Schoharie Creek
Schoharie Creek flowing into the Mohawk River, from Tribes Hill Park in Amsterdam, New York.
Map of the Schoharie Creek drainage basin
Location
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
Physical characteristics
SourceIndian Head Mountain
MouthMohawk River
 • location
Fort Hunter
 • coordinates
42°56′28″N 74°17′32″W / 42.94111°N 74.29222°W / 42.94111; -74.29222
 • elevation
274 ft (84 m)
Length93 mi (150 km)
Basin size928 sq mi (2,400 km2)[1]
Discharge 
 • locationBurtonsville
 • minimum2.4 cu ft/s (0.068 m3/s)
 • maximum128,000 cu ft/s (3,600 m3/s)
Basin features
ProgressionSchoharie Creek → Mohawk River → Hudson River → Upper New York Bay
Tributaries 
 • leftWest Kill, Panther Creek, Cobleskill Creek
 • rightEast Kill, Batavia Kill, Little Schoharie Creek, Fox Creek
Schoharie Creek near its source in the Catskills
An autumn view of Schoharie Creek, facing northwest from the Schoharie Creek bridge

Schoharie Creek is a river in New York that flows north 93 miles (150 km)[2] from the foot of Indian Head Mountain in the Catskills through the Schoharie Valley to the Mohawk River. It is twice impounded north of Prattsville to create New York City's Schoharie Reservoir and the Blenheim-Gilboa Power Project.

During the American Revolutionary War, Iroquois Indian attacks against the cluster of farms in the valley of the Cobleskill Creek tributary was the site of the Cobleskill Massacre (May 1778), virtually depopulating Europeansettlements in the southern Mohawk valley. News of this and two other mixed Tory-Indian guerrilla attacks led to an appropriation of funds for the Sullivan Expedition, dispatched by General Washington in 1779 to retaliate against the Iroquois andbreak the threat of Indian raids.

The Erie Canal crossed over the creek by an aqueduct at Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site.

Two notable bridge collapses have occurred on Schoharie Creek. In 1987, two spans of the New York State Thruway collapsed. On August 28, 2011, the covered Old Blenheim Bridge collapsed due to flooding from Hurricane Irene.

Geography

Watershed and tributary streams

Schoharie Creek is part of the drainage system of the Hudson River watershed and a direct tributary of the Mohawk River. Tributaries of Schoharie Creek, listed from upstream to downstream, include:

East side

West side

Watershed

Before European colonization, the watershed was mostly forested with a few small areas cleared by Native Americans for hunting. Early European settlers attempted to farm the land, but soon abandoned it due to the short growing seasons, steep slopes and rocky soil. Between 1800 and the early 1900s, mills, the tanning industry, quarrying for bluestone, logging, railroads, and resorts cleared the Catskills of most of its forest cover.

Starting in the early 1900s, these industries began to decline and areas that were previously cleared have grown back into forest. As of 2001, approximately 85% of the Schoharie Creek's watershed has been classified as forested.[3]

Hydrology

Water quality

New York's Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) rates the water quality of Schoharie Creek in different sections.[4] The section from Cobleskill Creek to Pleasant Valley Brook is rated Class C, which is most suitable for fishing, but can also be suitable for primary and secondary contact recreation.[5]

Stream flow on the lower Schoharie is significantly influenced by the Schoharie Reservoir. Flow from the reservoir is restricted when the dam is not open, and the lack of flow mostly during the summer increases water temperature, which negatively affects the fishery. Also this section flows through an agricultural valley, which contributes to increased sediment in the creek. This increases streambank erosion and sediment loadings, and during high flows, cause the creek's turbidity to increase. Biological tests were conducted in Fort Hunter in 2001, then in Burtonsville in 2001, and showed non-impacted water quality conditions at both sites.[4]

Discharge

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) maintains many stream gauges along Schoharie Creek. The first station is 1.2 miles (1.9 km) east of Lexington in operation since 1999, had a maximum discharge of 40,500 cubic feet (1,150 m3) per second on August 28, 2011, as Hurricane Irene passed through the area, and a minimum discharge of 4.8 cubic feet (0.14 m3) per second on August 21–22, 2002.[6] Another station by Prattsville in operation since 1902, 0.2 miles (0.32 km) upstream from Schoharie Reservoir, had a maximum discharge of 120,000 cubic feet (3,400 m3) per second on August 28, 2011, with no minimum discharge recorded.[7]

