Viktor Medvedchuk
Віктор Медведчук
Medvedchuk in 2019
People's Deputy of Ukraine
In office
29 August 2019 – 13 January 2023
ConstituencyOpposition Platform — For Life, No. 3
In office
25 April 1997 – 20 June 2002
Constituency
Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine
In office
12 June 2002 – 21 January 2005
PresidentLeonid Kuchma
Preceded byVolodymyr Lytvyn
Succeeded byOleksandr Zinchenko
Personal details
Born (1954-08-07) 7 August 1954
Pochet, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
(now Russia)
CitizenshipUkrainian (1991–2023)[1]
Russian (according to SBU)[2]
NationalityUkrainian
Political partyOpposition Platform — For Life (2016–2022)
Other political
affiliations
Spouses
Marina Lebedeva
​
(divorced)​
    Natalya Gavrilyuk
    ​
    (divorced)​
      Oksana Marchenko
      ​
      (m. 2003)​
      Children2
      Alma materKyiv University (1978)
      OccupationPolitician, lawyer
      Signature

      Viktor Volodymyrovych Medvedchuk (Ukrainian: Віктор Володимирович Медведчук, Russian: Виктор Владимирович Медведчук; born 7 August 1954) is a former[3] Ukrainian lawyer, business oligarch, and politician who has lived in exile in Russia[4] since September 2022 after being handed over to Russia in a prisoner exchange.[5][6][7][8] Medvedchuk is a pro-Kremlin Ukrainian politician and a personal friend of Russian President Vladimir Putin.[9][10][11]

      Prior to being deported from Ukraine, Medvedchuk was elected as People's Deputy of Ukraine on 29 August 2019. He served as the chairman of the pro-Russian political organization Ukrainian Choice from 2018 to 2022. He is an opponent of Ukraine joining the European Union.[12]

      From 1997 to 2002 Medvedchuk was a member of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament).[13] Medvedchuk served between 2002 and 2005 as chief of staff to then Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma.[8][14] After this he was absent from national politics until 2018.[13] In November 2018, Medvedchuk was elected chairman of the political council of the political party For Life, which later merged into the Opposition Platform — For Life party.[15] In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 37 seats on the nationwide party list and six constituency seats.[16] As he placed third on the 2019 election list of Opposition Platform — For Life, Medvedchuk was elected to the Verkhovna Rada.[17][16]

      On 19 February 2021, the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine included Medvedchuk and his wife, Oksana Marchenko, on the Ukrainian sanctions list, due to alleged financing of terrorism.[18] On 11 May 2021, the Prosecutor General of Ukraine accused Medvedchuk of treason and attempted looting of national resources in Crimea (which had been annexed by Russia but remains internationally recognised as Ukrainian). Medvedchuk's house arrest started on 13 May 2021.[19] Medvedchuk escaped this house arrest on 28 February 2022, four days after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and went missing.[20][21] On 8 March 2022 he was removed from the post of co-chairman of Opposition Platform — For Life.[22] On 12 April 2022 Medvedchuk was arrested by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU).[23] On 21 September 2022, Medvedchuk (together with 55 Russian prisoners of war) was exchanged for 215 Ukrainian POWs from the Siege of Mariupol.[6]

      On 13 January 2023, the Verkhovna Rada stripped Medvedchuk of his position as a people’s deputy.[24][25]

      Early life and education

      Medvedchuk's father, Volodymyr Medvedchuk, avoided being drafted into the Red Army during World War II due to his suffering from Pott disease. During Nazi Germany's occupation of Ukraine, he worked for the German administration in a labor camp from April 1942 to November 1943. The section provided enforced deportation of the local able-bodied Ukrainian youth to work in Nazi Germany.[26] Volodymyr Medvedchuk was arrested by SMERSH on 7 August 1954 and sentenced to eight years of imprisonment and four of exile in Siberia "for participation in Ukrainian nationalistic activities."[26]

      Viktor was born in Pochet, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian SFSR. He has claimed that his father was a member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.[26] According to his Soviet court indictment, Volodymyr Medvedchuk had "joined the counter-revolutionary organization of Ukrainian nationalists" in April 1942.[27] In July 1995, Ukraine's military prosecutor's office reviewed the case of Volodymyr Medvedchuk and decided to rehabilitate him "In accordance with Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine of 17 April 1991 On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression in Ukraine."[27]

      In the mid-1960s, the Medvedchuks returned to the Ukrainian SSR, settling in Kornyn, Zhytomyr Oblast. In 1971, Medvedchuk graduated from high school in Borova, Fastiv Raion (Kyiv Oblast). In November 1971, Medvedchuk found a job as sorter at the Kyiv Railroad Post office factory producing periodicals. According to Dmytro Chobit, by the start of 1972, he was an overstaffed militsiya (the police of the Soviet Union) worker at the Motovylivka station (located in Borova).[28]

      In the summer of 1972, Medvedchuk successfully passed an entrance exam to the Law School of KSU Shevchenko (now the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv). However he was not admitted. On 12 September 1972, he was enrolled in the university by the Rector's order #445, based on the authorization from the Ministry of the Interior of the Ukrainian SSR.[28] According to Dmytro Chobot, Medvedchuk was allowed to study at the university only thanks to a special recommendation from the police.[28]

      After graduation, he tried to enroll at the Higher School of Militsiya, but was rejected due to his family history. He graduated from the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv in 1978 as a lawyer.[13][29]

      In 1979, Medvedchuk became a member of the Shevchenkivska Legal Consultation of the Kyiv City Collegiate of Attorneys.[13][29]

