Punggol Station, northern terminus of the NEL, one of Singapore's MRT lines.

Transportation in Singapore is predominantly land-based, with a comprehensive network of roads making many parts of the city-state, including islands such as Sentosa and Jurong Island, accessible. The road network is complemented by a robust rail system consisting of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and the Light Rail Transit (LRT), which cover the length and width of Singapore and serve a few neighbourhoods respectively. The main island of Singapore is also connected to other islands via ferryboat services. Furthermore, the city-state maintains strong international connections through two bridges linking it to Malaysia – the Causeway and the Second Link – and the Singapore Changi Airport, a major aviation hub in Asia.

Singapore's transport system is globally recognized for its efficiency and effectiveness. According to McKinsey’s Urban Transportation report, it ranks as the world's best overall, excelling in five criteria: availability, affordability, efficiency, convenience, and sustainability.[1] A study by London consulting firm Credo further highlights the cost-efficiency of Singapore's public transport networks,[2] with integrated multi-modal (bus and train) single-journey regular trunk adult card-based fares ranging from S$0.99 to S$2.26. The Monthly Travel Pass, offering unlimited bus and train rides, is set at S$128 per month.[3]

Public transport, encompassing public buses and the MRT and LRT rail networks, is the most common mode of transportation within the city-state. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) fully integrates public transport, with state ownership and public financing of the public infrastructure and public capital assets of railways[4] and buses.[5] The operation and maintenance of these systems are tendered to bidding operator companies on contract.

Private transport, including cars, motorcycles, and commercial vehicles, is less commonly used due to the country's limited land space and dense population. The LTA has controlled and limited the private vehicle population through the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) ownership market-based license auctions since 1990. High taxes, such as the Certificate of Entitlement (COE) and Additional Registration Fee (ARF), make private vehicle ownership prohibitively expensive, leading to Singapore's reputation as the most expensive country in the world to own a car.[6]

In recent years, Singapore has emerged as a preferred location for the testing and development of autonomous vehicles. This positions the city-state at the forefront of transportation innovation, demonstrating its commitment to leveraging technology to enhance its transport infrastructure. This development further solidifies Singapore's status as a global leader in transport efficiency and sustainability.[7]

Road transport

Buses

New public buses in Singapore are painted lush green for easier identification of public buses

Bus transport forms a significant part of public transport in Singapore, with over 4.0 million rides taken per day on average as of 2019.[8] There are more than 365 scheduled bus services, operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore. There are also around 5,800 buses, most of which are single-deck and double-deck, and a small minority of articulated buses currently in active passenger service.

Since 2016, the Land Transport Authority regulates the public bus service standards and owns relevant assets whereas bus operators bid for operating bus services via competitive tendering, under its Bus Contracting Model.

Taxis and PHVs

A Hyundai i40 taxi as operated by ComfortDelgro

Taxis and private hire vehicles (PHV) are a popular form of transport, with fares considered low compared to those in most cities in developed countries. Starting rates were $3.20 - $3.90. As of March 2019, the taxi and private hire car population has been increased to 83,037.

In Singapore, taxis can be flagged down at any time of the day along any public road outside of the Central Business District (CBD), while private hire cars can only be booked via ridesharing apps.

Private cars

As of 2018, there was a total of 957,006 motor vehicles in Singapore, with 509,302 of them being private cars.[9]

Private transport (cars, motorcycles, commercial vehicles) is less commonly used as due to limited land space of the country, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) has limited and controlled the population of privately owned vehicles in the country, through the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) ownership market-based license auctions since 1990.[10] As a result, private vehicles are prohibitively expensive and Singapore is known to be most expensive country in the world to own a car.;[6][11][12][13] prospective private vehicle owners are required to place a bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE) sold under auction (valid for 10-years, as of October 2023,[14] COEs are priced at more than S$100,000 for all prospective car owners, more than S$80,000 for prospective commercial vehicle owners and more than S$10,000 for prospective motorcycle owners) and pay the Additional Registration Fee (ARF) tax imposed at 100-320% of the open market value (OMV) of the vehicle, among other fees.[11][15][16] As a result of the aforementioned taxes, on-the-road car prices in Singapore are approximately 5 times of the on-the-road car prices in Western countries.[6][11][12]

Roads and expressways

A section of the Ayer Rajah Expressway

Singapore pioneered congestion pricing (the market-based usage management of public roads to reduce congestion at specific times within the city centre and certain expressways), with the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, which has since been replaced with the Electronic Road Pricing, a form of electronic toll collection.

