Traffic in the Netherlands

The Netherlands is both a very densely populated and a highly developed country in which transport is a key factor of the economy. Correspondingly it has a very dense and modern infrastructure, facilitating transport with road, rail, air and water networks. In its Global Competitiveness Report for 2014-2015, the World Economic Forum ranked the Dutch transport infrastructure fourth in the world.[1]

With a total road network of 139,000 km, including 3,530 km of expressways,[2] the Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world; much denser than Germany and France, though not as dense as Belgium.[3] The Dutch also have a well developed railway network, that connects most towns and cities, as well as a comprehensive dedicated cycling infrastructure, featuring some 35,000 km of track physically segregated from motorised traffic.[4]

The port of Rotterdam is the world's largest seaport outside East Asia, and the largest port of Europe.[nb 1][5] It connects with its hinterland in Germany, Switzerland and France through the rivers Rhine and Meuse. Two thirds of all inland water freight shipping within the EU, and 40% of containers, pass through the Netherlands.[6] Additionally, the port of Amsterdam is Europe's fourth busiest seaport, according to Eurostat.

Mobility in the Netherlands is considerable. On the roads it has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year,[7] three quarters of which are done by car.[8] Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car, 25% by bicycle, 20% walking, and 5% by public transport.[8] Additionally, Dutch airports handled at least 70 million passengers in 2016.[9] Excluding air travel, the Dutch journey more than 30 km a day on average, which takes them just over an hour.[10]

In 2010, 1.65 billion tons of goods traffic was registered, half of which moved by sea and inland shipping, and 40% by road transport. The remainder was mostly by pipelines; rail transport only handles 2% of freight movements through the Netherlands.[11]

Road transport

The north (and largest) section of the Ridderkerk interchange
Traffic jam on the A325 (Arnhem)

With 139,000 km of public roads,[2] the Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world - much denser than Germany and France, but still not as dense as Belgium.[3][nb 2] In 2013, 5,191 km were national roads, 7,778 km were provincial roads, and 125,230 km were municipality and other roads.[13]

Dutch roads include 3,530 km of motorways and expressways,[2] and with a motorway density of 64 kilometres per 1,000 km², the country also has one of the densest motorway networks in the world.[12] The Netherlands' main highway network (hoofdwegennet) - comparable to Britain's network of trunk roads - consists of most of its 5,200 km of national roads, supplemented with the most prominent provincial roads. Although only about 2,500 km are fully constructed to motorway standards,[14] much of the remainder are also expressways for fast motor vehicles only.

Dynamic Route Information Panel (DRIP) on the A13

Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year,[7] three quarters of which are done by car,[8] meaning that while Dutch roads are numerous, they are also used more intensely than in almost any other country.[12] Car ownership in the Netherlands is high but not exceptional, and slightly lower than in surrounding countries.[15] Goods vehicles account for 20% of total traffic.[12]

The busiest Dutch motorway is the A13 between The Hague and Rotterdam, with a traffic volume of 140,000 motor vehicles per day.[16] The widest Dutch motorway is the A15/A16 just south of Rotterdam with 16 lanes in a 4+4+4+4 setup.

Traffic congestion is common in the Netherlands. The high population density generates significant traffic volumes on both motorways and regular highways. Most congestion occurs in the Randstad, but congestion is a daily structural problem around many larger cities. The Netherlands tries to counter this with an advanced motorway network, with Variable Message Signs and electronic signalization across most of the network. The number of passing motor vehicles is counted every minute of the day at some 20,000 measuring stations on the Dutch motorway network.[16] A special feature of the motorways is the use of Porous Asphalt Concrete, which reduces noise levels, and allows rain water to be drained efficiently, for safety and expedient traffic flow under precipitation.

Cycling

A fietsstraat (cycle street) where cyclists have priority and cars are "guests" and must yield.