      In 1979, Medvedchuk was the lawyer for repressed poet Yuriy Lytvyn. In his last word in court on 17 December 1979, Lytvyn described Medvedchuk's work as a lawyer: "The passivity of my lawyer Medvedchuk in defense is not due to his professional profanity, but to the instructions he received from above and his subordination: he does not dare reveal the mechanism according to which provocations were implemented against me."[30] Lytvyn was convicted and died in prison.[29] According to official documents, in 1979 Medvedchuk appealed the verdict against Lytvyn issued by the Vasylkiv court and referred to the incompleteness of the investigation carried out in the case to request the Kyiv Regional Court to annul the verdict and send the case for a new trial.[29]

      In 1980, Medvedchuk was appointed as a defence lawyer in the trial of dissident poet Vasyl Stus.[31][32] According to the testimony of people close to Stus (his wife and friend Yevgeny Sverstyuk), Stus refused to be defended by Medvedchuk, because "he immediately felt that Medvedchuk was an aggressive Komsomol type person, he didn't protect him, he didn't want to understand him, and, in fact, he was not interested in his business." Nevertheless, Medvedchuk remained Stus's lawyer despite the protests of his client.[33]

      According to the "Chronicle of Current Events", Medvedchuk's plea at the Stus trial was as follows: "The lawyer said in his speech that all of Stus's crimes deserve to be punished, but he asks to pay attention to the fact that Stus, working in 1979–1980 at the enterprises of Kyiv, fulfilled the norm; in addition, he underwent a severe stomach operation."[34][31] According to Ukrainian lawyers Roman Titikalo and Ilya Kotin, Medvedchuk seems to have recognized the guilt of his client Stus during the court case. In doing so, Medvedchuk violated his professional duty as lawyer since he seemed to refuse to defend Stus, which grossly violated Stus's right to defense in court.[35]

      Stus died after he declared a hunger strike on 4 September 1985 in Perm-36, a Soviet forced labor camp for political prisoners.[36] In a 2018 interview with The Independent, Medvedchuk claimed he could not have operated differently: "Stus denounced the Soviet government, and didn't consider it to be legitimate. Everyone decides their own fate. Stus admitted he agitated against the Soviet government. He was found guilty by the laws of the time. When the laws changed, the case was dropped. Unfortunately, he died."[14]

      In 1985, he was a lawyer at the trial of poet Mikola Kuntsevich. According to Kuntsevich's memoirs, Medvedchuk "poured more dirt on him than the prosecutor." After Medvedchuk asked the court to dismiss one of Kuntsevich's motions, he challenged him and repeated the challenge several times, but each time the court dismissed it. In his last word, Medvedchuk said: "I completely agree with a comrade prosecutor in determining the sentence. But, for reasons incomprehensible to me, comrade prosecutor forgot that the defendant had not yet left one year and nine months from the previous term. I consider it necessary to add this period to the new punishment." This request was granted by the court.[37]

      Medvedchuk founded a successful legal company, BIM, in the early 1990s.[38] From 1990 to 1997, he was the president of the Bar Association of Ukraine.[39] Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Medvedchuk was a leading member of the Kyiv Seven, one of the three most powerful political clans in Ukrainian politics.[40][41]

      On 24 May 2023 Medvedchuk was stripped (disbarred) of the right to practise law in Ukraine by the Qualification and Disciplinary Commission of the Bar of Kyiv Oblast.[42] Efforts to disbar Medvedchuk had been ongoing since as early as 2016.[42]

      First parliamentary tenure

      In 1994, Medvedchuk became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united). He served as chairman from 1998 until two days after the 26 March 2006 parliamentary election.[13][43][44]

      Medvedchuk first entered the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) in 1997 by winning a by-election in the 171st District (in the Zakarpattia Oblast).[13][44][45] Reelected to the Verkhovna Rada in 1998,[38] he was elected Second Deputy Chairman in July 1998.[46] In 2002, he was reelected to the Verkhovna Rada.[38] Medvedchuk was the First Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada from February 2000 until December 2001, when he was dismissed for abuse of power, biased treatment of the Verkhovna Rada's agenda and procedural violations.[47]

      Head of the Presidential Administration of Ukraine

      From June 2002[38] until January 2005,[48][49] Medvedchuk served as head of President Leonid Kuchma's presidential administration.[43][50] As such, he was a leading target for criticism by the opposition, including Viktor Yushchenko, who often spoke out bitterly against Medvedchuk. Medvedchuk was considered the main behind-the-scenes man of then Prime Minister and pro-Kuchma presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovych in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election,[13] which was nicknamed the "battle of three Viktors" after them and their main opponent Yushchenko.

      In one instance, Medvedchuk paid a "huge amount of money" to the Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian People's Self-Defence leader Eduard Kovalenko to hold a march supporting Yushchenko against his wishes. The march included Nazi-like flags and symbols, and Kovalenko used a Nazi salute in his support speech. The move was meant to discredit the democratic candidate (Yushchenko) in the eyes of Western observers.[51]

      Failing to return to parliament

      In the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Medvedchuk was placed third on the election list of the Opposition Bloc "Ne Tak".[39] This alliance failed to win parliamentary representation, with 1.01% of the total votes.[52] Medvedchuk did not take part in elections again until 2019.[39]

      In November 2008, Medvedchuk became a member of the Supreme Council of Justice.[43][53] Focus evaluated Medvedchuk's assets in 2008 to be worth $460 million and labeled him the 57th richest man of Ukraine.[13]

      On 21 March 2012, he stated he would be "returning to public politics not for the sake of the elections, as I strongly believe that all things that take place are not the result of elections, but the result of our mistakes during elections".[43][54] In a September/October 2013 poll by Razumkov Centre, a party led by Medvedchuk would score 0.9% of the votes during elections.[55]

      A December 2013 poll by the Sociological group "RATING" gave it 0.7% and predicted that Medvedchuk's result in the first round ballot of the next (Ukrainian) presidential election would be 0.9%.[56] During 2013, Ukrainian experts argued that Medvedchuk's attempts to influence public opinion had failed.[12]

      Accusations of involvement in Euromaidan suppression

      Medvedchuk is chairman of the pro-Russian political organization Ukrainian Choice.[12] In 2013, he began publicly attacking the European Union, at one point comparing it to the Nazi Third Reich.[57]

      Medvedchuk was an open and bitter critic of the Euromaidan protest campaign of November 2013–February 2014 (initially aimed at reverting the second Azarov government decision to suspend preparations for signing an Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the European Union[58]). On 30 November, he condemned a series of protests, known as Euromaidan, that supported closer ties between Ukraine and the EU.[59] After one of his December 2013 meetings with Russia's president Vladimir Putin, Medvedchuk publicly promised to "deal with" pro-European protesters in Ukraine.

