Lula da Silva
Second presidency of Lula da Silva
1 January 2023 – present
CabinetSee list
PartyWorkers'
Election2022
SeatPalácio do Planalto (workplace)
Palácio da Alvorada (residence)

Standard of the president
Official website

The second presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva started on 1 January 2023, when he was inaugurated as the 39th President of Brazil.[1][2] Lula was elected for a third term as President of Brazil on 30 October 2022, by obtaining 50.9% of the valid votes in the 2022 Brazilian general election, defeating his far-right predecessor Jair Bolsonaro.[3] Lula is the first Brazilian president to ever be elected more than twice as well as being the oldest person to ever be elected president in Brazil.[4]

Background

On 20 May 2021, in an interview with French magazine Paris Match, Lula confirmed that he was a pre-candidate for the next year's elections.[5][6]

The Workers' Party national committee, on 13 April 2022, approved the nomination of former Governor of São Paulo Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) for vice president.[7] The ticket was officialized on 7 May, in a coalition formed by the Brazil of Hope Federation (formed by Workers' Party, Communist Party of Brazil and Green Party), Brazilian Socialist Party, Solidarity and PSOL REDE Federation.[8][9] With the withdrawal of André Janones on 4 August, the ticket received official support of Avante and Agir.[10]

On 2 October, the day of the first round, Lula placed first with 48.43% of the valid votes, leading to a runoff with Jair Bolsonaro, who garnered 43.20% of the valid votes.[11] Lula was elected in the second round, on 30 October, being the first President of Brazil elect for three terms and the first since Getúlio Vargas to be elected for a non-consecutive term. He was inaugurated on 1 January 2023.[12]

On 1 January 2023 Lula and Geraldo Alckmin were sworn in as president and vice-president of Brazil, respectively, for the time between January 1, 2023, and January 4, 2027.[13]

Government plan

Logo of the second Lula administration. "Union and Reconstruction"

Lula has as some of his main proposals in his government plan: "the reconstruction of the country facing the economic crisis; With democracy, sovereignty, and peace; With the economic development and stability; With the fight against poverty; With education; With the implementation of a National System of Culture and extension of housing programs".[14]

Planned executive decisions

Lula's administration planned several decisions reversing those made by Bolsonaro's administration, including:

Transition

In his victory speech, Lula adopted a moderate tone, saying he wants to "pacify the country". The new government will face a very conservative Congress, with many former ministers and people close to the Bolsonarism.[21]

On 1 November 2022, Vice President-elect Geraldo Alckmin was appointed as coordinator of the government-elect transition team.[22] On 3 November, Alckmin and the Chief of Staff of the Presidency, Ciro Nogueira, had a meeting to being the government transition.[23] The Vice President-elect also met with political leaderships, aiming to adjust the federal budget in 2022, to enable the objectives of the future administration.[24]

2023 invasion of the Brazilian Congress

In response to an attack by supporters of former President Bolsonaro on the Praça dos Três Poderes, Lula announced that he had signed a decree declaring a state of emergency in the Federal District until the end of January.[25]

Domestic affairs

Right after taking office on January 1, 2023, President Lula and his ministers took several measures to revert Bolsonaro's administration policies and/or create policies announced during the election campaign and the transition of power.

On the same day of his inauguration, Lula signed his first decrees, in an act that became known as "revogaço" (mass repeal of decrees), revoking the previous government's measures involving weapons, environment policies and top officials' data secrecy; According to Environment and Climate Change Minister Marina Silva, another "revogaço" is yet to come. The current "teto de gastos" (debt ceiling) fiscal policy, seen as impractical by government officials, is also expected to be replaced with other debt limit.[26]

On January 2, 2023, more "revogaços" happened, measures included stopping the privatization process of eight state-owned companies (including the Correios and Petrobras); almost a thousand appointees in federal posts linked in some way to the Bolsonaro government were dismissed.[27]

Economy

Lula in a meeting alongside finance minister Fernando Haddad

Among the measures on the first day of government, Lula signed a provisional measure extending the fuel tax exemption instituted by Bolsonaro in 2022. Bolsonaro's tax exemption was considered "demagogic" by minister Fernando Haddad and "electoral fraud" with "electoral bias" according to an analysis by several economists, as he did so with the intention of seeking re-election, but without facing "the real problem of fuel prices in the country, which is Petrobras' pricing policy".[28][29] Federal taxes remained zero for gasoline and ethanol until the end of February, while the exemption for natural gas, diesel and biodiesel will last until the end of the year; The extension, with an estimated impact of 25 billion reais, was seen as a defeat for Haddad and a victory for the president of the Workers' Party, Gleisi Hoffmann, concerned about the political impact that raising prices on the first day of government would cause.[30][31] At the end of February, the gradual re-encumbrance of gasoline and diesel was announced, as well as the taxation of crude oil exports for 4 months.[32][33]

Lula has been criticizing the president of the Central Bank of Brazil, Roberto Campos Neto, for maintaining the basic interest rate at 13.75% per year, and has even considered ending the institution's autonomy in the future.[34][35] The presidents of the Senate and the Chamber ruled out this possibility.[36][37] According to some analysts, these attacks by Lula on the president of the BC are "a shot on the foot", as they would increase the inflation expectations of economic agents, resulting in more inflation in practice, in addition to increasing future interest rates, having an effect contrary to the intended.[38][39] Campos Neto, seeking to relax the relationship with Planalto, gave an interview in February to the program Roda Viva, on the TV Cultura, in which he adopted a calming tone, avoiding confrontation with the government.[40] In a survey carried out with financial market agents in March 2023, 94% reported not trusting Lula, while 68% said they trusted Campos Neto.[41]

On March, The Ministry of Social Security, through the National Social Security Council, determined the reduction of the maximum monthly interest rate on loans allocated to benefits paid by the National Social Security Institute, from 2.14% to 1.70% per month.[42] The measure, which was not approved by the Treasury or the Civil House, caused almost all financial institutions to stop offering this line of credit, as they now considered it economically unviable.[43][44][45]

Haddad announced, in March 2023, that an agreement was signed with the states and the Federal District to compensate for the loss of revenue resulting from the modifications made in 2022 of the criteria for charging ICMS on fuels, electricity, communications and transport; 26.9 billion Reals will be transferred until 2026, through the reduction of debts owed by federal entities to the Union.[46]

In July 2023, the Ministry of Finance launched the first phase of the "Desenrola Brasil" debt renegotiation program, which was divided into two phases.[47] In October of the same year, the second phase, in which non-bank debts were renegotiated, was launched.[48] In November, supported by a decision from the Supreme Federal Court, the government announced that it will pay off, through extraordinary credit (which is not included in the spending ceiling) the stock of court orders left by the Jair Bolsonaro government, estimated at between 90 and 95 billion reais.[49]

New fiscal control framework

Due to the provision included in the Transition constitutional amendment proposal, the government needed to submit to the National Congress a new fiscal framework to replace the spending ceiling, the government soon presented the proposal to the congress, which was accepted on August 22.[50] With the new law coming into effect, it established a floor and ceiling for the real growth of tax expenditures of 0.6% and 2.5% respectively; Investments now also have a minimum correction floor at the level of inflation; Furthermore, growth in fiscal spending is limited to 70% of the growth in government revenues of the previous year; The new framework also determines the application of gradual spending containment triggers in the case where the government is systematically unable to meet fiscal targets.[51]