Cycling is a ubiquitous mode of transport in the Netherlands. 27% of all trips are by bicycle[17] - the highest modal share of any country in the world.[18] Moreover: 36% of the Dutch list the bike as their most frequent mode of transport on a typical day.[19][nb 3] Some 85% of the people own at least one bicycle. All in all the Dutch are estimated to have at least 18 million functioning bikes,[22][23] which makes more than one per capita, and much more than the 11.3 million motor vehicles registered on the road.[24] Almost as many passenger kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train.[8]

Cycling infrastructure is comprehensive, and public policy, urban planning & laws are bike-friendly. Most roads except for motorways support cyclists, and bikeways are clearly signposted, well maintained and well lit. Dedicated cycle tracks are common on busy roads - some 35,000 km of track has been physically segregated from motor traffic,[4] equal to a quarter of the country's entire road network. Busy junctions often give priority to cyclists, or they are equipped with cycle-specific traffic lights.

There are large bicycle parking facilities, particularly in city centres and at train stations. Since the start of the 21st century, parking spaces for 450,000 bicycles were built and modernized at over 400 train stations, and Dutch railways organizations ProRail and NS are calling for an expansion by another 250,000 by 2027.[25] Already half of all Dutch train travelers cycle to the railway station, amounting to half a million cyclists daily.[25]

In 2013, the European Cyclists' Federation ranked the Netherlands, together with Denmark as the most bike-friendly country in Europe.[26]

Rail transport

Railway network for public transport in the Netherlands
Many trains are double-deckers

Most distance travelled on Dutch public transport goes by rail.[8] Like many other European countries, the Netherlands has a dense railway network, totalling between 7,021 kilometres (4,363 mi) and 7,300 kilometres (4,500 mi) of track,[27][28] or 3,013 route km, three quarters of which has been electrified.[29] The network is mostly focused on passenger transport [30] and connects almost all major towns and cities, counting just over 400 train stations,[27] more than there are municipalities in the Netherlands. The national rail infrastructure is managed by public task company ProRail, and a number of different operators have concessions to run their trains. ProRail also coordinates the totality of scheduling and proper meshing of the Dutch railway services.[28]

Public passenger rail transport is operated mainly by Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) (Dutch Railways); minor parts by Arriva, Keolis Nederland, Connexxion, Breng, DB Regio, NMBS, Veolia[31] and DB Regionalbahn Westfalen. During week days all railway stations are serviced at least twice an hour in each direction.[nb 4] Large parts of the network are serviced by two to four trains per hour on average. Heavily used routes can be serviced by 8 to 16 trains an hour.[28]

In recent years, the four largest railway stations in the Netherlands, the central stations of each of the largest cities: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht, have all entered into major reconstruction and expansion. Rotterdam Central station was completely rebuilt, and was the first to complete, reopening in March 2014. The Hague Central station and Utrecht Central station were reopened, after extensive reconstructions, in February and December 2016, respectively.[32][33] Amsterdam Central station has been undergoing a string of reconstruction works that started in 1997, and is yet to complete.

In 2015 a consultancy comparison of Europe's railway systems found the Dutch network the most cost effective for its performance, together with Finland's.[34] Per kilometre of track, the Dutch rail network is the busiest in the European Union,[30] handling over a million passengers a day.[35] For 2019 some 2.2 million train journeys are scheduled to travel a record number of 165 million train kilometres (103 million train miles) — a growth of 28%, up from 124 million km in 2004. Until 2030 ProRail projects a further growth of passenger kilometres by another 45 percent. For 2019, also 8 percent more freight trains are scheduled than in 2018.[28]

Future developments

On the initiative of two European parties: RailNetEurope and Forum Train Europe, a project called "Redesign of the International Timetabling Process (TTR)" should help to harmonise planning freight- and passenger trains across Europe, to optimize usage of existing rail tracks. Currently, almost all freight trains (96%) deviate from their original schedule, due to the dynamic nature of cargo transport. The new TTR must facilitate ProRail to let unscheduled freight trains run more easily, without requiring complex shifting in the regular passenger train timetables.[28] As of 2020, timetables will be detailed to tenths of minutes (six second units), instead of whole minutes, to further optimise planning.[28]

In the long term, significant capacity gains could only be achieved by adding more rail tracks, or transforming large portions of the Dutch railway system to run more like a metro / subway system, which could support up to 24 to 30 trains per hour on the busiest lines. This would however require a structural disentanglement of the current situation, in which trains, train drivers and conductors all have their own work schedules, following the Japanese model.[36] However, at the moment there are no real plans for such steps.[28]