  • Total length of expressways: 164 km
  • Total length of major arterial roads: 576 km
  • Total length of collector roads: 704 km
  • Total length of local access roads: 2056 km (as of 2017)[17]

Traffic drives on the left which is typical in Commonwealth countries.

All expressways, plus the semi-expressways in Singapore

The planning, construction and maintenance of the road network is fully conducted by the Land Transport Authority (LTA), and this extends to expressways in Singapore. These form key transport arteries between the distinct towns and regional centres as laid out in Singapore's urban planning, with the main purpose of allowing vehicles to travel from satellite towns to the city centre and vice versa in the shortest possible distance. These expressways include:

The influence of expressways on Singapore's transport policy developed shortly after independence during the history of Singapore because of frequent traffic congestion in the Central district. The aim was to encourage residential development in other parts of the island and give residents in these new "satellite towns" a convenient link between their homes and their workplaces (which were mostly situated around the city centre.)

Tuas Second Link

Singapore has two land links to Malaysia. The Johor-Singapore Causeway, built in the 1920s to connect Johor Bahru in Johor, Malaysia to Woodlands in Singapore, carries a road and a railway line. The Tuas Second Link, a bridge further west, was completed in 1996 and links Tuas in Singapore to Tanjung Kupang in Johor.

Trishaws

Before World War II, rickshaws were an important part of urban public transportation. In 1947 they were banned on humanitarian grounds, and replaced by trishaws (cycle rickshaws).[18]

Usage of trishaws as a means of transportation had died out by 1983.[19] However, there are some trishaws left which now serve as tourist attractions, taking tourists for a ride around the downtown district.

Rail transport

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)

Mass Rapid Transit

The Mass Rapid Transit, which opened in 1987, is a heavy rail metro system that serves as the major backbone of Singapore's public transport system along with public buses; as of November 2022, the network has a length of 230 km (142.92 mi) and 134 stations. The Land Transport Authority, the main planning authority of the MRT, plans to provide a more comprehensive rail transport system by expanding the rail system to a total of 360 km (223.69 mi) by the year 2030, with eight in ten households living within a 10-minute walking distance of an MRT station.[20]

The current MRT network consists of six main lines: the North–South Line, East–West Line, Circle Line and partially-opened Thomson–East Coast Line operated by SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation) and the North East Line and Downtown Line operated by SBS Transit. Two more lines, the Jurong Region Line and the Cross Island Line, will open in stages from 2027 and 2030 respectively.[21][22]

Light Rail Transit (LRT)

Light Rail Transit

In several new towns, automated rubber-tyred light rail transit systems function as feeders to the main MRT network in lieu of feeder buses. The first LRT line, which is operated by SMRT Light Rail, opened in Bukit Panjang in 1999 to provide a connection to Choa Chu Kang in neighbouring Choa Chu Kang New Town. Although subsequently hit by over 50 incidents, some of which resulted in several days of system suspension, similar systems albeit from a different company were introduced in Sengkang and Punggol in 2003 and 2005 respectively, both operated by SBS Transit.

The international railway line to Malaysia is an extension of the Malaysian rail network operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu (Malayan Railways). Since 1 July 2011, Woodlands Train Checkpoint serves as the southern terminus of the KTM rail network. Previously, KTM trains terminated at Tanjong Pagar railway station in central Singapore. One more rail link is being planned: the Johor Bahru-Singapore Rapid Transit System between Woodlands North and Bukit Chagar, Johor Bahru.

Air transport

Airlines

Singapore Airlines is the national flag carrier of Singapore.
Scoot is the low-cost arm of Singapore Airlines.

The national flag carrier is Singapore Airlines. In total, there are three local airlines, all operating out of Changi Airport:

Malaysia's Firefly is the sole operator with scheduled services out of Seletar Airport.

