A soucouyant, among other names, is a kind of shape-shifting, blood-sucking hag present in Caribbean folklore.[1]

Names

The spirit has several regional names:

Legend

The soucouyant is a folklore character who appears as a reclusive old woman by day. By night, she strips off her wrinkled skin and puts it in a mortar. In form of a fireball, she flies across the dark sky in search of a victim. The soucouyant can enter the home of her victim through any sized hole such as cracks and keyholes.

Soucouyants suck humans' blood from their arms, necks, legs and other soft regions while they sleep, leaving black and blue marks on the body in the morning.[8] If the soucouyant draws too much blood, it is believed that the victim will either die and become a soucouyant or perish entirely, leaving her killer to assume her skin. The soucouyant practices black magic. Soucouyants trade their victims' blood for evil powers with Bazil, the demon who resides in the silk cotton tree.[8]

To expose a soucouyant, it is believed one should heap rice around their house or at the village crossroads; the creature will be obligated to gather the rice, grain by grain, and be caught in the act.[8] To destroy her, coarse salt must be placed in the mortar with her skin so that she perishes, unable to put it back on. The skin of the soucouyant is considered valuable and is part of black magic rituals.

Belief in soucouyants is still preserved to an extent in Guyana, Suriname and some Caribbean islands, including Dominica, Haiti and Trinidad.[9] Many Caribbean islands have plays about the soucouyant and many other folklore characters. Some of these include Trinidad, Grenada and Barbados.

Origin

Soucouyants belong to a class of spirits called jumbies. Some believe that soucouyants were brought to the Caribbean from European countries in the form of French vampire-myths. These beliefs intermingled with those of enslaved Africans.

In the French West Indies, specifically the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, and also in Suriname, the Soukougnan or Soukounian is a person able to shed his or her skin to turn into a vampiric fireball. In general, these figures can be of any gender and age.

The term "Loogaroo" also used to describe the soucouyant, possibly comes from the French word for werewolf: Loup-garou; often confused with each other since they are pronounced the same.[10] In Haiti, what would be considered a werewolf, is called jé-rouges ("red eyes").[11] As in Haiti, the Loogaroo is also common in Mauritian culture.

With the passage of time and gradual changes in the story, the soucouyant is no longer exclusively described as an elderly woman.[12]

Yoruba Origins

In The Bahamas there is a similar thing known as the Hag. The Hag, which is the same as the Soucouyant but with a different name, is very similar to the traditional definition of the Yoruba witch, known as Aje. Many Bahamians who descended from the Yoruba referred to old Congolese women as witches who shed their skins in the night and sucked your blood. This have many parallels to the Yoruba Aje with a few differences. Among the Yoruba, the Aje left her body and turned into an animal, but the Hag sheds her skin and turns into a ball of fire. Both the Hag and the Aje are associated with old women, leaving their bodies behind and sucking blood. It is likely the origin of the Hag and the Soucouyant have a strong connection to the Aje, or the witch of the Yoruba people.

Items of Folk-lore from Bahama Negroes, written by Clavel and published in 1904, describes the Bahamian version. The parallels of the Bahamian Hag and Yoruba was made during the 19th century by Alfred Burdon Ellis in his book about the Yoruba published in 1894. But he associated it with the Yoruba spirit of nightmare, known as Shigidi.

In Divining the self, Velma E Love describes the Aje as: "a blood-sucking, wicked, dreadful cannibal who transforms herself into a bird at night and flies to distant places, to hold nocturnal meetings with her fellow witches."

The Bahamian Hag as described by Clavel:"when a hag enters your house, she always shed her skin. When you first see her, she appears like the flame of a candle floating about; in some way, she puts you to sleep, and resumes her body (but without the skin); she then lies on you, and sucks away every drop of blood that God has put in you." There are more references to the Bahamian Hag in Folk-tales of Andros Island, Bahamas, published in 1918 by Elsie Clews Parsons that are the same as the 1904 version of Clavel, but the Hags can also be men.