Public transport

A waterbus connects Rotterdam to some towns to its south-east

For longer distances the main public transport in the Netherlands is the train. Long-distance buses are limited to a few missing railway connections. Regional and rural public transport, serving small(er) towns is by bus. Local and urban public transport is also generally by bus, but the three largest cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague) all have extensive tram systems, that in each case also connect with adjacent cities in their respective urban agglomerations.[nb 5]

In addition, Amsterdam and Rotterdam also have several metro lines. Amsterdam's subway was expanded by a new "North-South" line in July 2018, after 15 years of construction, costing €3.1 billion.

RandstadRail light rail near Delft

Additionally, Rotterdam, The Hague and suburbs in between are connected by a light rail system called RandstadRail, and one line of the Rotterdam metro system connects all the way to The Hague Central station. Utrecht has its own light rail system, called fast tram, connecting the city with adjacent Nieuwegein and IJsselstein. Arnhem is the only Dutch city that still operates a trolleybus system.

Due to the large amount of waterways in the Netherlands, not every road connection has been bridged, and there are still some ferries in operation. In the Rotterdam and -Drecht towns region, a water bus public transport service operates as well.[37]

Public transport operators are both the public transport companies run by the local government of the cities: GVB (Amsterdam), RET (Rotterdam) and HTM (The Hague), as well as private enterprise companies like Arriva, Connexxion, Qbuzz and Keolis Nederland.

Air travel

Partial aerial view of Schiphol airport

Air travel in the Netherlands peaked at a Dutch record number of over 81 million passengers in 2019.[38]

Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, located 9 km (5.6 mi) southwest of Amsterdam, is the main international airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. Offering direct flights to 326 destination airports around the planet, Schiphol is the world's second best connected airport. The airport handled 63.6 million passengers in 2016, a growth of 9.1% over 2015, peaking at 71.7 million passengers in 2019.[9][38] Airfreight tonnage increased by 1.8% to 1.7 million metric tons.[9]

Opened in 1916 as a military airbase, Schiphol saw 479,000 flights in 2016, and practically hit its environmentally mandated maximum of 500,000 yearly flight operations the year prior, recording 499,000 take-offs and landings in 2018.[38] This makes Schiphol one of the world's busiest airports, on average handling 57 starts and landings per hour on one of its six runways, and thus frequently exceeding levels of over one aircraft movement per minute.

Schiphol is the primary hub for Dutch flag carrier airline KLM and its regional affiliate KLM Cityhopper, as well as for other Dutch airlines Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair, Transavia and TUI Airlines Netherlands.[nb 6] The airport also serves as a European hub for Delta Air Lines,[40] and as a base for EasyJet and Vueling airlines.

In other regions there are much smaller international airports, the most prominent being Eindhoven Airport, Rotterdam The Hague Airport, Maastricht Aachen Airport and Groningen Airport. The airports of Eindhoven and Rotterdam/The Hague are both part of the Schiphol Group, and both experienced growth in 2016. Eindhoven Airport grew by 9.3% to 4.7 million passengers, whereas Rotterdam/The Hague Airport's growth was a modest 0.2%, reaching 1.6 million travellers in 2016.[9] At the Maastricht Aachen, and Groningen airports, a considerable share of flights is seasonal in nature. For transport within the country, air travel is hardly used.

Based on Schiphol Group's preliminary data, its airports alone handled a total of 70 million passengers in 2016.[9][nb 7] In 2015 Dutch airports handled passengers at a ratio of 47 million on European flights versus 18 million on intercontinental flights,[41] and in 2013 a slightly less 1.6 million metric tons of airfreight.[42]