With approval, the government said it hoped to be able to eliminate the primary deficit in 2024 and obtain surpluses of 0.5% and 1% of GDP in 2025 and 2026, respectively; The expectations were seen with skepticism not only by the market, but also by members of the government itself and parliamentarians.[52] President Lula himself later stated that the 2024 target is unlikely to be achieved, defending the expansion of spending on public works, even at the expense the increase in debt.[53]

Social policies

Minimum Wage and Income Tax reforms

On February 16, Lula increased the value of the minimum wage from 1,302 reals to 1,320 reals, correcting it above inflation.[54][55] There was also an increase in the exemption from Income tax to 2,640 reals, compared to the previous amount of 1,900 reals.[56]

Bolsa Família

The Bolsa Família program had been replaced by the previous government with the Auxílio Brasil program. However, due to criticism of this program, the Bolsa Família program was reimplemented by the Lula government, replacing Auxílio Brasil. The amount of R$600 reserved for the year 2022 in Auxílio Brasil was guaranteed by Bolsa Família, which would maintain it indefinitely, increasing its value to R$670; The new Bolsa Família started to be paid from March 2023.[57] In July 2023, the federal government announced that more than 43.5 million people had left the poverty line in June, largely attributing the achievement to the reopening and reformulation of Bolsa Família, which now had the average payment of R$705,40 per family, the highest average in the program's history.[58]

Public housing

Lula during the relaunch of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida program in Santo Amaro, Bahia

On February 14, Lula, alongside the Governor of Bahia Jerônimo Rodrigues, the Chief of Staff of the Presidency Rui Costa, the President of the Caixa Econômica Federal Maria Rita Serrano, the Minister of Transport Renan Filho, the Minister of Cities Jader Filho, as well as state and municipal authorities (such as the mayor of the city and federal/state deputies from Bahia), announced the return of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida program during a visit to the city of Santo Amaro, Bahia; The program will replace the Bolsonaro government's "Casa Verde e Amarela" program (which in turn had replaced Lula's first "Minha Casa, Minha Vida" program, created during his previous presidency), the program is expected to create over 2 million houses for the low-income population by the end of 2026 (the last year of Lula's presidency).[59] The program was also restructured, with the proposal to serve families with a monthly income of up to R$8,000 in urban areas, and an annual income of up to R$96,000 in rural areas.[60]

Fight against hunger

On February 28, 2023, Lula reinstalled the National Council for Food and Nutritional Security (Consea), deactivated by Bolsonaro in 2019.[61] On March 22, President Lula relaunched the Program of Food Acquisition (PAA), whose objective is to guarantee food and nutritional security and encourage the production of food from family farms.[62]

Environment

On the day of his inauguration, Lula revoked a decree by Bolsonaro that allowed mining in indigenous lands, which was seen as an incentive to illegal miners.[26] Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest fell 61% in January 2023 from a year earlier following a series of anti-logging and anti-mining operations launched by government agencies under Lula, according to satellite data.[63]

In June 2023, the Environment Ministry announced a plan to curb deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon, and immediately embargoed all activities being developed inside conservation parks in the region. Additionally, the government announced the creation of 3 million hectares (7,413,161.44 acres) in protected areas until 2027/ the creation of tracking system using geopositioning for Amazon agricultural products and ecolabels were announced as well.[64]

In July 2023, deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon was reported to have fallen 34% over the previous six months while deforestation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest dropped 42% from January to May 2023 comparatively to the same period of time in 2022.[65][66] In November 2023, Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE) reported that Amazon deforestation fell 22% in 2022-2023 compared to its previous 2021-2022 report (during Jair Bolsonaro's presidency), making it the biggest low since 2019.[67]

Education and research

"People have to know that investment in education is the best and cheapest investment a state can make"

— Lula[68]

On January 2, Lula revoked a bill made during the Bolsonaro government, which created schools exclusively for persons with disabilities.[27] On January 11, Lula signed in a bill called the "National Digital Education Policy", which deals with expanding access to digital education in the country.[69]

Another measure taken by the government was the increase in the amount for research grants, Lula later stated that "this government is forbidden to treat [as] wasted money that goes to education, money that goes to scholarships, money that goes to health care".[70] The National Science and Technology Council (CCT) and the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development were also restructured, with the Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Luciana Santos saying that the government would prioritize investments in that area.[71][72] On 16 February, Lula announced the readjustment in the value of scholarships during a event in the Planalto Palace.[68]

On 10 March, Lula announced a readjustment in the values of the school meals of public schools, after having been frozen for more than five years.[73] The increase is 39% and the value is 5.5 billion per year.[73] On April, after severe pressure from Student and Teacher unions, the Ministry of Education announced the temporary suspension of the "New High School" program, however, there was no revocation of the project,[74] and it would later be reinstated on August by Minister of Education Camilo Santana.[75]

Also on April, Lula announced that the government would invest over 6 billion in a project to restart the construction of several works in the education area, such as public schools.[76] On July, the Ministry of Education announced that the federal program for creation of civic-military schools would be stopped, and that each state would have the option to keep or extinguish the program.[77] On November 6, 2023, education minister Camilo Santana announced that people with FIES debts could now renegotiate them with the federal government, the attitude is similar to the "Desenrola Brasil" program, also created during the Lula government in an effort to reduce indebtedness among the people, especially those of lower classes.[78]

Healthcare

On January 20, Lula signed a bill that recognizes community and disease control agents as health professionals.[79] Also on January 20, under pressure from religious entities, Lula created the "Department of Support for Therapeutic Communities", aimed at treating drug addicts; After the measure was criticized by human rights organizations, the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger announced that it would review the decision.[80] The Brazilian Association of Mental Health had also spoken out against the measure in a repudiation note.[81]

On March 8, International Women's Day, Lula announced the creation of the "Program for the Protection and Promotion of Menstrual Dignity", which provides distribution of menstrual pads by the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) to people in vulnerable situations, below the Poverty threshold.[82] The document regulates the Law nº 14.214/2021, which had been vetoed by Jair Bolsonaro in 2021.[83] 8 million people will benefit from the initiative, according to specialists, with an investment of 418 million reals per year, according to the Ministry of Health.[84]

On March 20, Lula and the Minister of Health, Nísia Trindade, announced the re-creation of the Mais Médicos Program, first created in 2013 with the purpose of expanding the number of health professionals in less economically developed areas and in the interior of the country.[85] The program had been partially replaced by Bolsonaro's "Doctors for Brazil"; The "Mais Médicos para o Brasil", as it is now called, should prioritize Brazilian professionals and, according to Paulo Pimenta, chief minister of the Secretary of Social Communication, increase the number of health professionals and improve the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).[86]

Infrastructure

Energy

The Lula government inaugurated, on March 22, the first hybrid Renewable energy park in the country authorized by the National Electric Energy Agency (Aneel): the "Neo-energy Renewable Complex – Fountain Wind Farm", which consists of renewable Wind power and solar energy, located in Santa Luzia, Paraíba.[87][88]

In a meeting with the Minister of Mines and Energy, Alexandre Silveira, President Lula showed support for the use of electricity derived from renewable sources, in particular for reducing the cost of the service, especially for the poor; Goals were also discussed to place Brazil in a "leading global position in the generation of clean energy", in addition to encouraging more sustainable public transport.[89]

Transport

Despite normally being categorized as centre-left, the Lula government continued with the privatization of elements of the Brazilian infrastructure, such as in May 2023, when it carried out the auction of the Natal International Airport through its Ministry of Ports and Airports, which resulted in the purchase of this airfield by the Swiss state-owned company Flughafen Zürich AG (Zurich Airport Ltd.).[90]

