Sari
Persian: ساری
Zadracarta
City
Melal Park, Fazeli House, Clock Square, Jameh Mosque of Sari, Resket Tower, Kolbadi House
Official seal of Sari
Seal
Sari is located in Iran
Sari
Sari
Coordinates: 36°33′38″N 53°03′30″E / 36.56056°N 53.05833°E / 36.56056; 53.05833[1]
CountryIran
ProvinceMazandaran
CountySari
DistrictCentral
FoundedBy Farrukhan, Daboyan Dynasty of Tapuria
Government
 • MayorMohammad Hossein Ghobadi Anarmarzi
Elevation
5 northwest up to 50 in southeast m (15 – 150 ft)
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total347,402
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Postal Code
48xxx-xxxxx
Area code011
Vehicle PlateIRAN 62
Websitewww.sari.ir esarycity.ir www.sarycity.ir

Sari (Persian: ساری, romanized: Sâri [sɒːˈɾiː] ⓘ); also romanized as Sārī), also known as Shahr-e-Tajan and Shari-e-Tajan,[3] is a city in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, county and district.[4] Sari was the former capital of Iran for a short period and is in the north of the country, between the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains and southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Sari is the largest and most populous city of Mazandaran.

Geography

The coastline north of Sari fronts onto the Mazandaran Sea; north-east of the city lies Neka. Qa'emshahr (formerly known as Shahi) is to its south-west, Juybar is to its north-west, and Kiasar, Damghan, and Semnan are cities located to the south.

Map showing position of Sari county as well as Sari city in Mazandaran province

Climate

Sari has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf) that borders on a Mediterranean climate (Csa).[5] Winters are cool and rainy whilst summers are hot and humid. Sari's 2005–2006 statistical weather information, in comparison with that of other Mazandaran cities, shows that Sari has an average climate, but it is somewhat sunnier and has more spring rain. However, recent rainfall in Sari has declined.

Climate data for Mahdasht, Sari (1967-2003 normals and extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.2
(86.4)		 31.2
(88.2)		 35.0
(95.0)		 37.0
(98.6)		 39.0
(102.2)		 44.0
(111.2)		 39.0
(102.2)		 40.5
(104.9)		 39.0
(102.2)		 38.0
(100.4)		 34.0
(93.2)		 30.0
(86.0)		 44.0
(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.9
(53.4)		 11.9
(53.4)		 14.0
(57.2)		 20.9
(69.6)		 25.2
(77.4)		 29.2
(84.6)		 31.2
(88.2)		 31.2
(88.2)		 28.5
(83.3)		 24.1
(75.4)		 19.0
(66.2)		 14.4
(57.9)		 21.8
(71.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9)		 3.4
(38.1)		 5.0
(41.0)		 9.4
(48.9)		 13.8
(56.8)		 17.8
(64.0)		 20.7
(69.3)		 21.2
(70.2)		 18.6
(65.5)		 13.8
(56.8)		 9.3
(48.7)		 5.2
(41.4)		 11.8
(53.2)
Record low °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 1.0
(33.8)		 2.0
(35.6)		 4.0
(39.2)		 8.5
(47.3)		 10.0
(50.0)		 2.5
(36.5)		 0.0
(32.0)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 −5.0
(23.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 105.2
(4.14)		 91.5
(3.60)		 100.6
(3.96)		 60.5
(2.38)		 53.2
(2.09)		 36.2
(1.43)		 35.5
(1.40)		 58.8
(2.31)		 88.9
(3.50)		 98.1
(3.86)		 104.4
(4.11)		 114.4
(4.50)		 947.3
(37.28)
Average precipitation days 8 8 10 7 6 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 83
Average relative humidity (%) 77 76 76 72 69 66 66 70 73 75 76 76 73
Average dew point °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1)		 3.2
(37.8)		 5.5
(41.9)		 10.2
(50.4)		 14.0
(57.2)		 17.2
(63.0)		 19.2
(66.6)		 20.2
(68.4)		 18.3
(64.9)		 14.1
(57.4)		 9.6
(49.3)		 5.7
(42.3)		 11.7
(53.1)
Source: Iranian Meteorological Organization[6]