Water transport

Bulk carrier in the Rotterdam port
Container ship approaching Rotterdam port

Ports and harbours

The Netherlands has thirteen seaports,[43] three of which have international significance. Handling 440 million metric tons of cargo in 2013, the port of Rotterdam is the biggest port of Europe – as big as the next three biggest combined, and the eighth largest in the world.[5] The Amsterdam seaport is the second in the country, and the fifth largest in Europe.[5] Additionally, since 1998 the ports of Vlissingen and Terneuzen are working as one, under the name of Zeeland Seaports.[44] Handling 34 million metric tons of cargo in 2012, this is now the third biggest Dutch seaport. For comparison: the nearby port of London handled 44 million tons in that year.[5]

Through the rivers Rhine and Meuse, Rotterdam has excellent access to its hinterland upstream, reaching to Germany, France and Switzerland. The port's main activities are petrochemical industries and general cargo handling and transshipment. The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. In 2007, the Betuweroute, a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed.

Three Dutch ports are deepwater ports, that can handle fully laden Panamax ships: Rotterdam, Zeeland Seaports and the port of IJmuiden. Besides Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Zeeland, the ports of Moerdijk and Vlaardingen also support container liner shipping.[45] Other notable port cities are Dordrecht, Haarlem and Den Helder, as well as Groningen, which controls the seaports of Delfzijl and Eemshaven. Den Helder is home to the Netherlands' main naval base.

Merchant marine

Waterways in the Netherlands
  • Total: 563 ships (1,000 GT or over) totaling 4,035,899 GT/4,576,841 tonnes deadweight (DWT)
  • Ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 343, chemical tanker 41, combination bulk 2, container 56, liquified gas 20, livestock carrier 1, multi-functional large load carrier 8, passenger 8, petroleum tanker 25, refrigerated cargo 32, roll-on/roll-off 16, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 5 (1999 est.)

note: many Dutch-owned ships are also operating under the ship registry of Netherlands Antilles (1998 est.)

Inland waters & shipping

6,237 km of rivers and canals are navigable for ships of 50 tons.[46][47] Some 3,740 km of this consists of canals.[43] At least 4,326 km of waterways are usable by craft up to 400 metric ton capacity, and over 3,000 km are usable by ships up to 1,250 metric ton capacity.[47] Although another source states that all of 6,230 km is navigable for craft up to 400 tons, and over 4,000 km is usable by ships up to 1,500 metric ton capacity.[48]

The Dutch inland shipping fleet is the biggest in Europe.[6] Consisting of some 7,000 vessels, it takes a share of 35% of the national total annual freight transport, and as much as 80% of bulk transport.[49] Also two thirds of all inland water freight transports within the EU, and 40% of the EU's inland container shipping, pass through the Netherlands.[6] All in all the Netherlands has so many waterways that virtually all major industrial areas and population centres can be reached by water via inland ports (200) and transhipment terminals (350).[48]

Pipelines

Pipeline transport:

The distribution network for natural gas is the most dense in Europe and of very high quality, with a total length of 12,200 kilometres of transmission pipelines and 136,400 kilometres of distribution pipelines.[50] A technical investigation has concluded that the existing Dutch high-pressure gas infrastructure could feasibly be converted for transport of hydrogen in the future.[51]

Government

Transport in the Netherlands falls under the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management. With regard to public transport, not involving national rail, a total of 14 public bodies have been delegated the authority to grant concessions to public transport operators, namely the twelve provinces, plus the two transport-regions specifically for Amsterdam and Rotterdam / The Hague. These 14 parties are united in a cooperation called "DOVA" (Decentrale Openbaar Vervoer Autoriteiten), or "Decentralised Public Transport Authorities".[52] The provinces in turn sometimes delegate this authority to their municipalities.

Roads are controlled by authorities at all four administrative levels in the Netherlands. About 5,200 km of national roads (Rijkswegen) are controlled by central national government agency Rijkswaterstaat, and the country's twelve provinces manage about 7,800 km of provincial roads.[53][54] Most motorways are national roads, and the remaining national roads are mostly expressways. Only a few motorways are provincial ones, and they are much shorter and serve mostly regional traffic.[55] Frequently, they were previously national roads.

Municipal roads make up the bulk of the network, totalling some 120,000 km.[54] They are mostly local roads. Aside from the division in provinces, the Netherlands is also divided in 21 water management boards. Together with miscellaneous authorities, they own and control another 7,500 km of roads.[54] For some roads, it is because they are a physical element of water barriers, like dikes and dams while others provide primary access to critical water control structures and may not be open to the public.