Below the Schoharie Reservoir is the station by Gilboa in operation since October 1975, 0.5 miles (0.80 km) downstream from the Schoharie Reservoir dam, had a maximum discharge of 111,000 cubic feet (3,100 m3) per second on August 28, 2011, and a minimum discharge of 0.04 cubic feet (0.0011 m3) per second on many days from June to October 1976, and September 11-13, 1980.[8] Another station by North Blenheim in operation continuously since October 1970, 1.2 miles (1.9 km) upstream from bridge on State Highway 30 in North Blenheim, had a maximum discharge of 111,000 cubic feet (3,100 m3) per second on August 28, 2011, and a minimum discharge of 0.04 cubic feet (0.0011 m3) per second on many days from June to October 1976, and September 11-13, 1980.[8] The station by Breakabeen in operation since July 1975, 1.1 miles (1.8 km) downstream from Keyser Kill, had a maximum discharge of 134,000 cubic feet (3,800 m3) per second on August 28, 2011, and a minimum discharge of 1.7 cubic feet (0.048 m3) per second on October 14, 1988.[9]

Graph from Burtonsville USGS stream gauge showing rise in discharge after Tropical Storm Irene

Further downstream the station by Middleburgh in operation from July 1927 to September 1939 and since December 2017, slightly downstream of the bridge at intersection of State Highways 30 and 145 in Middleburgh, had a maximum discharge of 47,800 cubic feet (1,350 m3) per second on March 18, 1936, and a minimum discharge of 2 cubic feet (0.057 m3) per second on September 1, 1939. Outside the period of record, it had an estimated maximum discharge of 130,000 cubic feet (3,700 m3) per second on August 28, 2011.[10] The station in Schoharie is located upstream from bridge on County Highway 1A has been in operation since December 2017, takes gauge height measurements only. It had a maximum gauge height of 13.42 feet (4.09 m) on August 14, 2018 and a minimum gage height of 4.47 feet (1.36 m) on many days between September 22 and October 1 in 2019.[11] The station in Esperance is located by the US Route 20 bridge has been in operation since December 2017, takes gauge height measurements only. It had a maximum gauge height of 10.85 feet (3.31 m) on April 15, 2019 and a minimum gage height of 0.78 feet (0.24 m) on July 22, 2018. Outside the period of record, the flood of August 2011 reached a stage of 33.70 feet (10.27 m) from floodmark.[12] The station in Burtonsville in operation since October 1939, 15 miles (24 km) upstream from the mouth, had a maximum discharge of 128,000 cubic feet (3,600 m3) per second on August 29, 2011, and a minimum discharge of 2.4 cubic feet (0.068 m3) per second on September 24–25, 1964.[13]

Turbidity

The USGS station along the creek near Burtonsville, collects turbidity data every 15 minutes. The maximum daily suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) mean was 1460 mg/L on June 14, 2013, and the minimum was 2 mg/L on October 1–2, 2014. On June 14, 2013, the maximum daily suspended sediment discharge was 48,400 tons (43,900,000 kg) on June 14, 2013, and .16 tons (150 kg) on October 1–2, 2014.[13]

History

In the 18th century, areas of the south (or right bank) side of Mohawk Valley were sparsely settled in the face of the periodically warlike and always militant Iroquois peoples, who, while diminished by European diseases during colonial times still retained ample war powers after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. Reorganized by then as the Six Nations the tribes had conducted internecine war with other powerful eastern tribes until the 1770s, weakening or eliminating the power of the Delaware, the Susquehanna, and Shawnee tribes— affecting Amerindian populations and power both East and West of the Alleghenies as far south as northern Kentucky in the west, and southern Maryland in the east. By the end of the French and Indian War, they were the one remaining group of eastern native peoples that retained sufficient military power to give even the British authorities pause. Consequently, those authorities cultivated political arrangements with the Iroquois and as a prelude to the revolution, the British Crown acted to block trans-Appalachian settlements before the opening of the American Revolution, one of the lesser known grievances of many held by the settlers.

During the Revolution, farms in the valley acted as a breadbasket providing important food supplies to the Colonial forces. The lower Mohawk valley was a scene of uneasy native Amerindian–Colonial Settler contention throughout most of the 18th century until after the American Revolutionary War's Sullivan Expedition pacified the region by permanently weakening the Six Nations of the Iroquois. That campaign was a direct result of two atrocities in the region: The May 1778 Battle of Cobleskill (or Cobleskill Creek Massacre) signaled a new guerrilla war offensive by mixed troops of Loyalists and members of the four Iroquois tribes allied to the British in 1778. The incursions resulted in three major raids with major loss of life ranging from Southern New York to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.