      Euromaidan activists alleged that Medvedchuk was among the masterminds of the attempted murder of Ukrainian journalist Tetiana Chornovol on 25 December 2013.[60] They called him a "perpetrator" and linked his name to the bloody events of the government strike against the Euromaidan.[61] Considering all Medvedchuk's recent activity directed at pushing Ukraine into economic union with Russia, the Euromaidan activists came to one of the Medvedchuks' villas to protest.[61]

      The same day, Medvedchuk claimed that he was "ready for the war" with the Ukrainian opposition parties.[62] The next day, the Ukrayinska Pravda newspaper published an investigative article on Medvedchuk's allegedly illegal takeover of a government property back in 2004, while Head of Administration for the Ukrainian President. The source of the information was named as Mykhailo Chechetov (the state property chief at the time), who had been "forced" (in his own words) to help Medvedchuk in that deal.[63]

      On 8 January 2014, Medvedchuk won a slander lawsuit against Oksana Zabuzhko. In an interview with Radio Liberty the writer had accused Medvedchuk of involvement in the provocations against Euromaidan on 30 November – 1 December (Medvedchuk had demanded a token amount of ₴0.25 as a compensation).[64]

      Medvedchuk stated on 9 January 2014 that "The absence of the translation of the text of the [EU] Association Agreement, the provision of excessive asymmetric privileges to European manufacturers – all this indicates that the EU was preparing to turn the Ukrainian economy into its raw material appendage".[65] He also believed that because "the current team" leading Ukraine response to "interference in Ukraine's internal affairs by EU and U.S. diplomats inspire serious doubt that the current team is able to protect Ukraine's economic interests".[65] "Therefore, before the adoption by the Ukrainian people of the direct decision on the choice of the vector of external integration any actions by the authorities on lobbying this policy are only political speculation, which has nothing to do with the will of the people and the protection of the economic interests of our country".[65]

      Alleged involvement in the 2014 separatist movements and Russo-Ukrainian War

      On 17 March 2014 the United States placed Medvedchuk on its sanction list to punish him for his alleged role during the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea.[66] Since the March 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, Crimea is under dispute by Russia and Ukraine.[67] In an August 2016 interview with Radio Svoboda, Medvedchuk stated that from a legal point of view, Crimea is part of Ukraine, "but de facto, unfortunately, it belongs to Russia."[68]

      In the same interview, Medvedchuk accused the Ukrainian authorities of "pushing the peninsula away, pushing its inhabitants away" which allegedly prompted them to agree to the annexation.[68] He also stated that Ukraine "If the Ukrainian government wanted to return Crimea" should restore the electricity and water supply to Crimea through the North Crimean Canal and should stop its economic blockade (of Crimea).[68] Allegedly, if this would happen "There would be no cessation of rail, freight and passenger traffic."[68]

      Medvedchuk was present at negotiations with the armed separatist in the Donetsk and Luhansk provinces on 21 June 2014 to discuss President Petro Poroshenko's peace plan although it was unclear whom he represented there.[69][70] In May 2021 Medvedchuk claimed he was first authorized for these negotiations by acting Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov, and later by President Poroshenko.[71] This was immediately denied by Turchynov.[72]

      On 24 June 2014, the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) informed the OSCE that Medvedchuk was appointed their representative in the negotiations with the Ukrainian Government.[73] On 8 July 2014, self-proclaimed Prime Minister of the Donetsk People's Republic Alexander Borodai stated that Medvedchuk "has no right to represent either the Donetsk People's Republic or the Luhansk People's Republic" and that he was a "mediator in the negotiations".[74] About the negotiations, Medvedchuk wrote on his Facebook page on 28 June 2014, "Hope that a compromise will be found has appeared and we'll manage to find a way of the present situation, retaining the territorial integrity of Ukraine and restoring peace".[75]

      On 8 July 2014, it was reported that Medvedchuk would not be involved in further negotiations with the separatists.[76][77] However, in December 2014, he officially received the status of a negotiator from Ukraine on the exchange of prisoners with the separatists. He became Ukraine's special representative for humanitarian affairs in the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine on 5 June 2015.[78][79][80] In June 2021 Petro Poroshenko claimed that Medvedchuk had been involved in the prisoner exchange negotiations on the insistence of Russian President Vladimir Putin.[81]

      In an August 2016 interview with Radio Free Europe, Medvedchuk urged the Ukrainian authorities to "reach a consensus" directly with the militant leadership ("DPR" and "LPR"), because, according to him, "there is no other way to return these territories".[68]

      In a 2018 interview with The Independent, Medvedchuk claimed that the United States was interfering in the affairs of what he called the "brotherly" nations Ukraine and Russia.[14] He claimed that Russian president Vladimir Putin wanted peace in Donbas and that Putin would do everything to protect eastern Ukrainians from repressions from Ukraine's "party of war".[14] He admitted that Russia was illegally arming separatist forces but said that the United States, NATO and the EU were doing "the same" by providing weapons to Ukraine.[14]

      Return to the parliament

      Meeting between Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev and Gazprom chairman Alexey Miller with Yuriy Boyko and Viktor Medvedchuk in 2019