By decision of the Ministry of Ports and Airports, in August 2023, flights arriving and departing from Santos Dumont airport were restricted from 2024, which could only occur with origin or destination up to 400 kilometers away.[91] it limited, in practice, flights from the airport between Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Belo Horizonte; The measure sought to divert part of the flights to the Galeão International Airport, managed by the company RIOgaleão, controlled by the Changi Group, from Singapore; However, the decision was revised in November, exchanging the distance restriction for a restriction on passenger volume, which will be limited to 6.5 million per year.[92]

Growth Acceleration Program

President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during the announcement of the new Growth Acceleration Program at the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro

On August 11, Lula and ministers unveiled a new Growth Acceleration Program, according to the proposal, an estimated 1.7 trillion reais (worth around 350 billion USD at the time) will be spent over the following 4 years. Of this, 610 billion is expected to be spent on slum urbanisation programs, including the development of housing, public transport, sanitation, energy and protection from natural disasters, this includes further investments on social infrastructure programs such as Minha Casa, Minha Vida, Luz Para Todos and Água Para Todos, as well as creation and expansion of ports, airports, highways and railways.[93] 540 billion is expected to be spent on expanding the electric grid and petrochemical industries, with 80% of the newly developed electric production capacity being expected to come from renewable sources; 349 billion is expected to be spent on transportation infrastructure, including for motor vehicles, trains, marine vehicles, and airplanes.[94][95][96]

Lula also announced the construction of the "West-East Integration Railway (FIOL) as the first project of the program, which will connect the southwest of Bahia to the coast of southern Bahia".[97] Other areas of investment include "digital inclusion and connectivity" (expansion of 4G and 5G networks and digital education), healthcare (construction of new basic health units and maternities, as well purchase of ambulances and vaccines), education (construction, expansion and modernization of day care centers, full-time schools and federal institutes and universities) and defense infrastructure.[98] The program is also expected to create over 4 million jobs in the next 4 years (2.5 million direct jobs and 1.5 million indirect jobs).[99]

Some economists have criticised the plan, citing Brazil's poor track record of investment quality and worries regarding fiscal responsibility. Of the energy investments, 343 billion will be made through Petrobras, a state-owned corporation notable for its involvement in a corruption scandal during Lula's previous presidency.[94][95][96]

Human rights

Women's rights

"[We are doing] what was lacking from the previous government, when it chose to destroy public policies, cut essential budgetary resources and even encouraged violence against women. I am pleased to tell you that Brazil has finally returned. returned to fight discrimination, sexual harassment, rape, femicide and all forms of violence against women."

— Lula[100]

To guarantee policies that secure women's rights, the Lula government created, on March 8, the International Women's Day, numerous actions and measures for this purpose.[83] One of the measures was the Equal Pay Bill, which requires companies to be more transparent and strengthen inspection and combat wage discrimination between women and men.[100] On April 4, lula decreed that Women's police stations would be open 24/7, even on holidays; Another measure was also made, with the objective of fighting sexual harassment in public agencies and private institutions that provide services to the government.[101]

Racial equality

On January 11, lula signed in a bill that equalized the crime of "racial injury" to racism.[102] On March 21, on the National Day to Combat Racial Discrimination, Lula signed the Racial Equality Bill, made up of seven measures, among which is the "Aquilomba Brasil" program and the goal of having black people in at least 30% of commissioned positions and functions.[103][104]

Indigenous affairs

Upon taking office, Lula also issued the Provisional measure No. 1,154, of 1 January 2023, which created the Ministry of Indigenous People, and also renamed the Fundação Nacional do Índio (National Indian Foundation – FUNAI) with the name of Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas (National Indigenous People Foundation), in addition to linking this foundation authority to the newly created ministry.[105] He appointed Sônia Guajajara as Indigenous minister, and Joênia Wapixana to head FUNAI.[106]

Yanomami crisis

On January 20, the Brazilian Ministry of Health declared a national emergency following reports of deaths among Yamomami children due to malnutrition and easily curable diseases.[107] President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva accused Jair Bolsonaro's administration of having committed genocide against the Yanomami.[108]

LGBT rights

On April 7, 2023, Lula re-established the National Council for LGBTQIA+ Rights, a 38-member body of advisors charged with proposing policies and supporting campaigns aimed towards support for the LGBTQIA+ community in Brazil. The Ministry of Human Rights and Citizenship will be charged with funding for the council.[109][110] The body previously existed from 2010 until the Bolsonaro presidency.[111]

Other policies

On January 1, Lula created the Secretary of Digital Policies, whose goal is to "combat disinformation, fake news and hate speech on the internet", as well as to "encourage pluralism", this secretary is subordinated to the Secretary of Social Communication (Secom).[112] On the same day, Lula decreed the temporary suspension of authorization for new shooting clubs.[26] On January 6, Lula signed into law a bill creating the Day of the Traditional African religions.[113]

On January 11, Lula signed into law another bill, which makes the CPF the only necessary document for identification.[114] On the same day, Lula created the "National Policy for the Prevention of Self-Mutilation and Suicide", with the objective of giving mental health support for public security agents.[115]

Lula shifted the National Council of Traditional Peoples and Communities (CNPCT) from the Ministry of Human Rights and Citizenship to the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. In addition, Lula established a National Secretariat for Traditional Peoples and Communities and Sustainable Rural Development under the same ministry.

Foreign affairs

Lula stated during the 2022 election campaign and after taking office that his administration will consistently focus on to "bring back Brazil to the world stage", meaning the country will seek to rebuild ties cut or damaged during Bolsonaro's presidency, and expand its foreign relations worldwide. On 9 December 2022 Lula announced that to head the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Itamaraty) he had chosen Brazilian ambassador, career diplomat and former foreign minister Mauro Vieira.[116] As an effort to empower women diplomats, he picked ambassador and career diplomat Maria Laura da Rocha as Itamaraty's deputy foreign minister and Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti as Brazil's ambassador to the US, both the first women to ever hold those positions. More women are also expected to be appointed to top positions.[117]

Americas

Lula and other Latin American leaders at the 7th CELAC Summit in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Mercosur

In January, 2023, Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira announced Brazil's return to the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC).[118] During the 7th CELAC summit, president Lula expressed support for a modernization of the South American customs union Mercosur and the creation of a common unit of account between Argentina and Brazil which other South American nations could also join to boost regional integration and skip US dollar dominance.[119]

Lula and other South American presidents during the 2023 South American summit in May 2023, in Brasília, Brazil

On January 25, during a trip to Uruguay, Lula called for the European Union-Mercosur trade deal to be sealed and a China-Mercosur trade agreement to be explored.[120] Lula and Uruguayan president Luis Lacalle Pou held talks over infrastructure projects to be developed in Uruguay, including a joint Uruguayan-Brazilian administration of the Rivera International Airport.[3]

In March 2023, Uruguayan and Brazilian top officials jointly detailed the said infrastructure projects in Brasilia.[121][122] Brazil also invited Paraguay and Uruguay to join the works of the G20 ahead of the 2024 G20 Brazil summit, as Brazilian rotating presidency in the group begins on December 1, 2023.[123][124]

In May 2023, Brazil hosted the South American Summit, attended by Lula and leaders of all South American nations, including Guyanese president Irfaan Ali, Surinamese president Chan Santokhi and Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso. The initiative aimed to seek regional cooperation in South America and address topics such as energy, finance, climate change and crime.[125]

