Sangre de Cristo Range
Northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains
Sangre de Cristo Range seen from Hardscrabble Pass.
Highest point
PeakBlanca Peak
Elevation14,345 ft (4,372 m)
Coordinates37°34′38″N 105°29′7″W / 37.57722°N 105.48528°W / 37.57722; -105.48528
Dimensions
Length75 mi (121 km) north-south
Width48 mi (77 km) east-west
Area1,250 sq mi (3,200 km2)
Naming
EtymologySangre de Cristo Spanish: Blood of Christ
Geography
Sangre de Cristo Range is located in Colorado
Sangre de Cristo Range
Sangre de Cristo Range
CountryUnited States
StateColorado
CountiesChaffee, Fremont, Custer, Saguache and Huerfano
Parent rangeSangre de Cristo Mountains, Rocky Mountains
Borders onSan Luis Valley and Arkansas River watershed
Geology
OrogenyFault-block mountains
Age of rockPrecambrian and Permian-Pennsylvanian

The Sangre de Cristo Range is a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains in southern Colorado in the United States, running north and south along the east side of the Rio Grande Rift. The mountains extend southeast from Poncha Pass for about 75 mi (121 km) through south-central Colorado to La Veta Pass, approximately 20 mi (32 km) west of Walsenburg, and form a high ridge separating the San Luis Valley on the west from the watershed of the Arkansas River on the east. The Sangre de Cristo Range rises over 7,000 ft (2,100 m) above the valleys and plains to the west and northeast.

According to the USGS, the range is the northern part of the larger Sangre de Cristo Mountains, which extend through northern New Mexico. Usage of the terms "Sangre de Cristo Range" and "Sangre de Cristo Mountains" is varied; however, this article discusses only the mountains between Poncha Pass and La Veta Pass.

Notable peaks

A 14er is a mountain peak that has an elevation of at least 14,000 feet. Colorado has 53, the most of any state. There are 10 14ers in the Sangre de Cristo Range,[1] which can be seen in the table below.

Major peaks of the Sangre de Cristo
Named peaks over 13,500 feet (4,100 m)
Peak name Elevation Prominence
Blanca Peak[2] 14,351 ft (4,374 m) 5,326 ft (1,623 m)
Crestone Peak[3] 14,300 ft (4,400 m) 4,534 ft (1,382 m)
Crestone Needle[4] 14,197 ft (4,327 m) 437 ft (133 m)
Kit Carson Peak[5] 14,165 ft (4,317 m) 1,005 ft (306 m)
Challenger Point[6] 14,080 ft (4,290 m) 281 ft (86 m)
Humboldt Peak[7] 14,064 ft (4,287 m) 1,164 ft (355 m)
Culebra Peak[8] 14,047 ft (4,282 m) 4,806 ft (1,465 m)
Ellingwood Point[9] 14,042 ft (4,280 m) 322 ft (98 m)
Mount Lindsey[10] 14,042 ft (4,280 m) 1,522 ft (464 m)
Little Bear Peak[11] 14,037 ft (4,278 m) 357 ft (109 m)
Columbia Point[12] 13,960 ft (4,260 m) 320 ft (98 m)
Mount Adams[13] 13,937 ft (4,248 m) 851 ft (259 m)
California Peak[14] 13,855 ft (4,223 m) 609 ft (186 m)
Rito Alto Peak[15] 13,800 ft (4,200 m) 1,114 ft (340 m)
Colony Baldy[16] 13,711 ft (4,179 m) 905 ft (276 m)
Pico Aislado[17] 13,612 ft (4,149 m) 837 ft (255 m)
Tijeras Peak[18] 13,610 ft (4,150 m) 724 ft (221 m)
Electric Peak[19] 13,601 ft (4,146 m) 915 ft (279 m)
Cottonwood Peak[20] 13,504 ft (4,116 m) 1,108 ft (338 m)
Twin Peaks[21] 13,560 ft (4,130 m) 600 ft (180 m)
Broken Hand Peak[22] 13,579 ft (4,139 m) 653 ft (199 m)
Fluted Peak[23] 13,560 ft (4,130 m) 714 ft (218 m)
Milwaukee Peak[24] 13,528 ft (4,123 m) 282 ft (86 m)