History

Early history

Excavations in the Hutto cave present evidence for the existence of settlements around Sari as far back as the 70th millennium BCE.[7] The Muslim historian Hamdollah Mostowfi attributes the foundation of Sari to king Tahmoures Divband of the Pishdadian Dynasty. Ferdowsi mentions the name of the city in Shahnameh, at the time of Fereydun and Manuchehr, when Manuchehr is returning to Fereydun's capital, Tamisheh in Mazandaran, after the victory over Salm and Tur:[8]

ز دریای گیلان (مازندران) چون ابر سیاه / دمادم به ساری رسید آن سپاه / چو آمد به نزدیک شاه آن سپاه / فریدون پذیره بیامد به راه

the city's name was also Zadracarta in 658 B.C to 225 A.D.

Coming from this and other similar evidence in the Shahnameh, native people of Sari have a folklore that the city was populated when the blacksmith Kaveh (a native of the city) revolted against the tyranny of Zahak. After that success, Fereydun of Pishdadi (from Tamishan) feeling indebted to Kaveh, chose this city so as to live near him until his death. For this reason, when Touraj and Salam murdered Iraj (son of Fereydun), they buried him here. Espahbod Tous-e Nouzar (great-grandson of Fereydun) systematically founded it to remain as family monument.[9] Sari may be synonymous with the city of Zadracarta (Persian: Sadrakarta) mentioned by Ancient Greek sources as early as the 6th century BCE (Achaemenid dynasty).[10] However, other sources suggest that modern Gorgan is located closer to, or on, the site of Zadracarta.

Ancient dish found in Sari

According to Arrian, this was the largest city of Hyrcania. The term means "the yellow city" and it was given to it because of the great number of orange, lemon, and other fruit trees that grew in the outskirts of that city. Hence it is by D'Anville, Rochette, and other geographers, identified Saru, which Pietro Della Valle says in his "Travels" means "the yellow city". It is probable that Zadracarta and Saru are the same with the Syringis of Polybius, taken from Arsaces II by Antiochus the Great, in his vain attempt to reunite the revolted provinces of Hyrcania and Parthia to the Syrian crown. Han Way, who visited Saru in 1734, makes mention of four ancient Magian temples as still standing then, built in the form of several rotundas, each thirty feet in diameter, and about 120 in height. However Sir William Ouseley, who had travelled to the site in 1811, has speculated that these to be masses of brick masonry of the Mohammedan age. Out of four, one of the rotunda is still standing since the rest were overturned by an earthquake. This and other remains of similar buildings, bear the names of Fereydun, Salm, Tur, and other mythical figures, whose celebrity had been established about 2000 years prior to their erection. One of them Avas called the tomb of Kaus, and was supposed to contain the ashes of Cyrus the Great. Sir William Ouseley thinks it was that of Kabus, or Kaus, the son of Washmakin, who governed Mazanderan in the fourth century of the Hejira. It was at Saru that the ashes of the youthful hero, Sohraub, were deposited by his father, Roostum, after he had unwittingly slayed Sohrab in a hand-to-hand battle. Saru is celebrated for its abundance of gardens, which emit a pleasing fragrance in the vernal and summer months. An oriental proverb declares that the "gates of paradise derive sweetness from the air of Sari and the flowers of Eden receive their fragrance from its soil". The city was again a regional capital in the Sassanid dynasty era.[11]

Capital of Tabaristan local rulers

In the seventh century, Farrukhan the Great of the Dabuyid dynasty reconstructed the city, and because his son's name was "Saruyeh", he called it by this name. Sari once again became the capital of Tabaristan during that century (Amol was the capital previously ).