  • In Keri Arthur's novel Demon Dance, a pair of soucouyant are the main villains.
  • In Jean Rhys's Voyage in the Dark a soucouyant is one of Anna Morgan's daydreaming fears before she undergoes an abortion that leaves her bleeding to death. It is worth noting that before the ending was edited, Anna Morgan dies of the abortion.
  • Also used in Rhys's short story "The Day They Burned the Books", in a servant's description of Mrs. Sawyer, a main character in the story: "...Mildred told the other servants in the town that her eyes had gone wicked, like a soucriant's eyes, and that afterwards she had picked up some of the hair he pulled out and put it in an envelope, and that Mr. Sawyer ought to look out (hair is obeah as well as hands)".
  • Also used in a third Jean Rhys book, Wide Sargasso Sea, when the former slave, Christophine, describes Antoinette's eyes as "red like soucriant".
  • In "Greedy Choke Puppy", a short story by Nalo Hopkinson, a soucouyant narrates part of the story. Hopkinson's book Brown Girl in the Ring also features a soucouyant, who is delayed from her purpose of consuming blood by another character who drops rice grains on the floor, forcing the soucouyant to pick them up before proceeding.
  • Appears in the novel White is for Witching: A Novel by Helen Oyeyemi.
  • Soucouyant is the title and one of the primary plot devices of a novel by David Chariandy.
  • A soucouyant is the title creature in the book "Nightwitch" by author Ken Douglas, which was also published under a previous pseudonym, Jack Priest.
  • In Timothy Williams's Guadeloupe novel, Un autre soleil (Another Sun), the spelling soucougnan is adopted in both French and English.
  • A soucouyant appears in The Night Piece,[13] a collection of short-stories written by André Alexis.
  • In Byzantium, a Neil Jordan film, one of the protagonists, Eleanor Webb, refers to vampires in her story as "soucriants". On the other hand, there are no references to Caribbean mythology in the movie itself and the vampires' origin is hinted as pre-Christian European.
  • In Season 3 episode 6 of Sleepy Hollow, a soucouyant appears. This creature is a swarm of red insects that can gather itself into a female humanoid shape, and whose sting causes paranoid insanity. As the soucouyant is the queen of her swarm, she targets authority figures.
  • In the video game Cultist Simulator, soucouyants appear as an obstacle during expeditions. They are described as being like winged old women (or occasionally men), who appear human until they discard their skins. It is implied that when an immortal being consumes their own child, they become a soucouyant, but only if the other parent was also an immortal being. They are also known as Alukites (likely a reference to Alukah) or Empousai.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Welland, Michael (January 2009). Sand: The Never-Ending Story. University of California Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-520-25437-4. Loogaroo.
  2. ↑ Hopkinson, Nalo, ed. (2001). Skin Folk. Grand Central. p. 104. ISBN 9780759526648. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  3. ↑ Abel, Ernest L., ed. (2009). Death Gods: An Encyclopedia of the Rulers, Evil Spirits, and Geographies of the Dead. Abc-Clio. p. 137. ISBN 9780313357138. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  4. ↑ Moore, Brian L., ed. (1995). Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838-1900. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 150. ISBN 9780773513549. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  5. ↑ Anatol, Giselle Liza, ed. (2015). The Things That Fly in the Night: Female Vampires in Literature of the Circum-Caribbean and African Diaspora. Rutgers University Press. pp. 6, 8. ISBN 9780813575599. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  6. ↑ Broussard, T. (ed.). Cultus des Loogaroo (Cult of the Loogaroo): Louisiana's Own Legend & Lore of the Vampyre. Lulu.com. p. 197. ISBN 9781304190772. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  7. ↑ Press, ed. (2009). The Vampire Book. Penguin. p. 46. ISBN 9780756664442. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 Courtesy The Heritage Library via the Trinidad Guardian
  9. ↑ Maberry, Jonathan (September 1, 2006). Vampire Universe: The Dark World of Supernatural Beings That Haunt Us, Hunt …. Citadel. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8065-2813-7.
  10. ↑ Bane, Theresa, ed. (2012). Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology. McFarland. p. 96. ISBN 9780786455812.
  11. ↑ Gresh, Lois H., ed. (2008). The Twilight Companion: The Unauthorized Guide to the Series. St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN 9781429983334. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  12. ↑ Fischer-Hornung, Dorothea; Mueller, Monika, eds. (2016). Vampires and Zombies: Transcultural Migrations and Transnational Interpretations. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 63. ISBN 9781496804754. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  13. ↑ The Night Piece and Other Stories: Amazon.co.uk: Andre Alexis: 9780747544616: Books. ASIN 0747544611.

Further reading

  • Myths and Maxims: A Catalog of Superstitions, Spirits and Sayings of Trinidad and Tobago, and the Caribbean by Josanne Leid and Shaun Riaz
  • The Things That Fly in the Night: Female Vampires in Literature of the Circum-Caribbean and African Diaspora by Giselle Liza Anatol
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