Economics

Although transport economics is much more than just the economy of the transport sector itself, the latter is much easier to quantify. In 2012 the Dutch goods transport and storage sectors by themselves accounted for almost 400,000 full-time jobs, employing some 500,000 people. Gross revenues totalled 77 billion euro, leading to results of 4.3 billion euro.[56]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Rotterdam mainport is about as big as Europe's 2nd and 3rd biggest ports combined, handling roughly the total cargo tonnage as those of Antwerp plus Hamburg respectively.
  2. ↑ Japan has the same per country road density,[12] but the Netherlands' area includes 18.4% inland water, compared to 0.8% for Japan.
  3. ↑ Up from 31% naming the bike their main mode of transport for daily activities in 2011.[20][21]
  4. ↑ On 14 December 2014 a revised railway timetable was implemented in the Netherlands, providing half-hour service to every station served by the NS in the country.
  5. ↑ There were many more town tram systems in the past, but most shut down before or just after WW II.
  6. ↑ formerly Arkefly and shortened to Arke in the corporate design to match the travel agency)[39]
  7. ↑ Twenty percent more than in 2013, when all Dutch airports combined handled 58 million passengers.[41]

References

  1. ↑ "Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015 - World Economic Forum".
  2. 1 2 3 "CIA World Factbook | Field listing: Roadways". www.cia.gov. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Road density (km of road per 100 sq. km of land area) | Data | Table". Data.worldbank.org. The World Bank Group. 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  4. 1 2 "The Netherlands boast almost 35.000 km of cycling paths". fietsberaad.nl.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Port Statistics 2013" (PDF) (Press release). Rotterdam Port Authority. 1 June 2014. p. 8. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "Seaports - Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency". www.nfia.com. Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency. c. 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  7. 1 2 "SWOV Fact sheet | Mobility on Dutch roads" (PDF) (Press release). Leidschendam, the Netherlands: SWOV, Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research. July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Waard, Jan van der; Jorritsma, Peter; Immers, Ben (October 2012). "New Drivers in Mobility: What Moves the Dutch in 2012 and Beyond?" (PDF). Delft, the Netherlands: OECD International Transport Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  11. ↑ "CBS StatLine - Goederenvervoer Nederland; vervoerwijzen en -stromen" [Dutch Statistics Bureau - Goods transport Netherlands data]. Statline.cbs.nl (in Dutch). CBS - Statistics Netherlands. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Road traffic, vehicles and networks | Environment at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators" (PDF) (Press release). Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
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  14. ↑ "Autosnelweg - WegenWiki" [Motorway - WegenWiki]. www.wegenwiki.nl (in Dutch). 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  15. ↑ List of countries by vehicles per capita
  16. 1 2 A13 busiest national motorway in the Netherlands (PDF) (Report). Statistics Netherlands. 2014. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017. The A13 in the province of Zuid-Holland is the busiest motorway in the Netherlands.
  17. ↑ "Cycling in the Netherlands" (PDF) (Press release). The Netherlands: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. Fietsberaad (Expertise Centre for Cycling Policy). 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  18. ↑ Sommer, Ed. D., Elisabeth (2003). "A fair modal share for cycling: twenty percent by 2020 in Orlando". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.94.2788.
  19. ↑ Quality of Transport report (PDF) (Report). European Commission. December 2014. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  20. ↑ "Why is cycling so popular in the Netherlands?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.
  21. ↑ Future of Transport report (PDF) (Report). European Commission. March 2011. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  22. ↑ "Home | NL Platform".
  23. ↑ "Cycling in the Netherlands - General information". iamexpat.nl.
  24. ↑ "CBS StatLine – Motor vehicles; type, age class, 1 January (registrations)". cbs.nl. Statistics Netherlands. 31 January 2018.