After invasions by the successors of Mongols, Timur of Uzbeks, Turcoman, and Tatars the city lost its high status and was periodically burnt to ashes.

Safavid-Qajar era

Because Shah Abbas I's mother was from Behshahr (Ashraf), he founded Farahabad as his alternate capital of Persia in the north of the city and created the gardens in Ashraf. Mazandaran alongside neighboring Gilan were subsequently settled during Abbas' reign by large numbers of Georgians, Circassians, Armenians and other peoples of the Caucasus, whose descendants still live across Mazandaran.[12][13][14] Still many towns, villages and neighbourhoods in Mazandaran bear the name "Gorji" (i.e. Georgian) in them, although most of the Georgians are already assimilated into the mainstream Mazanderanis. After the Safavid dynasty fell and until the rise of Agha Mohammad Khan to power there, is no evidence of any notable events in Sari.

Early 20th century

Major developments took place after the Qajar dynasty. During the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the face of the town was changed drastically. Sari Rail Station and most of the streets and governmental buildings date from that era. During World War II the Soviet army occupied the city, but left it after the war.

About Sari

The Clock Tower, in the Clock Square (Meydan-e-Sa'at) located in downtown Sari, attracts visitors and has become a local landmark. Mohammad Ali Hamidi built the clock tower in 1930.[15] Sari also contains the tombs of the Muslim cleric leaders Yahya and Zayn Al-Abedin, Emamzade-ye Abbas, and Shazdeh Hussein the architecture of which are from the 15th century.

Economy

The economy of Sari is based on food production such as milled rice, dairy products, canned meat and cookies. Sari is a major citrus fruits producer, especially oranges, tangerines and lemons. Oil seeds such as soybean and grape being cultivated in vast lands around villages for producing of vegetable ghee and cooking oil. During the 1950s to 1970s, a factory of MM company was the city's largest industrial complex and one of the country's biggest vegetable oil producers. After the 1979 revolution, the company was nationalized but got bankrupt and closed later on.[16] Other sources of the economy include, but are not limited to, paper, wood, fabrics and construction materials. Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries, the biggest factory of its kind in the middle east, is situated in a 2000-acre ground on Semnan Road. Mazpaper is presently producing more than 20% of country's paper requirements and is a major economical entity not only for the city but also for the province. The MWPI's major subsidiary is the NEKA CHOUB Co., that is manufacturing plywood and chipboard.

The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., Ofoq Kourosh chain store.

City districts

Sari Municipality

Sari's major districts are:
Mirzazamani, Azad Goleh, Bagher Abad, Booali & Posht-e-Hotel (both located in Pasdaran Blvd.), Barbari Mahalleh, Bazaar-e Nargesiyeh, Bazaar-e Rooz, Chenar-Bon, Gol-Afshan, Golma, Kooy-e Azadi, Kooy-e DadGostari, Kooy-e Daneshgah, Kooy-e Djahad, Kooy-e Golha, Kooy-e-Karmandan, Kooy-e Mahyar, Kooy-e MirSarorozeh, Kooy-e Qelich, Lesani, Mehdi-Abad, Na'l-Bandan, No-Tekiyeh, Peyvandi, Pir Tekiyeh, Pol-e Gardan, Posht-e Nim-e Shaban, Posht-e Zendan, Rahband-e Dokhaniyat, Dokhaniyat, Kooy-e Etehad, Rahband-e Sangtarashan, Sang, Sari Kenar, Sarvineh Bagh, Seyyed AlShohada, Shafa, Shahband, Shazdeh Hossein, Shekar Abad, Tabarestan, Tavakkoli, Torki Mahalleh, Torkmen Mahalleh, etc.

