Server Core is a minimalistic Microsoft Windows Server installation option, debuted in Windows Server 2008. Server Core provides a server environment with functionality scaled back to core server features, and because of limited features, it has reduced servicing and management requirements, attack surface, disk and memory usage.[1][2] Andrew Mason, a program manager on the Windows Server team, noted that a primary motivation for producing a Server Core variant of Windows Server 2008 was to reduce the attack surface of the operating system, and that about 70% of the security vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows from the prior five years would not have affected Server Core.[3] Most notably, no Windows Explorer shell is installed.[1] All configuration and maintenance is done entirely through command-line interface windows, or by connecting to the machine remotely using Microsoft Management Console (MMC), remote server administration tools, and PowerShell.

Configuration levels

As Server Core implementations matured, it has evolved from an installation option to a configuration level.[4] Server Core is less looked down as a stripped version, instead the full GUI version is being thought of having a rarely needed client layer on top of the server layer[5]

Configuration levels in order of increasing complexity[4] for Windows server installations
Install type Nano Server Server Core Minimal Server Interface Server with a GUI or “Full Server” Desktop Experience[6]
Availability Server 2016 Server 2008– Server 2012–2012 R2[7] –2012 R2[8] Server 2008–

In newer Windows versions there is more granularity in configuration levels:[5]

History

Windows Server 2008

Windows Server 2008 was the first Windows Server with the Server Core option (in all editions, except IA-64[1]). Though no Windows Explorer shell is installed, Notepad and some control panel applets, such as Regional Settings, are available. Server Core on Windows Server 2008 does not include the Internet Explorer or many other features not related to core server features.[1] A Server Core machine can be configured for several basic roles: Active Directory Domain Services, Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM), DNS Server, DHCP server, file server, print server, Windows Media Server, IIS 7 web server and Hyper-V virtual server.[1] Server Core can also be used to create a cluster with high availability using failover clustering or network load balancing.

As Server Core is not a different version of Windows Server 2008, but simply an installation option, it has the same file versions and default configurations as the full server version.[1] In Windows Server 2008 and 2008 R2, if a server was installed as Server Core, it cannot be changed to the full GUI version and vice versa.[2]

To make administration of a Server Core machine easier, a Windows script called "scregedit.wsf" was included to make basic changes like turning Automatic Updates on or off, turning Remote Desktop on or off and change page file settings.[9]

Windows Server 2008 R2

In Windows Server 2008 R2, Server Core includes a subset of the .NET Framework, so that some applications (including ASP.NET web sites and Windows PowerShell 2.0) can be used. Having .NET support, it is also the first Server Core version where Microsoft SQL Server can be installed (a supported scenario only with SQL Server 2012+).[10][11] Server Manager has become remoteable.[4] New roles had been enabled to run on Server Core, including Active Directory Certificate Services and the File Server Resource Manager component of the File Services role. WoW64 is available by default, but can be disabled.[12]

In addition to the DISM command, a new command line Server Configuration tool (Sconfig.cmd) has arrived to configure and manage several common aspects of Server Core installations.[13] Server Manager can be used to remotely administer a Server Core machine.

Windows Server 2012

Unlike its predecessors, Windows Server 2012 can switch between "Server Core" and server with a DE installation option without reinstallation.[4] Server Core is now the default configuration level.[4] There is also a new installation option, "minimal server interface" that allows some GUI elements such as MMC and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop, shell or default programs like File Explorer.[14] The "minimal server interface" is in fact a server role (Server-Gui-Mgmt-Infra), the full GUI version contains the Server-Gui-Shell role as well. Some new roles are available, like Windows Server Update Services (WSUS), Active Directory Rights Management Server, and Routing and Remote Access Server, and many new features as well.[15]

Windows Server 2012 R2

In Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Defender is available in a Server Core installation, and is installed and enabled by default.[16]