  25. 1 2 "Dutch railways want more bike parking at train stations; Public bike share struggles to meet demand — NL Times".
  26. ↑ "European Cyclists' Federation – The first EU wide ECF Cycling Barometer launched". ecf.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  27. 1 2 "ProRail in cijfers" [ProRail in numbers] (in Dutch). ProRail. 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kruidhof, Carlijn (20 August 2018). "ProRail: spoor barst uit zijn voegen" [ProRail: rail network is bursting at the seams]. SpoorPro (Trade magazine for the Rail Sector) (in Dutch). ProMedia Group. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  29. ↑ "CIA World Factbook | Field listing: Railways". www.cia.gov. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  30. 1 2 "Nederlandse spoor zeer intensief gebruikt" [Dutch railtracks intensely used]. www.treinreiziger.nl (in Dutch). Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  31. ↑ Veolia Transportation, Veolia Transport Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 25 March 2015. (in Dutch)
  32. ↑ "Opening The Hague Central Station – DenHaag.com".
  33. ↑ "Utrecht - We naderen de ontknoping - Utrecht - ProRail (in Dutch; archived)". Archived from the original on 16 January 2017.
  34. ↑ "UK rail system 8th in Europe, service quality main issue – Consultancy.UK (archived)". Archived from the original on 11 July 2015.
  35. ↑ Hofland, Dick (3 October 2014). "125 jaar Amsterdam Centraal" [Amsterdam Central station 125 years] (in Dutch). Sanoma Media Netherlands. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  36. ↑ van Gompel, Marieke (14 August 2018). "Nederland kan even goed presteren als Japan bij versimpelen spoornetwerk" [Netherlands can perform as well as Japan upon simplification of rail systems]. SpoorPro (Trade magazine for the Rail Sector) (in Dutch). ProMedia Group. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  37. ↑ "Waterbus". Rotterdam Tourism & Convention Board. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  38. 1 2 3 Over 81 million passengers at Dutch airports in 2019. CBS (Dutch Statistics Bureau), 30 January 2020.
  39. ↑ Arklefly shortens its name to just Arke Drum, Bruce, World Airlines News. 22 October 2013, retrieved 3 November 2013
  40. ↑ "Corporate Stats and Facts". Delta News Hub.
  41. 1 2 "CBS StatLine - Luchtvaart; maandcijfers Nederlandse luchthavens" [Dutch Statistics Bureau - Dutch airports monthly data]. Statline.cbs.nl (in Dutch). CBS - Statistics Netherlands. 2013–2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  42. ↑ "CBS StatLine - Luchtvaart; maandcijfers Nederlandse luchthavens" [Dutch Statistics Bureau - Dutch airports monthly data]. Statline.cbs.nl (in Dutch). CBS - Statistics Netherlands. 2013. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  43. 1 2 "Transportation Infrastructure - Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency". www.nfia.com. Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency. c. 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  44. ↑ nl:Haven van Zeeland
  45. ↑ Mark E. Waters. "World Port Source - Ports with Liner Service in Netherlands". www.worldportsource.com. World Port Source. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  46. ↑ "CIA World Factbook | Field listing: Waterways". www.cia.gov. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  47. 1 2 "CBS StatLine - Lengte van vaarwegen; vaarwegkenmerken, provincie" [Dutch Statistics Bureau - Waterways and characteristics]. Statline.cbs.nl (in Dutch). CBS - Statistics Netherlands. 2013. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  48. 1 2 The power of inland navigation (PDF). Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Dutch Inland Navigation Information Agency (BVB). 2013. p. 47. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  49. ↑ "Binnenvaart in Cijfers" [Inland water shipping in Numbers] (in Dutch). Bureau Voorlichting Binnenvaart. 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  50. ↑ "Quick facts and figures about the Dutch energy industry – Holland Trade and Invest".
  51. ↑ "Hydrogen – the key to the energy transition – Delft University of Technology" (PDF).
  52. ↑ "DOVA website (in Dutch)".
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  55. ↑ Provinciale weg - Wikipedia (NL)
  56. ↑ "CBS StatLine - Transportbedrijven; arbeids- en financiële gegevens, per branche, SBI 2008" [Dutch Statistics Bureau - Transport sectors; economic data]. Statline.cbs.nl (in Dutch). CBS - Statistics Netherlands. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
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