Frahang Street

Previous districts

Sari's old city structure changed in the first Pahlavi era. New avenues and streets in the city center date from that period. In the Qajar dynasty, Sari's neighborhoods included:
Afghoun Mahalleh, Bahar Abad, Balouchi Kheyl, Balouchi Mahalleh, Birameter (Bahram-Ottor), Chaleh Bagh, Dar Masdjed, Isfahouni Mahalleh, Kohneh Baq Shah, Kurd Mahalleh, Mir Mashad Mahalleh, Mir Sar Rozeh, Na'l Bandan, Naqareh Khaneh, Ossanlou Mahalleh, Paay-e Chenar, QelichLi Mahalleh, Sabzeh Meydan, Shazdeh Hossein, Shepesh Koshan, Shishehgar Mahalleh.

Population

The population density of some neighborhoods in downtown (for example: Mirzazamani, Peyvandi, Sang) is greater than 20,000 per square kilometer. Note that before 1950, the population of the city during the summer was less than in winter. This influenced estimations, such that an estimate done in summer might be inaccurate.

Population of Sari From 19th century.
Population of Sari From 19th century.
  • 1808 = 21,000 est.
  • 1827 = 19,000 est.
  • 1832 = 20,000 est.
  • 1850 = 15,000 est.
  • 1856 = 9,000 est.
  • 1872 = 15,500 est.
  • 1874 = 16,000 est.
  • 1883 = 16,100 est.
  • 1905 = 25,000 est.
  • 1923 = 35,000 est.
  • 1956 = 26,278 cen.
  • 1966 = 44,547 cen.
  • 1976 = 70,753 cen.
  • 1986 = 141,020 cen.
  • 1996 = 195,882 cen.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 259,084 in 71,522 households.[17] The following census in 2011 counted 296,417 people in 90,798 households.[18] The 2016 census showed a population of 309,820 people in 101,932 households.[2]

People and culture

Most Sari people speak the Mazandarani language Tabari as a mother tongue; however, Persian is the most common language spoken in Iran and the lingua franca.

Miansheh Lake

Zoroastrians from Sari who fled to India in the 10th century founded there a city which they named "Navu Sari" (English: "New Sari"), a name which was by now shortened to Navsari; the town is still a center of the Zoroastrian Parsi community of India.

Transport

Arriving

Sari International Airport

By air

Sari is served by Dasht-e Naz International Airport, which is located in the north-eastern part of the city. List of arrival and departure flights can be found in the Airport's website.[19]

By train

The city is connected to Gorgan and Tehran by the Shomal Railway route. That is a major branch of Iran's Railroad.

By boat

The port of Amir Abad is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea.

By car

Local highways have been well developed after the Iran–Iraq War. road 22 connects Sari to several cities in the province such as Qaemshahr, Neka and Babol, as well as major cities outside the province such as Gorgan and Mashhad.[20]

By bus

There are five bus terminals, but one, Terminal-e Dowlat, is the most used. The others serve cities that are located within 150 kilometers from Sari: Gorgan, Nowshahr, Chaloos, and Kiyasar are within this range.

By Train By Road
Gorgan 153 km* 138 Kilometers Neka, Behshahr, Gaz, Nokandeh, Gorgan
Bojnourd Behshahr, Gorgan, Minoodasht, Ashkhaneh, Bojnourd
Mashad 1152 km* 730 Kilometers Behshahr, Gorgan, Bonjnourd, Quchan, Mashad
Babol 45 Kilometers* Qa'emshahr, Babol
Nowshahr 170 Kilometers Jouybar, Babolsar, Fereydoon Kenar, Nour, Royan, Nowshahr
Lahijan Babolsar, Nour, Nowshahr, Shahsavar, Ramsar, Chaboksar, Lahijan
By Train Via Savadkooh Road/ Via Kiasar Road Via Azadshahr Road Via Haraz Road
Tehran 354 km* 265 Kilometers* 245 Kilometers
Semnan 354 km*
Shahroud 555 km*

* indicates that destination is actually nearer than the figure shown

Getting around

The layout of the city renders occasional use of taxis. There is a wide choice of taxi systems including limousines, wireless radio taxis, airport or rail station taxis, and telephone taxis. City buses are also common because they connect Sari's suburbs to the center of city, providing a low cost and convenient means of transportation to and from the town for people living in those neighborhoods. Although Sari is considered a safe city for pedestrians even at night, nevertheless care should be taken when walking around.