Argentina

Lula and Argentine President Alberto Fernández at Casa Rosada on January 23, 2023

After assuming the presidency, Lula made his first international trip as president to Buenos Aires, where he announced that Brazil would resume its relations with Latin America and that the government would be willing to finance infrastructure works in neighboring countries through the BNDES again. Lula also defended the construction of a gas pipeline between Brazil and Argentina to transport the shale gas extracted in the Vaca Muerta field.[126][127] The idea was criticized by some experts, as the project may cause damage to the region's environment.[128] The announcement also generated several criticisms from economists, as this practice has already caused the country to suffer from defaults in the past.[129]

In May 2023, Lula and Fernández met in Brasília to discuss the economic crisis in Argentina as well as trade and energy between Argentina and Brazil. President Lula stated that he has committed to make "each and every sacrifice so we can help Argentina in those hard times" including reaching out to both the IMF and the BRICS and that he will back up Brazilian exporters operating in the country.[130][131]

In late June 2023, president Lula welcomed Fernández in Brasília to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Brazil and Argentina during which Fernández was rewarded with Brazil's highest award the Order of the Southern Cross. Lula said Brazil and Argentina were looking into a broad line of credit for Brazilian companies and workers in Argentina and the creation of a trade coin between both nations.[132]

2023 Argentine Presidential Elections

In 2023, presidential elections took place in Argentina to succeed Peronist Alberto Fernández, a friend of Lula who, while he was still a candidate, visited Lula in prison.[133] The Lula Government openly supported the government candidate Sergio Massa, defeated in the second round by the libertarian Javier Milei, who during the campaign referred to Lula as "communist" and "corrupt", stating that "it's the reason for why he was imprisoned".[134][135]

Lula did not call to congratulate Milei, limiting himself to publishing a protocol message on social media in which the name of the election winner was not even mentioned.[136] Acting in the same way as Bolsonaro in 2019, who campaigned against Fernández, Lula did not attend the inauguration ceremony, sending Chancellor Mauro Vieira in his place.[137][138]

The minister of the Secretariat of Social Communication, Paulo Pimenta, suggested that only after Milei "calls to apologize" would there be dialogue between the representatives.[139] Days after the victory, Javier Milei sent a letter to President Lula, received by Mauro Vieira, in which he changed the tone adopted during the electoral campaign and invited him to the presidential inauguration.[140][141] Despite the change in speech on the part of the president-elect, Lula's position regarding his participation in the inauguration did not change.[142]

Colombia

In July 2023, Lula and Colombian president Gustavo Petro met in Leticia to discuss the details of an Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) summit scheduled to take place a month later.[143] Both presidents also discussed trade and defense between Colombia and Brazil.[144]

Cuba

On September 15, Lula and four of his cabinet minister visited Cuba where they met with Cuban president Miguel Díaz-Canel. During his visit, Lula also attended a summit of the Group of 77 plus China in Havana where he lamented the United States embargo against Cuba stating that the island "is the victim of an illegal economic embargo, Brazil is against any unilateral coercive measure". Lula also criticized the inclusion of Cuba in the US list of states sponsors of terrorism.[145][146]

Mexico

In March 2023, Brazilian presidential office said Mexican president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador invited Lula to visit Mexico and discuss expanding economic cooperation between Mexico and Brazil including the removal of trade tariffs between their countries.[147]

United States

President Lula and US President Joe Biden at the White House on February 10, 2023

In January 2023, US president Joe Biden invited Lula to meet him in Washington, D.C. in February 2023 following a phone conversation between them on the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack.[148] White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre confirmed the meeting adding that it would address "U.S. support of Brazil's democracy and how the two countries can continue to work together to promote inclusion and democratic values in the region and around the world". Climate change, migration, economic development and security matters were also discussed.[149]

In February 2023, Lula and a delegation including his Foreign Affairs special advisor Celso Amorim, Foreign minister Mauro Vieira, Finance minister Fernando Haddad, Racial Equality minister Anielle Franco, Environment e Climate Justice minister Marina Silva traveled to the US. During the trip Lula met with US Senator Bernie Sanders, Democratic House Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Pramila Jayapal, Sheila Jackson Lee, Brad Sherman and Ro Khanna before he met with US president Joe Biden at the White House.[150][151][152] On February 10, at a meeting with American president Joe Biden, Lula proposed the creation of a group of negotiators made up of countries "not involved in the war" (either directly or indirectly, i.e. by sending weapons to one of the sides) between Russia and Ukraine to negotiate an end to the conflict and invited the US to join Brazil in a new global climate governance[153][154] On February 28, Brazilian Environment minister Marina Silva met with John Kerry, the White House envoy for climate change during his visit to Brazil, and announced the resumption of a US-Brazil environment group created in 2015 to debate energy transition, low carbon economy, climate change mitigation, indigenous peoples protection and bioconomy among others between the two countries.[155] Nevertheless, no contribution to the Amazon Fund was announced by Kerry during the visit.[156]

In September 2023, Lula and Biden met on the sidelines of the 78th United National General Assembly (UNGA), in New York, to launch an initiative to promote worker's rights.[10]

President Lula and US President Joe Biden on the sidelines of the 78th UNGA, in New York

Venezuela

In May 2023, ahead of a South American summit to which all the presidents of the region were invited, Lula met with Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and stated that "you know the narrative that was built against Venezuela, of anti-democracy, of authoritarianism" and "it is in your hands, comrade, to build your narrative and turn this party around so that we can definitively win and Venezuela becomes a sovereign country again where only its people, through a free vote, say who will govern". Chilean president Gabriel Boric and Uruguayan president Luis Lacalle Pou, who were some of the summit attendees, disapproved of Lula's comments.[157]

Europe

European Union

Lula and European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen during a meeting in Brasília, in June 2023

In January 2023, Vice President Geraldo Alckmin met with Vice President Frans Timmermans of the EU Commission in Brasilia.[158] During his visit to Brazil, Timmermans said that President Lula's efforts to end destruction in the Amazon deserves support and cooperation from the European Union, adding that the EU could donate up to €750,000 to help the Yanomami people facing a humanitarian crisis.[159]

In March 2023, the EU's commissioner for competition Margrethe Vestager met with Vice President Alckmin and other Brazilian officials during a meeting in Brasilia to unveil the EU-Brazil bilateral Investment Map.[160]

In June 2023, Lula met with EU president Ursula von der Leyen to discuss areas such as environment, science and technology and trade, namely the EU-Mercosur trade deal. Lula expressed concerns over a European Union's side letter proposal of sanctioning Mercosur goods in case they fail to meet environmental goals saying that "between partners there should be mutual confidence not mistrust and sanctions" and that the sanctions could hurt genuine Brazilian green efforts. During the meeting the European Union pledged to donate 20 million euros to the Amazon Fund.[161][162][163]

In July 2023, numerous Latin American, Caribbean and European leaders, including Lula, attended the III EU-CELAC summit in Brussels to discuss topics such as global hunger, inequalities, poverty and climate change. On the sidelines of the summit, Lula made the case for the EU-Mercosur trade deal and expressed concern for protectionist policies in the agreement.[164][165] He also met with King Philippe of Belgium and Belgian prime minister Alexander de Croo as well as with former Swedish prime minister Stefan Löfven, Dannish prime minister Mette Frederiksen and other leaders.[166][167]

France

Lula and French president Emmanuel Macron wave at the press at the Élysée Palace in June 2023.