Windows Server 2016

Windows Server 2016 has a minimal footprint installation option (smaller than Server Core) called Nano Server, optimized for Windows Server Containers and Hyper-V Containers, as well as other cloud-optimized scenarios. Microsoft removed the GUI stack, WoW64 and Windows Installer. There is no local logon or Remote Desktop support.[17][18]

On installation, Server 2016 offers two options: Windows Server 2016 (which is Server Core) and Windows Server 2016 Desktop Experience. Switching between these versions, as is available in Server 2012, is not supported (the possibility was removed in Technical Preview 3).[19]

Supported GUI programs

Windows Server 2016

Some graphical programs supported in Core version

Subset of Control Panel

  • control.exe timedate.cpl - Date and Time

regedit.exe - Registry Editor

notepad.exe - Notepad

cmd.exe - Command prompt

msinfo32.exe - System Information

msiexec.exe - Windows Installer

taskmgr.exe - Task Manager

powershell.exe - Windows PowerShell

iscsicpl.exe - ISCSI Initiator Properties

subset of Explorer function - all what can be done from File - Open dialog like

  • File Copy, Paste, Rename, Delete, make new Folder
  • Disk properties including tools on dialog like Error check

Other working programs with GUI

adexplorer.exe - Sysinternals Active Directory Explorer

procexp.exe - Sysinternals Process Explorer

procmon.exe - Sysinternals Process Monitor

tcpview.exe - Sysinternals TCPview

vmmap.exe - Sysinternals VMMap

rammap.exe - Sysinternals RamMap 1.50

portqueryui.exe - Microsoft PortQueryUI Version 1.0

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Microsoft Developer Network: What Is Server Core?
  2. 1 2 Petri IT Knowledgebase: Understanding Windows Server 2008 Server Core
  3. ↑ "Iain McDonald and Andrew Mason show off the new Windows Server OS". Channel 9. Microsoft. May 24, 2006. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 18:55
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 WindowsITPro: Windows Server 2012 Installation Options
  5. 1 2 "Our Server Journey". Channel 9. Microsoft. Feb 4, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-04-09. Retrieved 2015-04-10. 29:20.
  6. ↑ TechNet: Desktop Experience Feature
  7. ↑ "About Windows Server Installation Options". Microsoft. Retrieved 2016-07-06. This option is only available on Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2.
  8. ↑ "Installation Options for Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview". Microsoft. 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2016-07-06. The "Minimal Server Interface" and "Server with a GUI" modes present in Windows Server 2012 R2 are not available in this release.
  9. ↑ Windows IT Pro: Scregedit Streamlines Server Core
  10. ↑ SQL Coffee: How to Install SQL Server 2012 on Windows Server Core
  11. ↑ Network Worls: Server Core 2008 – SQL Server not supported
  12. ↑ 4SysOps: Uninstall Windows 32-bit on Windows 64-bit (WoW64) on Windows Server 2008 R2 Server Core
  13. ↑ TechNet: Configuring a Server Core installation of Windows Server 2008 R2 with Sconfig.cmd
  14. ↑ Bisson, Simon (September 14, 2011). "Windows 8 Server Developer Preview". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  15. ↑ TechNet: Install Server Roles and Features on a Server Core Server
  16. ↑ "What's Changed in Security Technologies in Windows 8.1". 25 June 2014.
  17. ↑ Windows Server Blog: Microsoft Announces Nano Server for Modern Apps and Cloud
  18. ↑ Server & Cloud Blog: Microsoft Announces New Container Technologies for the Next Generation Cloud Archived 2015-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ Windows Server Blog: Windows Server 2016 Installation Option Changes

Further reading

  • Mitch Tulloch, Windows Server Core Team at Microsoft (2008). Windows Server 2008 Server Core Administrator's Pocket Consultant. Microsoft Press. ISBN 9780735626263
  • John Paul Mueller (2008). Administering Windows Server 2008 Server Core. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470238400
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