Outdoors

Places of interest in the area include:

  • Farah Abad Coast
  • Gohar Baran Coast
  • Dehkadeh Aramesh Tourist Village
  • Tajan River Park
  • Melal park (It is located on the western side of Tajan River. Melal Park has a Biking track and an Artificial Island)[21]
  • Zare' Forest Park
  • Salardareh Forest Park
  • Dasht-E-Naaz National Park
  • Pol-e-Gardan hiking trail
  • Nemashoun Lake
  • Lak-Dasht Lake
  • Soleyman-Tangeh Lake (A dam lake 45km Southwest of Sari)[15]
  • Bam-e-Shahr Hill (Offers a great panoramic view of the city)
  • Qor-Maraz (Natural spa, Neka)
  • Jamaloddin kola (Damaneh kohe shahdezh)

Colleges and universities

In the course of history, Sari was once one of the most cultured cities in the history of Iran. The scientific knowledge of Saravis were noted throughout history and recorded by Pietro Della Valle and other visitors. Today, the universities are as follows:

  • University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources
  • Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MazUMS)
  • University of Natural Science
  • Islamic Azad University of Sari
  • Imam Mohammad Bagher University of Technology
  • Sarian University of Art & Architecture
  • Payam-e-Noor University
  • University of Tech & Engineering (Khalil Moqadam)
  • University of Tarbiyat-e Moallem
  • Sama Technology Faculty of Azad University
  • Rouzbehan University
  • Science and Research Branch Islamic azad university
  • Hadaf University

Sports facilities

Many sport complexes are in Sari, including:

  • Jahan-Pahlavan Takhti Sports Complex, located on Farhang Street;
  • Hashemi-Nassab Sports Complex, located on the railway side of the autobahn;
  • Montazeri Sports complex, located in Shahband neighborhood.

Sari's Mottaqi football stadium is one of the oldest sports field in the country but nowadays it is seldom used in major soccer matches.

Wrestling

Sari is the birthplace of several wrestlers and athletes. Notable wrestlers from Sari include Asgari Mohammadian, Majid Torkan and Morad Mohammadi. The town was the host and scene of 2006 Wrestling World Cup Competitions.

Cultural attractions

Ab Anbar at Sari
Fazeli House
Velayat Park

Although Sari is the most important cultural place in the north of Iran, earthquakes and other causes destroyed most of its cultural heritage and ancient monuments. Still, Sari has been described as Safa City (City of Curvet).
Notable are Famous Houses such as Kolbadi House and Amir Divan House (Ramedani House); also the Resket Tower from the House of Karen era and the Farahabad Palace Complex from the Safavid era and historical Sari Central Mosque and tomb tower Imamzadeh Abbas.[22]

Arts and culture

Khosrow Sinai (born 19 January 1941 in Sari) a renowned film director of the country was the first Iranian film director to win an international prize after the Islamic revolution in Iran. He is also known as an Iranian scholar and has been awarded the prestigious Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.

Music

Seyed Abdolhossein Mokhtabad-Amrei (born 1966 in Sari) is an Iranian composer and singer of Persian Classical music. He received his vocal training under supervision of renowned and legendary maestros and since his professional debut inاارا 1991, has performed numerous concerts in Iran and abroad, including most European Countries, South East Asia and Northern America "Canada & United States" and produced more than 20 sets of music albums.

Authors and poets

Sari has raised many authors and poets. Mina Assadi is probably the most famous one. She was born and raised in Sari but then moved to Tehran to study journalism and work as a journalist at newspapers like Kayhan. Today Mina Assadi lives in exile in Stockholm, Sweden. Mohsen Emadi (born 29 October 1976 in Sari) is another Persian poet and translator.