In February 2023, French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna met with President Lula and stated that "Brazil is one of the main actors on the global stage and its comeback is highly expected", highlighting that France and Brazil share a strong, centuries-old relationship. She also said that France supports a Brazilian OECD membership and that both France and the European Union are considering monetary contributions to the Amazon Fund.[168][169] On 11 February, French president Emmanuel Macron expressed his approval for a peace plan on the Russia-Ukraine war proposed by Lula, which consists of creating a group of countries not involved in the conflict (either directly or indirectly, i.e. by sending weapons to one of the sides) to mediate a peace process.[170]

Lula delivers a speech during Power Our Planet event at Champ de Mars, Paris, in June 2023

On June 3, 2023, Macron's office said Lula confirmed he would visit Paris in late June as part of the "Summit for a New Global Financial Pact" promoted by France to "tackle the reform of multilateral development banks (MDB), the debt crisis, financing for green technologies, the creation of new international taxes and financing instruments", among other things.[171] On June 22, president Lula delivered a speech during the Power Our Planet festival in Paris in which he said "actually, those who have polluted the planet over the last two centuries are the same ones who made the Industrial Revolution, and that's why they must pay their debt to the planet Earth" while calling for climate justice to Latin-American, African and Asian peoples and inviting the world to attend the COP30 climate conference in the Brazilian city of Belém.[172] On June 23, Lula separately met with French president Emmanuel Macron and Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo.[173]

Germany

Joint press conference of Lula and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz following their meeting on January 30, 2023

In January 2023, Germany ambassador to Brazil Heiko Thoms confirmed Chancellor Olaf Scholz would visit Brazil on 30 January. According to a statement, the main subjects to be addressed would be environment (including the re-establishment of the Amazon Fund) and trade between Germany and Brazil.[174] On 30 January, Germany development minister Svenja Schulze announced the country will donate €204 million (USD 222 million) to Brazil aiming to help restore farming degraded areas through low-interest rate loans, as well as it will make fresh monetary contributions to the Amazon Fund and provide local aid to Brazilian states in the Amazon region; new sustainable agriculture and green hydrogen projects in Brazil are also being looked upon by the German government, according to Schulze.[1][2] During the meeting with Scholz, Lula proposed creating a group of countries, including India, Indonesia and China, that would "mediate a peace process" in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[175][176]

In March 2023, Germany's Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck and Agriculture Minister Cem Özdemir, as well as several German business people, attended the German-Brazilian Economic Meeting in Belo Horizonte where they met with vice-president Geraldo Alckmin.[177][178]

India

Italy

Lula with Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni after their meeting at the Chigi palace

In an interview to Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera on June 20, Lula asserted that Italy is a priority for Brazil, especially because Brazil has "30 million Brazilians of Italian descent and great relations with Italian trade unions, intellectuals and companies."[179]

On June 20, Lula met with left-wing sociologist and professor emeritus at the Sapienza University of Rome Domenico De Masi during his visit to Rome. On June 21, Lula met with General Secretary of the Democratic Party (PD), Elly Schlein, and former Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema, with whom he reportedly had talks about "democracy, world peace, climate change, inequality and challenges common to several countries". Brazilian government officials also said that Lula and Schlein had a talk about "gender violence and sexism in politics". Lula also met and dined with Italian president Sergio Mattarella at the Quirinal Palace to reportedly discuss about the relations between Brazil and Italy, as well as the Mercosur-European Union deal.[180][181]

Upon returning from his visit to the Vatican, he also had a meeting with Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni at the Chigi Palace. During an interview to the press after the meeting, he praised Meloni, saying that "ideological differences wouldn't end diplomacy" between the two countries. Lula also had a meeting and private dinner with Rome mayor Roberto Gualtieri.[182]

Vatican

Lula and first lady Rosângela with Pope Francis after their meeting

Lula met with Pope Francis on the Vatican City on June 12 after his diner with Italian President Sergio Mattarella, during the meeting at Paul VI's room, they reportedly discussed "peace and reconciliation, environmental preservation, respect for indigenous populations and the fight against hunger, inequality and poverty in the world", according to Brazilian and Holy See officials, although there was no explicit mention to the current Russo-Ukrainian war, Lula reportedly wanted to talk about a possible peaceful solution of the conflict with the Pope, but neither side mentioned any talks about that particular subject.[183]

Lula gave the Pope an engraving of the Holy Family made by Pernambuco artist J. F. Borges, while Rosângela brought the Pontiff an image of Our Lady of Nazaré, patroness of the Amazon, while the Pope gave Lula and Janja a bronze art with the phrase "Peace is a fragile flower", he also presented the couple with a copy of his Message of Peace for 2023, the document on Human Fraternity and the book with the prayer he did in a deserted St. Peter's Square, on March 27, 2020, praying for the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, Lula and Janja also invited the priest to travel to Pará to participate in the "Círio" in October of this year, but acceptance must depend on the state of health of the Pontiff, who was discharged from his most recent hospitalization, the second in two months, on Friday, after the meeting with the Pope, Lula had met with Dom Edgar Peña Parra, responsible for General Affairs at the Vatican Secretariat of State. In both meetings, according to him, "the good relations between Brazil and the Holy See and the harmonious collaboration between the Church and the State in favor of the promotion of moral values and the common good" were highlighted.[184]

Portugal

President Lula, First Lady Rosângela and Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa in a meeting in the Belém Palace on 22 April 2023

In November 2022, then president-elect Lula visited Portugal after attending the COP27 in Egypt, making it his first bilateral trip after being elected. He met with Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and prime minister António Costa.[185]

In March 2023, Brazilian minister Alexandre Padilha confirmed Lula's first visit to Portugal as president.[186]

President Lula and Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa visit an OGMA facility in Alverca on April 24, 2023.

In April 2023, President Lula began his four-day trip during which he called Portugal relations with Brazil "extraordinary" and stated that "Portugal is not simply a foreign country but our home extension".[187] In the 13th Brazil-Portugal Summit the countries signed several agreements such as a mutual recognition of professional degrees, driver's licenses, rights of persons with disabilities and a witness protection program in both countries. Other agreements signed during the visit include education, science, tourism, energy and audiovisual areas.[188] Lula also attended a high-level Brazilian-Portuguese business meeting in Matosinhos in which Brazilian aerospace giant Embraer and four Portuguese companies (OGMA, EMPORDEF, GMVIS Skysof and CEiiA) announced a deal to build a Brazilian-designed aircraft.[189] Also in the meeting, Prime Minister António Costa announced Portugal companies EDP and Galp will be investing a total of €5.7 billion in projects in Brazil over the next years.[190] On April 24, President Lula took part in a ceremony at the Queluz Palace to award Brazilian singer and songwriter Chico Buarque the Camões Prize.[191][192][193][194][195]

Spain

President Lula and Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez at the Moncloa Palace on April 26, 2023

In April 2023, President Lula met with union leaders and took part in the Brazil-Spain Business Forum in Madrid.[196][197] On April 26, Lula, alongside several of his cabinet ministers, met with Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez at the Moncloa Palace, where he signed two different deals regarding education and work areas, which includes facilitating student exchange programs between universities in both countries, expanding cooperation between in higher education and adopting regulations for IT companies[198][199] Later on that day, Lula, First Lady Rosângela and FM Mauro Vieira met with King Felipe VI at the Royal Palace of Madrid.[200]