New York State Thruway bridge collapse

On the morning of April 5, 1987, after 30 years of service, two spans of the New York State Thruway bridge over Schoharie Creek near Fort Hunter collapsed. Five vehicles fell into the flooded river, resulting in ten deaths. A subsequent investigation of the collapse determined the cause to be scour.[14][15][16][17] At the time, the creek was higher and flowing faster than normal due to excessive rains in the area.[18] Twelve hours before the Schoharie Creek Bridge collapsed due to heavy rainfall, the rush of water through the Blenheim-Gilboa Pumped Storage Power Project 40 miles (64 km) upstream hit a historic high. To cope with the overload, the dam released water into the Schoharie Creek according to the rate at which it was entering the reservoir from upstream, adding to the load in the creek.[19] The segment of NY 5S near Fort Hunter was reconfigured to carry westbound Thruway traffic while the bridge was rebuilt.[20] The eastbound replacement bridge was completed and fully open to traffic on December 7, 1987, and the westbound replacement bridge was opened on May 21, 1988.[21][22][23]

Old Blenheim Bridge

The Old Blenheim Bridge, one of the longest and oldest single-span covered bridges in the world, formerly spanned the creek. The bridge was destroyed on August 28, 2011 by flooding resulting from Hurricane Irene.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "USGS 0135399605 SCHOHARIE CREEK AT MOUTH NEAR FORT HUNTER NY". National Water Information System. United States Geological Survey. 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  2. ↑ "The National Map". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved Feb 11, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Summary of Schoharie Wildlife and Fishery" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  4. 1 2 "Schoharie/Panther Creek Watershed-DEC". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. December 13, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  5. ↑ "New York State Code of Rules and Regulations, Part 701.7: Class B fresh waters". NYSDEC. January 17, 2008. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  6. ↑ "USGS 01349705 SCHOHARIE CREEK NEAR LEXINGTON NY". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  7. ↑ "USGS 01350000 SCHOHARIE CREEK AT PRATTSVILLE NY". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  8. 1 2 "USGS 01350101 SCHOHARIE CREEK AT GILBOA NY". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  9. ↑ "USGS 01350355 SCHOHARIE CREEK AT BREAKABEEN NY". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  10. ↑ "USGS 01350500 SCHOHARIE CREEK AT MIDDLEBURGH NY". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  11. ↑ "USGS 01350750 SCHOHARIE CREEK AT SCHOHARIE NY". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  12. ↑ "USGS 01351450 SCHOHARIE CREEK AT ESPERANCE NY". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  13. 1 2 "USGS 01351500 SCHOHARIE CREEK AT BURTONSVILLE NY". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  14. ↑ "Lessons from the Collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge". Cedb.asce.org. 1987-04-05. doi:10.1061/9780784413012.139. Retrieved 2011-09-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ↑ "Scour under Ice: Potential Contributing Factor in the Schoharie Creek Bridge Collapse". 2007-03-19. Archived from the original on 2007-03-19. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  16. ↑ Boorstin, Robert O. (July 1, 1987). "Floodwaters Called Cause Of Bridge Collapse". The New York Times.
  17. ↑ "Lessons from the Collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge". Eng.uab.edu. Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  18. ↑ Uhlig, Mark A. (April 7, 1987). "Inspection Of Bridge Failed To Cover Underwater Parts". The New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
  19. ↑ Hevesi, Dennis (April 7, 1987). "Before Collapse,. A Record Water Rush - Nytimes.Com". New York Times. New York State; Montgomery County (Ny); Schoharie Creek (Ny); Fort Hunter (Ny); Dewey, Thomas E, Thruway. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
  20. ↑ "Protest Hits Thruway". The Star-Gazette. Elmira, New York. June 28, 1987. p. 3. Retrieved April 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  21. ↑ Croyle, Johnathan (January 4, 2019). "On this date: Thruway bridge collapses into Schoharie Creek in 1987". syracuse.com. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  22. ↑ "New Thruway bridge opens". Star-Gazette. December 8, 1987. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  23. ↑ "New Thruway bridge will be open today". Democrat and Chronicle. May 21, 1988. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
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