Geography

Seen from the San Luis Valley

The Sangre de Cristo Mountains run from Poncha Pass in Central Colorado to Glorieta Pass near Santa Fe, New Mexico.[25] Most of the range is shared by two National Forests, which abut along the range divide. Most of the northeast (Arkansas River) side is located within the San Isabel National Forest, while most of the southwest (San Luis Valley) side is included in the Rio Grande National Forest. The central part of the range is designated as the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness. The Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve sits on the southwestern flank of the range at the edge of the San Luis Valley. The range divide is traversed by no paved roads, only by four-wheel drive and foot trails over Hayden Pass, Hermit Pass, Music Pass, Medano Pass, and Mosca Pass.

Northern Sangre de Cristo Range seen from Coaldale, Colorado.

The highest peak in the range, located in the south, is Blanca Peak at 14,345 ft (4,372 m); it is flanked by three other fourteeners: Little Bear Peak, Mount Lindsey, and Ellingwood Point.[Notes 1] Other well-known peaks are the fourteeners of the Crestone group: Kit Carson Mountain, Crestone Peak, Crestone Needle, and Humboldt Peak. Two sub-peaks of Kit Carson Mountain, Challenger Point and Columbia Point, are named in memory of the crews of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the Space Shuttle Columbia. The range is also home to many high peaks in the 13,000 to 14,000 foot (3,900-4,300 m) range as it continues into New Mexico. In New Mexico most of the mountain area is managed by the US Forest Service in the Carson and Santa Fe National Forests.

Geology

The Colorado Sangre de Cristos are fault-block mountains similar to the Teton Range in Wyoming and the Wasatch Range in Utah. Major fault lines run along the east and west sides of the range, and cut right through the mountains in some places.[25] Like all fault-block mountain ranges, the Sangre de Cristos lack foothills which means the highest peaks rise abruptly from the valleys to the east and west, rising 7,000 ft (2,100 m) in only a few miles in some places. The mountains were pushed up around 5 million years ago, basically as one large mass of rock. The Sangre de Cristo range is still being uplifted today as faults in the area remain active. Due to uplift (elevation increase) and erosion, rock layers are missing, causing gaps in the range, called "unconformities."[26]

The Sangre de Cristo Range rising above the Great Sand Dunes National Park

On the west side is the San Luis Valley, a portion of the Rio Grande Rift. On the southeast side is the Raton Basin, a quiet but still active volcanic field. On the northeast side are the Wet Mountains and the Front Range, areas of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks formed during the Colorado orogeny some 1.7 billion years ago and then uplifted more recently during the Laramide orogeny.

The Blanca Massif is also Precambrian rock, while most of the rest of the Sangres is composed of younger Permian-Pennsylvanian (about 250-million-year-old) rock, a mix of sedimentary conglomerates, silty mudstones and shales, sandstones, limestone beds [27] and igneous intrusions. These sedimentary rocks originated as sediment eroded from the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. Crestone Conglomerate are a feature on many of the peaks, including Crestone Needle.[28] The conglomerate settled near the uplift and contains boulders as large as 6 feet in diameter.[26]

Climate

Climate Data for Alamosa, Colorado (20 miles southwest of Blanca Peak) [29]
Month Average Low

°F (°C)

 Average High

°F (°C)

 Average Precipitation

In (mm)

 Average Snowfall

In (cm)