      In November 2018, Medvedchuk was elected chairman of the political council of (the political party) For life.[15] In December 2018, this party merged into the Opposition Platform — For Life party.[17] In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 37 seats on the nationwide party list and 6 constituency seats.[16] In this election, Medvedchuk was placed third on the election list of Opposition Platform — For Life and thus elected to the Verkhovna Rada.[17][16]

      In October 2020, the Kyiv Court of Appeals overturned the decision of a lower court to ban the distribution of the book The case of Vasyl Stus as demanded by Medvedchuk.[82] This non-fiction book details the criminal case of Ukrainian poet Vasyl Stus who was imprisoned by the Soviet Union.[83] Medvedchuk was the defence lawyer in the trial of Stus.[31][32]

      Terrorism criminal case

      On 19 February 2021, the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine included Medvedchuk and his wife, Oksana Marchenko, on the Ukrainian sanctions list, due to the financing of terrorism.[18] It was claimed he was channeling money from his Russia-based refinery to the separatists of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in eastern Ukraine.[84] Medvedchuk has denied the accusations.[84] The sanctions froze the assets of Medvedchuk and his wife for three years and prevented them from doing business in Ukraine (most of Medvedchuk's assets were registered under his wife's name).[85] Ukrainian authorities announced that an oil pipeline that was reportedly controlled by Medvedchuk which transports Russian oil products to Europe would be nationalised.[85]

      On 11 May 2021, Medvedchuk and fellow Opposition Platform — For Life lawmaker Taras Kozak were named as suspects for alleged high treason and the illegal exploitation of natural resources in Ukraine's Russian-annexed Crimea.[86][87] Three days later Medvedchuk was put under house arrest and fitted with an electronic tracking device.[88] On 14 May 2021 Russian authorities began the process of liquidating the Russian company Novye Proekty which was allegedly used by Medvedchuk for his alleged illegal exploitations in Crimea.[89]

      In 2021, (ex-President of Ukraine) Petro Poroshenko was named as a co-suspect in the criminal case against Medvedchuk.[90] Medvedchuk's house arrest was prolonged four times, which means that Medvedchuk was supposed to spend at least 10 months under house arrest, even though Ukrainian law allows for a maximum of six months' house arrest.[91]

      Medvedchuk and his business partner Kozak have money in Belarusian banks, which are controlled by business associates of President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, Aliaksei Aleksin and Mikalai Varabei.[92] They also have common business interests.[92]

      In May 2021, Ukrainian media published recorded audio in which Medvedchuk congratulated the leader of the so-called Donetsk People's Republic Denis Pushilin on Victory Day and wished him further "victories". In addition, Medvedchuk stated that he was impressed by a military parade in Donetsk.[93]

      Sanctions

      On 17 March 2014 the United States placed Medvedchuk on its sanction list to punish him for his alleged role during the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea.[66]

      On 19 February 2021, the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine included Medvedchuk and his wife, Oksana Marchenko, on the Ukrainian sanctions list, due to alleged financing of terrorism.[18]

      In January 2022, Medvedchuk was placed under sanctions by the United States, accusing him of involvement in a plot to set up a collaborator government in the wake of a Russian invasion.[94]

      Sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to Russo-Ukrainian War. [95]

      2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

      Medvedchuk in custody of the Security Service of Ukraine

      During a massive build-up of Russian troops around Ukraine's borders in the first weeks of 2022, Medvedchuk was one of two people (the other one being Oleg Tsaryov) identified by the United States intelligence community as a possible Kremlin-supported choice to lead a pro-Russia puppet Ukrainian government.[96][lower-alpha 1]

      On the opening day of the invasion, 24 February 2022, some analysts expected that Putin may have wanted to install Medvedchuk as president of Ukraine if Russian forces captured Kyiv.[98][lower-alpha 2] According to the sources of Ukrainska Pravda Ukrainian intelligence services believe that Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament) Ruslan Stefanchuk was to be deposed on 27 February 2022 and Medvedchuk would have become Chairman in the place of Stefanchuk[lower-alpha 3] and, with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy being deposed, accordingly acting president.[101] This day eight years earlier pro-Russian gunmen seized Crimea's parliament building and Council of Ministers building.[101]

      On 26 February 2022 Medvedchuk managed to prevent the expulsion of Illia Kyva from the parliamentary faction of Opposition Platform — For Life (Kyva had expressed his public support for the Russian invasion).[101]

      Medvedchuk escaped house arrest on 27 February 2022.[20][102] The Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs claimed that Medvedchuk had fled house arrest, while his lawyer claimed that he had been "evacuated to a safe place in Kyiv", after alleged threats had been made to his personal safety.[102]

      On 8 March 2022, Medvedchuk was deprived of the post of co-chairman of the political party Opposition Platform — For Life.[22]

      Although Medvedchuk's whereabouts were still unknown on 18 March 2022, on that date an investigating judge granted the prosecutor's request to impose an in absentia precautionary measure.[103][104][lower-alpha 4]

      On 12 April 2022, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) arrested Medvedchuk in "a lightning-fast and dangerous multi-level special operation",[23] claiming they had foiled an attempt by Russia to get him out of the country.[105] Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy released a photo of Medvedchuk in handcuffs wearing a Ukrainian military uniform.[23] Zelenskyy suggested exchanging Medvedchuk for Ukrainian prisoners of war held by Russia, but on 13 April Russian officials refused this offer.[106] Medvedchuk had never left Kyiv, but had been hiding in a luxurious three-story house near Protasiv Yar.[101]

      On 16 April 2022, the Lychakivskyi District court of Lviv sent Medvedchuk into custody without the possibility of bail and on 3 August, the court extended his term of detention without setting any bail within the period of pre-trial investigation.[107]