United Kingdom

Lula and Prime Minister Rishi Sunak on 5 May 2023

In May 2023, Lula and First Lady Rosângela travelled to the United Kingdom to attend the coronation of Charles III and Camilla and had a separate meeting with the King.[201][202] Lula also met with the UK's Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, who announced his country was donating £80 million (BRL 500 million) to the Amazon Fund initiative, run by Brazil.[203] During his trip, Lula called for the release of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, adding that "we talk about freedom of speech [but] the guy is in prison because he denounced wrongdoing" and "it is an embarrassment that a journalist who denounced trickery by one state against another is arrested, condemned to die in jail and we do nothing to free him. It's a crazy thing." Lula urged to create an international media movement to lobby for Assange's release.[204][205]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

President Lula has taken a neutral instance on the war in Ukraine while highlighting the human cost of the war, as well as its impact on food security, cost of living and global supply chains, among others, as he has stated the importance of a peace process led by non-directly or indirectly involved nations such as India, Indonesia and China.[206][207][208]

In January 2023, Lula stated that he was "against the occupation Russia has done in Ukraine" for which he was praised by the Ukrainian World Congress[209]

During his trip to the US in February 2023, Lula and US president Joe Biden jointly criticized Russia for its invasion of Ukraine.[210] On February 24, 2023, Brazil voted to condemn Russia over its invasion of Ukraine at the UNGA.[211]

In April 2023, Lula commenting on peace negotiations said "Putin must not take the Ukrainian territory. Crimea might not be on the table, but when it comes to what he [Putin] invaded again, he must reconsider it", with some media outlets mistranslating his statements as urging Ukraine to give up Crime to Russia.[212]

Lula has also insisted in seeking peace, which is a binding foreign policy principle under the current pacifist Constitution ,[lower-alpha 1] as he turned down Brazilian military weaponry sales proposed by Germany and France to be sent to Ukraine.[213][214]

In April 2023, Lula stated after a state visit to China that "the United States needs to stop encouraging war and start talking about peace". U.S. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby responded by accusing Lula of "parroting Russian and Chinese propaganda", describing his comments as "simply misguided" and "suggesting the United States and Europe are somehow not interested in peace, or that we share responsibility for the war."[215]

On May 19, 2023, Lula said he was "upset" after Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelesnkyy did not attend a meeting between both on the sidelines of the G7 Summit in Hiroshima.[216] On May 22, Danish Foreign Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen said that Denmark was interested in hosting a summit aimed at "finding peace between Ukraine and Russia." but "it is necessary to build interest and involvement from countries like India, Brazil and China."[217]

In September 2023, Lula and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy met on the sidelines of the 78th United National General Assembly (UNGA), in New York; Lula pledged to maintain an open dialogue between their countries to end the war.[8]

Asia

China

President Lula, first-lady Rosângela da Silva, Chinese president Xi Jinping and first-lady Peng Liyuan on 14 April 2023, in Beijing

In February, 2023, Reuters reported that President Lula would meet with Chinese president Xi Jinping during a four-day trip to China on 28 March to hold talks about trade, including green economy, digital inclusion, reindustrialization and the Russia-Ukraine War.[218][219]

On 17 March 2023, Itamaraty confirmed Lula's trip to China, adding that he would also meet with Chinese premier Li Qiang and National People's Congress chairman Zhao Leji.[220] A week later, New Development Bank (NDB), whose headquarters are in Shanghai, elected Brazilian former president Dilma Rousseff as its new CEO after president Lula made his official appointment.[221] On 24 March, however, due to health issues Lula canceled his trip which was later rescheduled for April 11–14.[222][223] As part of a separate high-level business forum between Brazilian and Chinese officials and hundreds of business people in Beijing, both countries announced on March 29 they were starting to trade in their own currencies (the Real and the Renmimbi) instead of in the US dollar.[224]

In April 2023, President Lula, who was accompanied by many of his cabinet ministers, Brazilian state governors and lawmakers, met with Chinese deputy foreign minister Xie Feng upon their arrival in Shangai, where Lula also attended Brazilian former president Dilma Rousseff inauguration as the new NDB CEO, visited a Huawei center and spoke with several Chinese chairpeople including BYD CEO Wang Chuanfu and China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) CEO Wang Tongzhou.[225][226] During his stay in Shanghai, Lula criticized US dollar dominance stating "Who was it that decided that the dollar was the currency after the disappearance of the gold standard?" and "why can't we do trade based on our own currencies?". He also urged developing nations to find an alternative currency to the dollar.[227]

On April 14, President Lula separately met with Congress chairman Zhao Leji, Chinese premier Li Qiang and Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Beijing and signed numerous agreements (worth BRL 50 billion – nearly USD 10.1 billion) aiming at mutual cooperation such as to further develop the CBERS-4 constellation, to create a pannel to follow the Sustainable Development Goals in both countries and to open a Sino-Brazilian trade fair mainly focused on green, low-carbon economy and digitalization, among other agreements.[228][229][230] China and Brazil also urged developed countries to speed up climate change mitigation funds following the rich countries' commitment at the COP 15 to donate US$100 billion a year to do so from 2009 on.[231]

Japan

On March 21, Japanese ambassador to Brazil Teiji Hayashi confirmed that prime minister Fumio Kishida would invite president Lula to the 49th G7 summit to be held from 19 to 21 May 2023 in Hiroshima, which formally took place on April 6.[232][233]

Lula and Prime Minister Fumio Kishida meet on sidelines of the 49th G7 summit in Hiroshima, May 2023.

In May 2023, Kishida met with Lula and announced that Japan was starting procedures to grant Brazilians travel visa exemptions and was opening a ¥30 billion line of credit to support health companies and other businesses in Brazil through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Lula said Brazil and Japan need to further develop their commercial, cultural, political and scientific relationship adding that "we have cultural bonds with Japan and a great Japanese-Brazilian community". Both leaders also discussed education, climate change, development and peace.[234][235][236]

United Arab Emirates

President Lula is welcomed by Emirati president sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in the Qasr Al Watan palace on 15 April 2023.

In April 2023, President Lula visited the UAE where he met with sheikh and Emirati president Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. During the visit, Emirati state-owned Mubadala Investment Company announced a deal to invest up to $2.5 billion in biofuels in a refinery in Brazil. The countries signed a series of agreements including one aimed at mutual cooperation against climate change and another on artificial intelligence. Lula also meet with the organizers of the COP28 which will take place in Abu Dhabi in late 2023.[237][238][239]

Israel–Hamas war

On October 7, 2023, there was the beginning of the geopolitical conflict between the State of Israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strip region, which significantly shook the international community.[240] Brazil, at first, did not classify Hamas as a terrorist organization, since the country's policy on this issue directly agrees with the UN classification, which also did not classify it as a terrorist.[241][242]

On the same day, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the federal government organized a rescue operation for Brazilians who were in Israel, being the first country to do so. Days later, several planes belonging to the Brazilian Air Force were sent to the region of Israel in order to rescue Brazilians who wanted to go back to Brazil.[243][244]

On his social networks, President Lula made a post in which he condemned the Hamas attacks and described Brazil as capable of "finding a path to peace".[245] Lula also published that he spoke to Israeli president Isaac Herzog and ratified his repudiation of the events, while also calling for Israel to take all measures to prevent an humanitarian crisis.[246] He also later spoke with the Mahmoud Abbas, president of the Palestinian Authority, and Abdul Fatah Khalil Al-Sisi, president of Egypt.[247][248] On October 20, Lula spoke out again on social media, classifying the Hamas attack as an "act of madness" and "terrorism against Israel", and Israel's response as "insane", citing the high mortality rate (especially of children and infants) in Gaza during the bombings and invasion.[249]

On October 18 of the same year, the Brazilian government took a resolution to the UN Security Council that dealt with the Israel-Hamas conflict.[250] In the proposal, plans to provide basic supplies to civilians in conflict situations, such as water and medicine, as well as calls for the release of Israelis held hostage by Hamas, creation a humanitarian corridor and protection of the physical integrity of civilians were some of the topics discussed; The resolution received 12 votes in favor, but was vetoed due to the opposing vote by the United States.[251]

Africa

Lula greets Cape Verde prime minister Ulisses Correia e Silva at the Itamaraty Palace in May 2023.

