Tamra
Tamra
Tamra
Tamra is located in Jezreel Valley region of Israel
Tamra
Tamra
Coordinates: 32°38′5″N 35°24′8″E / 32.63472°N 35.40222°E / 32.63472; 35.40222
Grid position188/226 PAL
CountryIsrael
DistrictNorthern
CouncilGilboa
Population
 (2021)[1]
1,656

Tamra (Arabic: طمرة; Hebrew: טַמְרָה or תַמְרָה‎) is an Arab village in north-eastern Israel. Located in the Jezreel Valley, it falls under the jurisdiction of Gilboa Regional Council. In 2021 it had a population of 1,656.[1]

Etymology

The name Tamra is derived from the Arabic to make a pit for storing corn & c.[2]

History

Remains from the Iron Age I era have been excavated.[3] Remains from the Iron Age II, the Late Persian – Early Hellenistic, Roman[4][5][6] and Byzantine eras have been found here.[5][6][7]

A village was here in the Byzantine period; tombs and remnants of two churches have been found.[8] In the Byzantine and early Islamic eras, there was an agricultural settlement here.[3][9]

Remains from the Early Islamic (Umayyad/Abbasid)[5][6][7] (including Umayyad glass vessels and Abbasid pottery and a lamp) have also been found.[10]

Remains dating to the Umayyad era (seventh–eighth centuries CE) have been excavated,[4] together with housing remains dating to the Early Abbasid period (late eighth and early ninth centuries CE).[9]

A Basilica was constructed here during the Umayyad era, a dedication from 725 CE was found in the middle. Mosaics belonging to the church have been excavated. The church was probably damaged in the 749 Galilee earthquake, after which its columns were replaced with square pilasters.[3] The archeological evidence indicates that a thriving Christian community existed here in the Umayyad and the Abbasid eras.[3] Two complex winepress that were operated in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods have also been found, indicating widespread wine production during these eras.[9][11]

Mamluk era remains have also been found.[6]

Ottoman era

During the Ottoman era, a map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 may have noted the place, as a village.[12]

In 1870–1871 an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Shamali.[13] In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited Tamra and found it to be a village of about 120 inhabitants, living in adobe houses, or houses built of volcanic materials.[14] He further noted:

This village has taken the place of an ancient town which formerly rose in an amphitheatre around an abundant spring, whose waters are received in a regular basin formerly vaulted. Everywhere considerable piles of stones, for the most part basaltic; the remains of overthrown houses strew the slopes of the hill. In the midst of these confused ruins I remarked, near the spring, the vestiges of a small church lying east and west and divided into three naves. It was ornamented with columns, of which several trunks yet remain. In the higher part of the city are still distinguished the remains of a second church, almost entirely destroyed, which was paved with mosaic, as is proven by the little cubes lying about on the ground.[15]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Tumrah as "a village of middling size, perhaps 50 or 70 houses, situated on high ground, and surrounded by plough-land." They also noted that there were ruins on the south side of the village.[16]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Thamra showed a population of 104, all Muslims,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to 193, still all Muslims, in a total of 34 houses.[18]

In the 1945 statistics Tamra had 240 inhabitants, 160 Arabs and 80 Jews,[19] with a total of 9,436 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[20] Of this, 27 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 9,090 dunams were used for cereals,[21] while 6 dunams were built-up land.[22]

State of Israel

Since 1948 Tamra has been under Israeli rule.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  2. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 170, see p. 117
  3. 1 2 3 4 Tepper, 2013, Tamra, Preliminary Report
  4. 1 2 Mokary, 2010, Tamra
  5. 1 2 3 Porat, 2005, Tamra
  6. 1 2 3 4 Tepper, 2007, Tamra Final Report
  7. 1 2 Abu Fana, 2009, Tamra Final Report
  8. ↑ Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 239
  9. 1 2 3 Tepper, 2011, Tamra
  10. ↑ Porat, 2007, Tamra
  11. ↑ Tepper, 2013, Tamra, in the Valley
  12. ↑ Karmon, 1960, p. 167.
  13. ↑ Grossman, David (2004). Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. p. 256.
  14. ↑ Guérin, 1880, p. 124
  15. ↑ Guérin, 1880, pp. 124-125, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 130
  16. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 87- 88
  17. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
  18. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 76
  19. ↑ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
  20. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 63
  21. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 110
  22. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 160

Bibliography

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