      On 18 April 2022 Medvedchuk released an appeal to the Presidents of Russia and Ukraine to be exchanged for Ukrainian troops and civilians who were trapped in the Siege of Mariupol.[108] The following day Russian presidential press secretary Dmitry Peskov stated that Medvedchuk's appeal "has been seen, and there is no reaction [from the Kremlin] for the time being."[109]

      On 21 September 2022, as part of a prisoner swap, Ukraine handed over Medvedchuk and 55 Russian prisoners of war to Russia per the Security Service of Ukraine;[9] Russia in turn handed over 215[6] POWs, including 188 members from the Azov Regiment (including survivors of the Siege of Azovstal), members of the 36th Marine Brigade, National Policemen, Border Guards and an agent of the Security Service.[6][110] Also freed were foreign volunteers serving in the Ukrainian Armed Forces Aiden Aslin, Shaun Pinner, Brahim Saadoun — who were condemned to death by a tribunal set by the Donetsk People's Republic.[111] The swap was brokered by Saudi Arabia.[9] In the swap it was agreed that the five leaders of the Azov Regiment who were released as part of the prisoner exchange will remain in Turkey until the end of the war.[6] The swap caused controversy in Russia among hardliners and pro-war supporters, as Russian officials had previously been against the exchange of Azov Regiment members, with State Duma speaker Vyacheslav Volodin in June calling them "Nazi criminals" who must be brought to justice, the Embassy of Russia in the United Kingdom tweeted in July that the fighters should be hanged adding “They deserve a humiliating death.”[112][113] and the Russian government designating it as a terrorist group in August, allowing for harsher punishments for captured fighters under Russian law.[114]

      On 10 January 2023, Medvedchuk was stripped of his Ukrainian citizenship alongside three other people's deputies.[1][115]

      Medvedchuk's term as People's Deputy of Ukraine was terminated by parliament on 13 January 2023.[24] 320 members of parliament voted to strip Medvedchuk of his position as a people’s deputy.[25]

      Exile

      On 16 January 2022 Medvedchuk published an article in the Russian newspaper Izvestia in which he blamed "the collective West" for creating the conditions that lead to what he labelled the "Ukrainian conflict," and advocated for taking Russian interests into account.[116][117] In the article, Medvedchuk did not mention, nor condemn, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[117][116] Reporting about this opinion piece, Russia's TASS news agency stated that this was "his first article for the Russian media after arriving in Russia from Ukraine as a result of a detainee exchange."[118]

      In April 2023 Medvedchuk created the "Second Ukraine" movement.[119] This organisation claims that Ukraine is ruled by Nazi's and repeats other Russian disinformation.[119] Various fugitives from Ukraine joined this organisation: political commentators (from already closed pro-Russian TV channels) like Ruslan Kotsaba, deputies of local councils from Opposition Platform — For Life and other fled Ukrainians accused of treason and separatism by the Ukrainian authorities.[119] In December 2023 a branch of "Second Ukraine", who claimed to be an international organisation, was opened in Serbia.[120]

      Personal life

      Family

      Medvedchuk has been married three times.[121] He is divorced from Marina Lebedeva and Natalya Gavrilyuk.[13] He is currently married to Oksana Marchenko,[121][13] a well-known TV presenter in Ukraine.[121][122] He has two daughters: Irina (born 1982) with Gavrilyuk, and Daryna (born 2004) with Marchenko.[13] Russian president Vladimir Putin is the godfather of Daryna.[121][123] Since 2021 Daryna is studying at the National Research University Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Russia.[4]

      In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Medvedchuk's brother Serhiy lost as an Opposition Platform — For Life candidate in single-seat constituency 105 (Luhansk Oblast).[124]

      Five days before the 24 February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Medvedchuk's wife, Oksana Marchenko, left for Belarus.[125] She later published a video from Moscow.[125] On 11 April 2023 the Ukrainian police issued an arrest warrant for Marchenko on the grounds that she was "hiding from pre-trial investigation authorities."[126]

      In February 2023 Medvedchuk confirmed that following his 21 September 2022 prisoner exchange he has lived in Moscow, Russia.[4]

      Wealth

      The Royal Romance

      In 2008 the Ukrainian magazine Focus estimated Medvedchuk's wealth at $460 million.[121] His investments included energy, resources and media.[121]

      On 13 March 2022, Ukrainian media reported that Medvedchuk had in his possession a replica of a Pullman dining car.[21][94] Allegedly this wagon had been a birthday present from his wife Oksana Marchenko.[21]

      Medvedchuk's $200M 93-meter yacht, the Royal Romance, was seized in the Croatian port of Rijeka in March 2022.[94]

      In July 2022, Medvedchuk's Bell 427 helicopter and a Gulfstream G650 business jet was seized and handed over to the Ukrainian Army, as part of the ongoing investigation on him for abuse of power and embezzlement.[127]

      Relationship with Vladimir Putin

      In Ukraine, Medvedchuk is considered an ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin.[10] He has frequently been referred to as "a personal friend of Putin".[10] The two first met in 2003, during Medvedchuk's tenure as Head of Ukraine's Presidential Administration.[14] In 2004, Putin became godfather to Medvedchuk's youngest daughter Darya.[122] According to Medvedchuk, this was at request of his wife, TV presenter Oksana Marchenko, and that she had asked him to persuade Putin to accept.[122]

      In an August 2016 Radio Svoboda interview, Medvedchuk stated that his relationship with Putin was helping him to "help the interests of (Ukraine)."[68] In a 2018 interview with The Independent, Medvedchuk claimed that he used his relationship with Putin to help prisoner exchanges in the War in Donbass.[14] He stated that, unlike Putin, he sees Ukraine and Russia as two separate "Slavic nations, with intertwined histories, religion. I tell him this all the time. I don't think it's one nation. You simply can't say this."[14] In the 2018 interview, he claimed he "often" discussed Ukraine with Putin.[14]

      In his 2015 book All the Kremlin's Men, Russian journalist Mikhail Zygar claimed that Putin believed that no question involving Ukraine could be solved without Medvedchuk.[14][128]