In February 2023, President Lula said he was planning to visit Angola, Mozambique and South Africa, and that Brazil should "repay its historical, cultural debt with Africa" through strengthening scientific and technological assistance to African nations.[252][253]

Angola

In August 2023, Lula visited Angola, and met with president João Manuel Lourenço, whom he signed seven cooperation agreements in areas such as agriculture, health and education. During his two-day trip Lula was awarded an order of merit, and paid tribute to Angolan independence wartime statesman António Agostinho Neto. He also said Brazil considers opening a general-consulate in Luanda.[4][5][6]

Cape Verde

In May 2023, Lula met with Cape Verde prime minister Ulisses Correia e Silva in Brasilia. Correia e Silva said his country could play an important role in bringing Brazil closer to ECOWAS countries while Lula stated that "Brazil believes in a solidary, mutually beneficial South-South cooperation based on shared experiences" between countries with Africa being a top priority. Lula said that he intends to step up cooperation programs with Cape Verde in education and agriculture areas and that he plans to visit at least two African countries in 2023, namely Cape Verde and South Africa, respectively for the 2023 CPLP Summit and the 15th BRICS summit.[254][255][256]

President Lula and Cape Verde president José Maria Neves at the presidential palace in Praia in July 2023

In July 2023, Lula visited Cape Verde and met with president José Maria Neves who greeted "Brazil's comeback to international forums". Lula said he wants to "recover the good and productive relations Brazil used to have with Africa", and expressed his desire to open more Brazilian embassies in African countries and to pay another visit to Cape Verde to attend to 2023 CPLP Summit.[257]

Oceania

Australia

On March 10, 2022, Brazil's Agriculture Ministry announced the country was holding talks with Australia about agricultural trade agreements regarding wheat, barley and pork trade as well as sustainable agriculture including research projects between both countries.[258]

International organizations and forums

Global Compact for Migration

On January 8, 2023, Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira announced Brazil rejoined the Global Compact for Migration from which the Bolsonaro administration withdrew on January 9, 2019[259][260] The UNHCR welcomed the decision stating that ensures "the people's rights and the means so that migrants and refugees can contribute positively to the host countries". According to the Foreign Ministry, the party's mutual benefits of the pact also reflect on the "Brazilian government's commitment to the protection and promotion of the rights of more than 4 million Brazilians living abroad".[259]

Geneva Consensus Declaration

On January 17, Lula withdrew Brazil from the Geneva Consensus Declaration on Promoting Women's Health and Strengthening the Family. Signed by Bolsonaro in 2020, the document stated that "there is no international right to abortion nor any international obligation on the part of States to finance or facilitate abortion". The document, which also limits families to only those formed by heterosexual couples, was signed by countries such as Saudi Arabia, Uganda, Egypt, Indonesia, Hungary, the United Arab Emirates, Sudan and Belarus, as well as the United States (which left the declaration in 2021), totaling 31 countries.[261][262]

United Nations Climate Change Conference

On November 1, 2022, the COP27 host Egypt invited then President-elect Lula to visit the summit which raised hopes among climate activists and international organizations officials that Brazil will strengthen its environmental policies.[263] Lula accepted the invitation and, while attending the COP27, promised to fight for a zero deforestation in the Amazon and other biomes. He also promised to have a United Nations Climate Change conference held in the Amazon.[264][265][266] On 11 January 2023, Lula announced Brazil was making an official bid for the Brazilian city of Belém to host the COP 30.[267] In May 2023, the UN announced that Belém had been chosen to host the summit, a first for a city in the Amazon region.[268] During the COP28, Lula announced that Brazil would join the OPEC+ initiative, which focuses on integration and discussion between members of the group and other countries.[269] He also announced a plan to recover degraded pasturelands, and to boost overall agirculture productivy through loans by Brazil's BNDES.[270]

Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization

On 4 January 2023, it was reported that Brazil was seeking an Amazon summit between members of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) and other non-members, which was reportedly well received by the ACTO countries.[271] On January 26, Lula invited French president Emmanuel Macron to attend the ACTO summit due to the French department of French Guiana location in the Amazon region.[272]

BRICS Summits

Lula and other BRICS leaders during the 15th BRICS Summit in August 2023, in Johannesburg.

Lula attended the 15th BRICS summit in August 2023. During the event he spoke in favor of more countries joining the BRICS, including Brazil's neighbor Argentina and Indonesia; called for a common currency between BRICS members and said the group is not meant to challenge either the G7 or the US.[273][274][275][276] Lula criticized the United Nations Security Council which he considered to be "limited" in face of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and reiterated Brazil's position of "defending sovereignty, territorial integrity" and the principles of the United Nations.[277]

International aid

On February 8, 2023, President Lula authorized immediate emergency aid, including several Brazilian fire brigades, Brazilian Air Force air tankers and other emergency services and equipment to be sent to Chile after severe wildfires broke out across the country.[278][279][280] In the following day, Brazil sent aid, rescue crews, including search and rescue dogs, among other equipment and staff to Turkey and Syria following the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake.[281][280] In July 2023, Lula also sent Brazilian firefighters teams to Canada to help with the 2023 Central Canada wildfires.[282]

Controversies

Appointment of ministers

Some controversies surrounded the Lula government during the first month of his third term. In early January, the NGO Transparency International, which works worldwide to fight corruption, issued a statement criticizing the government for choosing Waldez Góes as Minister of National Integration, Waldez was previously sentenced to prison for embezzlement.[283] In the same month Minister of Tourism Daniela Carneiro came under scrutiny for her association with individuals believed to command militias in Rio de Janeiro.[284][285]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ See Article 4, VI, VII

