk, Tennessean, May 25, 2018
  31. ↑ Walton, Judy (February 4, 2016). "Gay marriage back on radar with new Bradley County lawsuit". Chattanooga Times Free Press.
  32. ↑ "Bradley County clerk seeks dismissal of marriage-license lawsuit". Chattanooga Times Free Press. December 14, 2017.
  33. ↑ House Republicans effectively kill anti-child marriage bill, cite possible case against gay marriage, March 7, 2018, The Tennessean
  34. ↑ "Gov. Bill Haslam signs law banning Tennessee marriage of minors under 17". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  35. ↑ Tim Siniard (March 16, 2019). "Same-sex marriage license lawsuit dismissed". Cleveland Daily Banner.
  36. ↑ "DA: Gay people not entitled to domestic violence protections". WTVF. 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  37. ↑ Williams, Phil (July 13, 2021). "Ethics charges against Coffee County D.A. dismissed". News Channel 5.
  38. ↑ "Christian ministers say gay marriage not protected in Tennessee Constitution". FOX17 Nashville. December 24, 2019.
  39. ↑ "Lawyer says Tennessee's county clerks are violating state constitution by allowing same-sex marriage". Chattanooga Times Free Press. January 7, 2020.
  40. ↑ "Dickson Co. Commissioners Pass Resolution Against Same-Sex Marriage". News Channel 5. January 19, 2016.
  41. ↑ "Hawkins County approves antigay marriage resolution". LGBTQ Nation. January 27, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Washington County drafts resolution opposing same-sex marriage". Johnson City Press. January 11, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Anti-same-sex-marriage resolution fails in Hamblen County". Knox News. December 21, 2017.
  44. ↑ "Nashville council asks state to oppose anti-gay marriage bills". Tennessean. February 3, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Tennessee House passes resolution criticizing same-sex marriage decision". Tennessean. March 3, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Census Snapshot" (PDF). Williams Institute. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  47. ↑ Tulis, David (February 10, 2016). "Gays get 7% of marriage licenses in Hamilton County, 2% elsewhere". nooganomics.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Characteristics of Same-Sex Couple Households: 2005 to Present". census.gov.
  49. ↑ "PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  50. ↑ "Domestic Partnerships". She Moskovitz & Mcghee. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23.
  51. ↑ "No Tennessee plans for same-sex benefits". timesfreepress.com. September 8, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  52. ↑ "Collegedale first TN city to offer benefits to same-sex domestic partners". 5wmctv.com. Aug 6, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Knoxville expanding employee benefits to same-sex, domestic partners". WBIR. October 17, 2013. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  54. ↑ "City Council Passes Controversial Domestic Partners Ordinance". chattanoogan.com. November 12, 2013.
  55. ↑ "In final vote, Chattanooga City Council approves same sex benefits". timesfreepress.com. November 19, 2013.
  56. ↑ "City Ordinance Ready That Grants "Domestic Partners" Same Healthcare, Medical Benefits". chattanoogan.com. November 1, 2013.
  57. ↑ "Chattanooga Tea Party Hosting Forum on Domestic Partnership Ordinance". newschannel9.com. November 15, 2013. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
  58. ↑ "Petitions block Chattanooga's new domestic partner benefits law". timesfreepress.com. December 14, 2013.
  59. ↑ "Chattanooga residents to vote on domestic partner benefits". timesfreepress.com. January 8, 2014.
  60. ↑ "Poll: Chattanooga voters oppose domestic partnership ordinance". nooga.com. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  61. ↑ "Ordinance 12781". Archived from the original on August 9, 2014.
  62. ↑ "Metro Council approves domestic partner benefits". The Tennessean. June 17, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  63. ↑ Mayor Signs Domestic Partner Benefits Into Law
  64. ↑ "RESULTS OF JANUARY 2011 VANDERBILT POLL" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  65. ↑ "In Tennessee, Gay Marriage Has Young Doubting Republicans". Bloomberg. Jun 3, 2013.
  66. ↑ "END OF LEGISLATIVE SESSION 2013" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. May 14, 2013.
  67. ↑ "Poll: 62 percent in Tennessee against gay marriage". The Knoxville News Sentinel. March 5, 2013.
  68. ↑ "Tennesseans open to allowing medical marijuana use". Lebanon Democrat. 2015-12-18. Archived from the original on 2019-06-04. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  69. ↑ "MTSU Poll: Measures Tennessean's Opinions on Abortion, Same-Sex Marriage, Gas Tax Increase". Sidelines. 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  70. ↑ "Poll: Most Tennesseans oppose same-sex marriage". Nov 9, 2015.
  71. ↑ Patterson, Jim. "Vanderbilt Poll: Tennesseans optimistic as Trump era begins". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
  72. ↑ "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  73. ↑ "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  74. ↑ "American Values Atlas: Same-sex marriage in Tennessee". Public Religion Research Institute.
  75. ↑ "PRRI – American Values Atlas 2022: Tennessee". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
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