      In a 2019 interview with filmmaker Oliver Stone, Putin did acknowledge that he was godfather to Medvedchuk's daughter.[129] Putin described their relationship as "I would not say that we are very close but we know each other well."[129]

      Notes

      1. ↑ The British government concurrently named Yevheniy Murayev as another potential Kremlin favorite to lead a puppet government.[96][97]
      2. ↑ Although the capture of Kyiv appeared to be a primary Russian military goal in the first weeks of the war, on 2 April 2022 Russian forces abandoned their Kyiv offensive.[99][100]
      3. ↑ In order to make this plan (Medvedchuk becoming Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament)) a reality he would have needed 226 votes from his fellow MP's while his own party Opposition Platform — For Life had only 44 seats and no allies in parliament.[101]
      4. ↑ On 22 March 2022 Ukrainian Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktova stated that there was no official information as to Medvedchuk having crossed the Ukrainian border.[103]

      See also

      References

      1. 1 2 "Free world has everything necessary to stop Russian aggression; it is important for global democracy - address by the President of Ukraine". President of Ukraine Official Website. 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
      2. ↑ "СБУ утверждает, что у Медведчука есть российский паспорт". РИА Новости. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
      3. ↑ Kochubey, Bogdan (11 January 2023). "Zelenskiy strips Putin ally Medvedchuk, three others of Ukrainian citizenship". Reuters. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
      4. 1 2 3 "I currently live in Moscow on permanent basis "by necessity" – Medvedchuk". Ukrainska Pravda. 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
      5. ↑ "Putin Ally Medvedchuk, 55 Servicemen Freed in Swap With Ukraine". Moscow Times. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
      6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Members of National Guard of Ukraine, police officers, border guards, security serviceman exchanged for Medvedchuk". Ukrainska Pravda. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
      7. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (2005). Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09545-7.
      8. 1 2 Kinstler, Linda (28 May 2015). "The 12 people who ruined Ukraine". POLITICO.
      9. 1 2 3 "Russia confirms 55 servicemen freed in prisoner swap with Ukraine". Reuters. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
      10. 1 2 3 (in Ukrainian) Viktor Medvedchuk: political legalization, Hromadske.TV (7 August 2018).
      11. ↑ Stedman, Scott; Bernardini, Matt (30 April 2021). "Giuliani Probe Expands, Ukrainian Ally Under Criminal Investigation: Former Ukrainian politician Andrii Artemenko received a secret payment in 2019 from a television station owned by Putin's closest ally in Ukraine. The FBI is now investigating the Giuliani ally". Forensic News. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
      12. 1 2 3 Kremlin-imposed "Ukrainian choice", The Ukrainian Week (3 July 2012).
        Playing opposition, Den (15 August 2013).
        Russia's Plan For Ukraine: Purported Leaked Strategy Document Raises Alarm, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (20 August 2013).
      13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (in Russian) Медведчук Виктор Владимирович, Информационно-аналитический центр "ЛІГА"
      14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The return of the godfather: How Putin's best friend in Ukraine is staging an improbable comeback, The Independent (30 August 2018).
      15. 1 2 "Medvedchuk elected head of political board of Za Zhyttia party". Interfax-Ukraine.
      16. 1 2 3 4 CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections, Ukrinform (26 July 2019).
        (in Russian) Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 July 2019).
      17. 1 2 3 (in Ukrainian) Medvedchuk goes to the polls without the "Opposition Bloc", Hromadske.TV (6 June 2019).
      18. 1 2 3 (in Ukrainian) Youtube blocked the broadcast of Medvedchuk's channel, Ukrayinska Pravda (5 March 2021)
      19. ↑ Court gives permission to detain Kozak, Ukrayinska Pravda (20 May 2021)
      20. 1 2 Ukrainian civilians — inspired by ‘The Matrix’ — hunt Russian ‘saboteurs’ in Kyiv, New York Post (2 March 2022)
      21. 1 2 3 "A "golden" car was found in Medvedchuk's possession". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
      22. 1 2 (in Ukrainian) Boyko became the chairman of the political council of the OPZH. Medvedchuk was deprived of the post of co-chairman, Lb.ua (8 March 2022)
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        (in Ukrainian) "The SBU caught Medvedchuk". Ukrayinska Pravda. 12 April 2022.
      24. 1 2 "The council took the mandates from Medvedchuk and 4 more nardeps". Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
      25. 1 2 "Верховная рада лишила Медведчука мандата". РБК (in Russian). Retrieved 13 January 2023.
      26. 1 2 3 Kuzio, Taras (2015). Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism. Abc-Clio. p. 148. ISBN 9781440835032.
      27. 1 2 (in Russian) Myths and legends about Victor Medvedchuk, from-ua.com (3 July 2015).
      28. 1 2 3 Chobit, Dmytro (2001). "З РАННЬОЇ БІОГРАФІЇ". Нарцис, або Штрихи до політичного портрету Віктора Медведчука [Narciso, o colpi al ritratto politico di Viktor Medvedchuk].
      29. 1 2 3 4 (in Ukrainian) Medvedchuk's role: Yuriy Lytvyn and Vasyl Stus had one lawyer and died in the same camp, Ukrayinska Pravda (9 July 2020).
      30. ↑ "Сучасність (журнал)" (PDF) (in Ukrainian).
      31. 1 2 3 "Ukrainian Dissident Hero Poet Vasyl Stus". What's On Kyiv.
      32. 1 2 SHCHERBYTSKYY ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN UKRAINE by Taras Kuzio, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (11 March 2003).
      33. ↑ "Адвокат Василя Стуса". 3 August 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
      34. ↑ ""ХРОНИКА ТЕКУЩИХ СОБЫТИЙ", №58 (МОСКВА, САМИЗДАТ, 1980. – С.74-78)". Права Людини в Україні.
      35. ↑ Стус без шансу на захист: ведмежа послуга Медведчука, 23 серпня 2016, Українська Правда