References

  1. 1 2 Savavrese, Mauricio; Bridi, Carla (1 January 2022). "Lula sworn in as president to lead polarized Brazil". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  2. 1 2 Nicas, Jack (30 October 2022). "Brazil Ejects Bolsonaro and Brings Back Former Leader Lula". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Brazil's Bolsonaro loses bid for second term in fiercely contested presidential vote". CNN. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  4. 1 2 "Lula é o 1º a ganhar 3 vezes eleição para presidente do Brasil". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
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  6. 1 2 Querouil-Brunneel, Manon (19 May 2021). "Exclusif – Lula: "Je serai candidat contre Bolsonaro"". Paris Match (in French). Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  7. ↑ Matos, Caio; Mendes, Sandy (13 April 2022). "PT aprova chapa Lula-Alckmin e federação para 2022". Congresso em Foco (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  8. 1 2 Albuquerque, Flávia (7 May 2022). "PT lança pré-candidatura de Lula à presidência com Alckmin como vice". Agência Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  9. ↑ "PT oficializa pré-candidatura de Lula à Presidência e lança Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) como candidato a vice". Jornal Nacional (in Portuguese). 7 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  10. 1 2 Flor, Ana (4 August 2022). "Janones desiste de candidatura e decide apoiar Lula". G1 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  11. ↑ "Apuração da Eleição 2022 para Presidente: veja o resultado". G1 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  12. ↑ "Lula é eleito novamente presidente da República do Brasil". Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (in Portuguese). 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  13. ↑ "Lula terá mandato de 4 anos e 5 dias e vai até 2027". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  14. ↑ Leite, Hellen (15 August 2022). "Conheça o programa de governo dos 12 candidatos à Presidência". R7 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
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  16. 1 2 "Lula's government plan" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  17. ↑ "PT vai reconhecer Maduro como presidente – e como ficam os representantes de Guaidó no Brasil" [Workers' Party will recognize Maduro as president – and what will happen to Guaidó's representatives in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. 20 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  18. ↑ "Brasil irá reabrir embaixada em Caracas e rever relação com Guaidó" [Brazil will reopen embassy in Caracas and review relation with Guaidó] (in Portuguese). UOL. 11 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  19. ↑ "Governo Lula já planeja um novo PAC, o Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, que voltará menor e com menos verba" [Lula's government already plans a new PAC, the Growth Acceleration Program, which will return smaller and with less funding] (in Portuguese). Extra. 20 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  20. ↑ "Governo Lula pretende retomar o 'Minha Casa, Minha Vida' aproveitando imóveis vazios dos centros das cidades" [Lula's government intends to resume 'My Home, My Life' using empty properties of city centers] (in Portuguese). Diário do Rio. 21 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  21. ↑ Vinhal, Gabriela; Borges Teixeira, Lucas (31 October 2022). "Eleito, Lula prometeu 'pacificar o país', mas terá resistência bolsonarista". UOL Eleições (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  22. ↑ "Alckmin coordenará equipe de transição do governo Lula". CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  23. ↑ Mazui, Guilherme (3 November 2022). "Alckmin se reúne com Ciro Nogueira no Planalto e diz que transição já começou". G1 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  24. ↑ "Relator do Orçamento e Alckmin defendem "PEC de Transição" para garantir auxílio de R$ 600". CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). 3 November 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  25. ↑ "Lula decreta intervenção federal na segurança do DF e diz que terroristas serão punidos". CartaCapital (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023.
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  27. 1 2 "Governo Lula tem dia de 'revogaços', posse de ministros, reuniões bilaterais e queda na Bolsa". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 January 2023. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  28. ↑ "Proposta do governo é eleitoreira e não garante preços de combustíveis mais baixos, dizem analistas". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 June 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  29. ↑ "Governo edita MP para manter a desoneração de combustíveis - Notícias". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  30. ↑ "Mercado vê 1ª derrota de Haddad e bolsa e real fecham em forte queda; juros disparam". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 January 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  31. ↑ "Desoneração de combustíveis custará R$ 25 bi e piora situação fiscal | Metrópoles". www.metropoles.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 January 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  32. ↑ "Haddad chama de demagógica a desoneração feita por Bolsonaro". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  33. ↑ "Brasil taxará exportação de petróleo por 4 meses; "precedente perigoso", diz especialista". economia.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  34. ↑ "Lula chama Campos Neto de 'esse cidadão' e diz que pode rever autonomia do Banco Central". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 February 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  35. ↑ Schroeder, Lucas. "Não tem explicação para que juros estejam no patamar atual, diz Lula". CNN Brasil. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  36. ↑ Hirabahasi, Gabriel. "Lira defende autonomia do BC e diz que modelo é "marca mundial"". CNN Brasil. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  37. ↑ "Pacheco defende autonomia do BC e diálogo para lidar com juros". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  38. ↑ "Ataques de Lula ao Banco Central são um tiro no próprio pé". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  39. ↑ "Críticas de Lula ao BC para reduzir juros são tiro no pé, diz Meirelles". economia.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  40. ↑ "A visão do mercado sobre Campos Neto no Roda Viva e o reflexo na Bolsa". Estadão E-Investidor - As principais notícias do mercado financeiro (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 February 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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  42. ↑ "Começa a valer redução da taxa de juros máxima dos empréstimos consignados para aposentados e pensionistas do INSS". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  43. ↑ "Redução nos juros do consignado irrita Fazenda e Casa Civil". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  44. ↑ "Teto de juros 'intermediário' é possível saída para resolver crise de consignado do INSS". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 17 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  45. ↑ "De 38 bancos, só 4 oferecem consignado no INSS dentro do novo teto de juros". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 17 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  46. ↑ "Fazenda e governadores fecham acordo e compensação de perdas do ICMS em 2022 será de R$ 26,9 bilhões". Ministério da Fazenda (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  47. ↑ "Governo lança 1ª fase do Desenrola e espera renegociar dívidas de 30 milhões de pessoas". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). reuters. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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  49. ↑ "STF autoriza pagamento de estoque de precatórios fora do teto de gastos". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  50. ↑ "Entenda o que é e qual o significado do novo arcabouço fiscal aprovado na Câmara". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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  52. ↑ "Tebet e técnicos do governo alertam Haddad sobre dificuldade de déficit zero em 2024". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 28 August 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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  190. ↑ "EDP e Galp vão investir 5,7 bilhões no Brasil". MSN. 22 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
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  193. ↑ "Em viagem para reatar as relações diplomáticas do Brasil na Europa, Lula desembarca em Portugal". TV Cultura (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
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  201. ↑ "Lula meets King Charles III the day before his coronation". MercoPress. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
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  203. ↑ "Premiê do Reino Unido diz a Lula que contribuirá com R$500 mi para Fundo Amazônia". MSN (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  204. ↑ "'It is an embarrassment...': Brazil's Lula calls for release of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange". WION. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
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  213. ↑ "Lula Brushes Off Scholz's Appeal for Brazil to Send Arms to Kyiv". Bloomberg.com. 31 January 2023. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
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  226. ↑ "Lula visita Huawei em Xangai e inicia série de reuniões com executivos chineses". Diario de Pernambuco (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 April 2023. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
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  231. ↑ Paraguassu, Lisandra (14 April 2023). "Brazil, China urge more climate change funding from developed countries". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  232. ↑ "Japão confirma convite ao governo Lula para a reunião com G7". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
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  238. ↑ "Lula assina acordos com Emirados Árabes Unidos". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  239. ↑ "Antiga aliada de Bolsonaro, Abu Dhabi recebe visita de Lula em 15 de abril". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  240. ↑ CNN*, Da. "Israel sofre ataque surpresa e sem precedentes do Hamas; veja imagens da destruição". CNN Brasil. Retrieved 13 December 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  241. ↑ CNN*, Da. "Brasil não classifica Hamas como terrorista pois segue determinações da ONU, diz Itamaraty". CNN Brasil. Retrieved 13 December 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  242. ↑ "Por que Brasil não classifica Hamas como 'grupo terrorista'". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 October 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  243. ↑ "Voo da FAB com primeiros 211 brasileiros repatriados de Israel chega ao Brasil". Planalto (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  244. ↑ "Operação de repatriação já resgatou 701 brasileiros de Israel, diz governo". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 October 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  245. ↑ "https://twitter.com/LulaOficial/status/1712589869900325181". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 13 December 2023. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
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  247. ↑ "Presidente Lula conversa com o presidente da Autoridade Palestina". Planalto (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  248. ↑ "Presidente Lula conversa com o presidente do Egito". Planalto (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  249. ↑ "Lula critica 'terrorismo' do Hamas e reação 'insana' de Israel ao citar morte de crianças em Gaza". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 20 October 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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  259. 1 2 Silva, Cedê (8 January 2023). "Lula brings Brazil back to global migration pact". The Brazilian Report. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
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