Religious sites

Tomb of Imamzadeh Abbas, Located in East of Sari urban area, Mazandaran.
  • Emamzadeh Yahya (son of Imam Moosa-ibn Jafar)
  • Emamzadeh Abbas (son of Imam Moosa-ibn Jafar)
  • Emamzadeh Abdollah, Koula
  • Masjed-e-Jaame' Mosque (constructed before Islam by Zoroastrians, where many important kings and heroes of Persia such as Iraj, Tur, Salm, Fereydun, Sohrab (son of Rostam) that Ferdowsi recalls them in shahnameh are buried near this place).
  • Emam-Sajjad Mosque (formerly Shah-Qazi, initially was called Marqad-'Ala-Adolleh School but Rostam Shah Qazi reconstructed it in 1169 and renamed it to Shah-Qazi during the Qaznavi era)
  • Haaj Mostafa Khan Mosque (Sourteci)
  • Reza Khan Mosque (Hozeh Elmiyeh)
  • Molla-Majd-Addin Place
  • Shazdeh-Hossein Place
  • Pahneh-Kalla Place

Notable people

AliAkbar Davar
Ali-Akbar Davar
Khosrow Sinai
Khosrow Sinai
Askari Mohammadian
Askari Mohammadian
Hossein Ghods-Nakhai
Hossein Ghods-Nakhai
Abdolhossein Mokhtabad
Abdolhossein Mokhtabad
Ramin Rezaeian
Ramin Rezaeian
Saba Kamali
Saba Kamali

Sister cities

See also

  • Nav Sari (New Sari), city in Gujarat, India, traditionally named so by Parsis

References

  1. ↑ OpenStreetMap contributors (30 May 2023). "Sari, Sari County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ↑ Sari, Iran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3082809" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. ↑ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "Climate: Sari - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  6. ↑ Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ "Subterranea of Iran: Huto and Kamarband Cave". showcaves.com.
  8. ↑ Abu'L Ferdawsi. "Shahnameh/Book of Kings". rira.ir. Jalal Khaleghi-Motlagh.
  9. ↑ "Attractions - Mazandaran". Iran’s Cultural Heritage News Agency (CHN).
  10. ↑ Persien: Das Land und seine Bewohner: ethnograph. Schilderungen 2 Teile in 1 Bd, by Jakob Eduard Polak, (Olms, 1976)
  11. ↑ Britannica Article for Zadracarta
  12. ↑ "Georgian communities in Persia". Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  13. ↑ ^ Muliani, S. (2001) Jaygah-e Gorjiha dar Tarikh va Farhang va Tammadon-e Iran. Esfahan: Yekta [The Georgians' position in the Iranian history and civilization]
  14. ↑ "PIETRO DELLA VALLE'S LATIN GEOGRAPHY OFSAFAVID IRAN (1624-1628)". Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  15. 1 2 اصغری (4 October 2022). "شهر ساری کجاست؟ معرفی+ عکس و نقشه، ساری کجا بریم؟". ایرانیجو : ایران را بشناسیم (in Persian). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  16. ↑ حسین اسلامی: تاریخ دوهزارساله ساری (دارالملک مازندران)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی قائم شهر، ۱۳۷۲.
  17. ↑ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  18. ↑ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  19. ↑ "Arrival Flights of Sari International Airport". sariairport.ir.
  20. ↑ "List of names and numbers of roads and highways in Iran" فهرست نام و شماره جاده ها و آزادراه و بزگراه های ایران. tinn.ir (in Persian). Tinn news. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  21. ↑ "Where is Sari? A trip to the land of forests, mountains and sea". Otaghak.com (in Persian). 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  22. ↑ About Sari County
  • About Sari, Author: Dr. Hussein Eslami, Year: 1995, Special Municipal Research & Cultural Center for Sari
  • Sari, My Lovely City, Author: Ali Hessami, Year: 2006, 23965 Sari Primary Library
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