      36. ↑ Vasyl Stus – His Life, the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (1 March 1999).
      37. ↑ Середа, Софія; Паутов, Володимир (8 September 2018). "Адвокат Медведчук лив на мене більше бруду, ніж прокурор – дисидент Кунцевич". Радіо Свобода (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 September 2019.
      38. 1 2 3 4 KUCHMA'S MEN LINE UP FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, The Jamestown Foundation (10 June 2003).
      39. 1 2 3 Small biography on Viktor Medvedchuk, Civil movement "Chesno" (in Ukrainian)
      40. ↑ "Російська преса розказує всю правду про Григорія Суркіса" [Russian press tells all on Hryhoriy Surkis]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 10 June 2000. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
      41. ↑ Mostova, Yulia; Rakhmanin, Serhiy (15 March 2002). "УКРАЇНА ПАРТІЙНА. ЧАСТИНА VI СОЦІАЛ-ДЕМОКРАТИЧНА ПАРТІЯ УКРАЇНИ (ОБ'ЄДНАНА)" [Parties of Ukraine, Part 6: The Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)]. Dzerkalo Tyzhnia (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 24 May 2023.
      42. 1 2 "Exiled pro-Kremlin Ukrainian politician stripped of right to practise law in Ukraine". Ukrainska Pravda. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
      43. 1 2 3 4 Medvedchuk says he returns to public politics, Kyiv Post (21 March 2012).
      44. 1 2 Medvedchuk Victor, Kyiv Post
      45. ↑ (in Ukrainian) УКРАЇНА ПАРТІЙНА. ЧАСТИНА VI СОЦІАЛ-ДЕМОКРАТИЧНА ПАРТІЯ УКРАЇНИ (ОБ'ЄДНАНА), (16 March 2002).
      46. ↑ Parliament ends speaker deadlock, Kyiv Post (10 July 1998).
      47. ↑ Ukraine's parliament dismisses first deputy speaker, Kyiv Post (13 December 2001).
      48. ↑ Medvedchuk emerges from shadows, Kyiv Post (27 January 2005).
      49. ↑ Controversial Presidential Administration head Medvedchuk resigns, Kyiv Post (14 December 2004).
      50. ↑ Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough by Anders Aslund and Michael A. McFaul, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006, ISBN 978-0-87003-221-9
      51. ↑ Anton Shekhovtsov (3 February 2014). "Pro-Russian network behind the anti-Ukrainian defamation campaign".
      52. ↑ Party of the Regions, Tymoshenko Bloc top polls, The Ukrainian Weekly (2 April 2006) [summary of results right on the front page]
        (in Ukrainian) All-Ukrainian Union "Center" entry at the Databases ASD: Political parties in Ukraine
      53. ↑ Medvedchuk returns to state power, UNIAN (5 November 2008).
      54. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Медведчук перед виборами оселився у Facebook і інших соцмережах, Ukrayinska Pravda (14 March 2012).
      55. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Електоральні орієнтації громадян України та ставлення до провідних політиків, Razumkov Centre (14 October 2013).
      56. ↑ The socio-political situation in Ukraine: December 2013, Sociological group "RATING" (25 December 2013).
      57. ↑ Европа прячет свои истинные намерения за так называемыми демократическими ценностями, – Медведчук. RBC (in Russian). 24 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
      58. ↑ "Ukraine drops EU plans and looks to Russia". Al Jazeera. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
      59. ↑ "Medvedchuk condemns crackdown on Euromaidan protesters in Kyiv". Kviv Post. 30 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
      60. ↑ Medvedchuk can be one among the others behinds the attack to Chornovol Ukrayinska Pravda, 28 December 2013.
      61. 1 2 Activists came to Medvedchuk and have broken the gate Ukrayinska Pravda, 29 December 2013.
      62. ↑ Medvedchuk to Euromaidan: You want a war? I'm skilled Ukrayinska Pravda, 29 December 2013.
      63. ↑ People ask Medvedchuk to tell the history of his property Ukrayinska Pravda, 30 December 2013.
      64. ↑ Medvedchuk wins slander lawsuit against Zabuzhko, Interfax-Ukraine (9 January 2014).
      65. 1 2 3 Government continues political speculation about choice of Ukraine's integration vector – Medvedchuk, Interfax-Ukraine (9 January 2014).
      66. 1 2 Putin’s key Ukraine ally charged with treason, Atlantic Council (13 May 2021)
      67. ↑ Gutterman, Steve (18 March 2014). "Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions". Reuters.com. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
      68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (in Ukrainian) Medvedchuk: De jure Crimea is Ukraine, but de facto Russia, Ukrayinska Pravda (24 August 2016).
      69. ↑ "NSDC says Medvedchuk not representing Ukraine at peace plan talks". UKR Inform.
      70. ↑ "Separatists in Ukraine agree to honor cease-fire". Washington Post.
      71. ↑ Medvedchuk: Turchynov and Poroshenko officially authorized to negotiate with militants, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 May 2021)
      72. ↑ Turchynov said he had asked Medvedchuk to hand him over to Putin, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 May 2021)
      73. ↑ (in Ukrainian) The separatists have informed the OSCE that Medvedchuk – that their representative, Ukrayinska Pravda (24 June 2014).
      74. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Boroday explained why the gunmen went to the Slavic and the sympathy for Medvedchuk, Ukrayinska Pravda (8 July 2014).
      75. ↑ Medvedchuk hopes compromise to be found during consultations on settling situation in east Ukraine, Interfax-Ukraine (28 June 2014).
      76. ↑ "Medvedchuk won't be present at tripartite talks anymore". UKR Inform. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
      77. ↑ "Minsk hosting Ukraine-OSCE-Russia contact group meeting to settle conflict in eastern Ukraine". Столичное телевидение – СТВ.
      78. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Medvedchuk negotiated gas with Russia and delayed the exchange of prisoners – film, Ukrayinska Pravda (8 June 2021)
      79. ↑ Medvedchuk: Ukraine nixes '25-for-50' prisoner swap, Interfax-Ukraine (14 March 2014).
      80. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Medvedchuk will represent Ukraine in the subgroup of Humanitarian Affairs Tripartite Working Group 1852, Ukrainian News Agency (5 June 2015)