January -3.8 (-19.9) 33.3 (0.7) 0.3 (6.6) 4.7 (11.4)
February 4.8 (-15.1) 39.9 (4.4) 0.3 (7.4) 4.9 (11.7)
March 15.8 (-9.0) 48.7 (9.3) 0.5 (11.4) 7.4 (17.8)
April 23.5 (-4.7) 58.6 (14.8) 0.5 (12.4) 4.2 (10.2)
May 32.7 (0.4) 68.0 (20.0) 0.7 (16.3) 1.9 (4.6)
June 41.0 (5.0) 77.7 (25.4) 0.7 (17.0) 0.0 (0.0)
July 47.8 (8.8) 82.0 (27.8) 1.2 (30.2) 0.0 (0.0)
August 45.3 (7.4) 79.2 (26.2) 1.2 (28.4) 0.0 (0.0)
September 36.7 (2.6) 72.7 (22.6) 0.9 (22.6) 0.3 (0.8)
October 24.6 (-4.1) 62.4 (16.9) 0.7 (17.8) 3.8 (9.1)
November 12.4 (-10.9) 47.5 (8.6) 0.4 (10.9) 4.7 (11.4)
December -0.6 (-18.1) 35.4 (1.9) 0.5 (11.2) 7.5 (18.0)
Year 23.4 (-4.8) 58.8 (14.88) 0.7 (16.02) 3.3 (7.92)

History

Antonio Valverde y Cosio named the Sangre de Cristo range after the red-hue that he saw during the snowy sunrise. Sangre de Cristo means Blood of Christ in English.[30]

In the formation of the range, we can see fossils of footprints, shells and bones.[27]

In August 2009, the Sangre de Cristo Range was dedicated as a National Heritage Area (NHA), an area of cultural, natural, and historic preservation.[31]

Economy

Today, tourism is the main economic activity.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Colorado 14ers | List of 58 Fourteener Mountains". www.uncovercolorado.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  2. ↑ "Blanca Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  3. ↑ "Crestone Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  4. ↑ "Crestone Needle". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  5. ↑ "Kit Carson Mountain". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  6. ↑ "Challenger Point". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  7. ↑ "Humboldt Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  8. ↑ "Culebra Peak - Northwest Ridge | Route". 14ers.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  9. ↑ "Ellingwood Point". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  10. ↑ "Mount Lindsey". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  11. ↑ "Little Bear Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  12. ↑ "Columbia Point". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  13. ↑ "Mount Adams". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  14. ↑ "California Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  15. ↑ "Rito Alto Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  16. ↑ "Colony Baldy". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  17. ↑ "Pico Aislado". Bivouac.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  18. ↑ "Tijeras Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  19. ↑ "Electric Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  20. ↑ "Cottonwood Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  21. ↑ "Twin Peaks". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  22. ↑ "Broken Hand Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  23. ↑ "Fluted Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  24. ↑ "Milwaukee Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  25. 1 2 "The Sangre de Cristo Mountains". Spanish Peaks County - Explore Southern Colorado's rich history, natural wonders, and artistic inspiration. 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  26. 1 2 "USGS Circular 1349: The Geologic Story of Colorado's Sangre de Cristo Range". pubs.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  27. 1 2 Tanner, Lawrence H.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2017-04-01). "Paleosols of the upper Paleozoic Sangre de Cristo Formation, north-central New Mexico: Record of early Permian palaeoclimate in tropical Pangaea". Journal of Palaeogeography. 6 (2): 144–161. doi:10.1016/j.jop.2017.02.001. ISSN 2095-3836.
  28. ↑ "Sangre de Cristo Mountains : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost". www.summitpost.org. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  29. ↑ "Alamosa, CO, Colorado, USA: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data". 2015-03-25. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  30. ↑ "Sangre de Cristo Mountains | mountains, United States | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  31. ↑ "Sangre de Cristo National Heritage Area - Great Sand Dunes National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
Notes
  1. ↑ Ellingwood Point is not always counted as an official fourteener, as it has a high saddle connecting it with Blanca Peak, and hence a low topographic prominence.
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