The Stinking Old Ninth (Chinese: 臭老九; pinyin: chòu lǎo jiǔ) is a Chinese dysphemism for intellectuals used at two major points.[1]

History

The term originated during the Yuan dynasty where the Mongol conquerors identified ten "castes" of Chinese: bureaucrats, officials, Buddhist monks, Taoist priests, physicians, workers, hunters, prostitutes, (ninth) Confucian scholars and finally beggars, with only beggars at a status below the intellectuals.[2] The Yuan dynasty believed that Confucian scholars did not bring productivity to society and even hindered the development of the economy, so it was classified as the ninth social class at that time. In the 1960s and 1970s, the term "Stinking Old Ninth" was often used as a synonym for intellectuals. Intellectuals were distrusted during the revolution and pushed to undergo self-transformation.[3]

During the Cultural Revolution the "Nine Black Categories" were landlords, rich farmers, anti-revolutionaries, bad influences, right-wingers, traitors, spies, capitalist roaders and (ninth) intellectuals. While often attributed to Mao Zedong, in 1977 Deng Xiaoping argued that it was the Gang of Four who came up with the phrase and that Mao himself saw intellectuals as having some value in society.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Li, Kwok-sing (1995). A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. pp. 27–28.
  2. ↑ Ya Se (雅瑟) and Qing Ping (青苹), eds. (2014). 中华词源 (Etymologies of China). Available on Google Books.
  3. ↑ Ip, Hung-yok (23 November 2004). Intellectuals in Revolutionary China, 1921–1949. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203009932. ISBN 978-1-134-26520-6.
  4. ↑ Deng Xiaoping (1984). "Mao Zedong Thought Must be Correctly Understood as an Integral Whole". Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping. Vol. 2. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.


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