      81. ↑ (in Ukrainian) "Zombies" – Poroshenko commented on the investigation into "Medvedchuk's films", Ukrayinska Pravda (10 June 2021)
      82. ↑ "Sales of book about Stus reached more than 100 thousand copies". imi.org.ua. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
      83. ↑ Ukraine Claims Russian Military Police Are Destroying Their History Books, Newsweek, 24 March 2022
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      85. 1 2 Ukrainian President Signs Decree Imposing Sanctions Against Medvedchuk, Others With Ties To Kremlin, Radio Free Europe (19 February 2021)
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      87. ↑ "Медведчук прибув до Офісу генпрокурора (відео)". www.unian.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
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      89. ↑ Russian authorities have decided to liquidate the company through which Medvedchuk received suspicion, Ukrayinska Pravda (14 May 2021)
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      91. ↑ Ivanitsky, Aleksandr (10 January 2022). "Медведчуку продлили домашний арест" [Medvedchuk extended house arrest]. korrespondent.net (in Russian). Retrieved 9 March 2022.
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      93. ↑ В СМИ появилась запись вероятного разговора Медведчука с главарем «ДНР» Пушилиным, NV, (8 May 2021)
      94. 1 2 3 Ukraine announces arrest of Putin ally in ‘lightning-fast’ operation, The Guardian (13 April 2022)
      95. ↑ "CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK" (PDF). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
      96. 1 2 "США назвали нового возможного главу марионеточного правительства в Киеве: Вашингтон объясняет публикацию разведданных нежеланием дать Москве поводы для оправдания конфликта" [The United States named the new possible head of the puppet government in Kiev: Washington explains the publication of intelligence data as unwillingness to give Moscow reasons to justify the conflict]. Moscow Times (in Russian). 15 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
      97. ↑ "Кто такой Евгений Мураев, которого Лондон назвал возможным ставленником Москвы на Украине: Экс-депутат выступает против Зеленского и Медведчука, находится под российскими санкциями и называет конфликт в Донбассе внутренним делом Украины" [Who is Yevgeny Muraev, whom London called a possible protege of Moscow in Ukraine: The ex-deputy opposes Zelensky and Medvedchuk, is under Russian sanctions and calls the conflict in Donbas an internal affair of Ukraine]. Moscow Times (in Russian). 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
      98. ↑ "If Putin Picks Puppet Ukraine Leader, Viktor Medvedchuk is Odds-on Favorite". Newsweek. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
      99. ↑ Ukraine ‘retakes whole Kyiv region’ as Russia looks east, aljazeera.com (3 April 2022)
      100. ↑ Ukraine counterattacks could see Russian troops 'encircled' and Kyiv offensive halted, ITV News (23 March 2022)
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      103. 1 2 "Wanted MP Medvedchuk Did Not Cross Border – Venediktova". Ukrainian News Agency. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
      104. ↑ "The court allowed Medvedchuk to be arrested". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
      105. ↑ "Ukraine: Fugitive Putin ally Medvedchuk arrested - security service". BBC. 15 April 2022.
      106. ↑ "Kremlin dismisses Ukraine's offer to free Putin ally in prisoner exchange". The Guardian. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
      107. ↑ "Court extends treason suspect Medvedchuk's detention period". NV. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
      108. ↑ "Medvedchuk proposes his exchange for Ukrainian troops, Mariupol residents". Interfax. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
      109. ↑ "No response from Kremlin to Medvedchuk's appeal to be swapped for people in Mariupol - Peskov". Interfax. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
      110. ↑ "Война в Украине: Россия обменяла более 200 украинских пленных, включая командиров с "Азовстали", взамен получила Медведчука - Новости на русском языке". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). Retrieved 21 September 2022.
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      114. ↑ "Russia declares Ukrainian military unit a terrorist group". AP NEWS. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
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      117. 1 2 "Ukrainian syndrome. Anatomy of the modern military confrontation". Izvestia (in Russian). 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
      118. ↑ "Medvedchuk publishes first article in Russian daily on situation in Ukraine after swap". TASS news agency. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
      119. 1 2 3 Medvedchuk recruited in his new « movement » in the Russian Federation accused in the state of political scientists and commentators who managed to escape from Ukraine – «Schems», Radio Free Europe (26 April 2023) (in Ukrainian)
      120. ↑ In Serbia, a branch of the Russian organization Medvedchuk "Drugaya Ukrain" was registered, UNIAN (7 December 2023) (in Ukrainian)
      121. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Factbox: Who is Ukraine's Viktor Medvedchuk, a prominent Putin ally?, Reuters through MSN News (13 April 2022)
      122. 1 2 3 Putin ally stages political comeback in Ukraine, France 24 (22 July 2019).
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      124. ↑ "Брат Медведчука програв вибори в Раду". Українська правда.
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      126. ↑ "Arrest warrant issued for wife of Kremlin-aligned ex-politician". Ukrayinska Pravda. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
      127. ↑ Jankowicz, Mia (8 July 2022). "A helicopter and private jet seized from a pro-Putin oligarch were handed over to Ukraine's army". Insider. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
      128. ↑ Zygar, Mikhail (2016). All the Kremlin's Men: Inside the Court of Vladimir Putin. S.l.: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610397391.
      129. 1 2 April 12 CNN updates Ukraine, CNN (12 April 2022)
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