Airports

Control tower of Singapore Changi Airport

The aviation industry is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore, a statutory board of the Singapore government under the Ministry of Transport.

An open skies agreement was concluded with the United Kingdom in October 2007 permitting unrestricted services from Singapore by UK carriers. Singapore carriers were allowed to operate domestic UK services as well as services beyond London Heathrow to a number of destinations, including the United States along with Canada.[23]

Singapore Changi Airport, with its four terminals, is one of the most important air hubs in the region. The international airport is situated at the easternmost tip of the main island, and serves 185 cities in 58 countries.[24] With the recent opening of the fourth terminal, Changi is now capable of handling more than 70 million passengers every year.

Seletar Airport is Singapore's first civil aviation airport and is primarily used for private aviation.

Airport and airbase technical data
AirportICAOIATAUsageRunwayLength
(ft)		Length
(m)		Remarks
Paya Lebar Air BaseWSAPQPGMilitaryPaved124003800Former civilian
Seletar AirportWSSLXSPCivilian/MilitaryPaved60231836Mainly non-scheduled flights
Sembawang Air BaseWSAGMilitaryPaved3000914
Singapore Changi AirportWSSSSINCivilianPaved132004000
Tengah Air BaseWSATTGAMilitaryPaved89002713

Heliports

Aerial lift transport

Cable car

The Singapore Cable Car spans across the Keppel Harbour between Singapore and Sentosa.

The Singapore Cable Car is a three-station gondola lift system that plies between Mount Faber on the main island of Singapore and the resort island of Sentosa via HarbourFront. Opened in 1974, it was the first aerial ropeway system in the world to span a harbour. The cable car system underwent a revamp that was completed in August 2010.

In addition, a similar gondola lift system also operates within Sentosa as the Sentosa Line were opened in 2015. This line links Siloso Point to Imbiah.[25]

Maritime transport

Ports and harbours

Keppel Container Terminal in Singapore

The Port of Singapore, run by the port operators PSA International (formerly the Port of Singapore Authority) and Jurong Port, is the world's busiest in terms of shipping tonnage handled. 1.04 billion gross tons were handled in 2004, crossing the one billion mark for the first time in Singapore's maritime history. Singapore also emerged as the top port in terms of cargo tonnage handled with 393 million tonnes of cargo in the same year, beating the Port of Rotterdam for the first time in the process. In 2019, it handled a total of 626 million tonnes of cargo.[26]

In 2018, Singapore was ranked second globally in terms of containerised traffic, with 36.6 million Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) handled,[27] and is also the world's busiest hub for transshipment traffic. Additionally, Singapore is the world's largest bunkering hub, with 49.8 million tonnes sold in 2018.[28]

In 2007, the Port of Singapore was ranked the world's busiest port, surpassing Hong Kong and Shanghai.[29] The Port of Singapore is also ranked the Best Seaport in Asia.

Ports and Harbours Data
PortOperatorTypeBerthsQuay length
(m)		Quay cranesArea
(m2)		Capacity (kTEUs)
Asia Automobile (Singapore) (AATS)[30] K Line/Nippon Yusen/PSA International Car 2
Brani (BT)[31]PSA InternationalContainer82,32526790,000
Cosco-PSA (CPT)Cosco/PSA InternationalContainer5720228,0005,000
JurongJTCMulti-Purpose234,4861,200,028
Keppel (KT)[31]PSA InternationalContainer143,164 271,025,000
Magenta Singapore (MST)[30] ONE/PSA International Container 4 4,000
MSC-PSA Asia (MPAT)[30] MSC/PSA International 7 14
Pasir Panjang Automobile (PPT)[31] PSA International Ro-Ro 3 1,010 250,000
Pasir Panjang (PPT 1)PSA InternationalContainer62,145 19850,000
Pasir Panjang (PPT 2) PSA International Container 9 2,972 36 1,390,000
Pasir Panjang (PPT 3) PSA International Container 8 2,655 31 940,000
Pasir Panjang (PPT 4) PSA International Container 3 1,264 13 700,000
Pasir Panjang (PPT 5) PSA International Container 6 2,160 24 830,000
Pasir Panjang (PPT 6) PSA International Container 6 2,251 24 800,000
PIL-PSA Singapore (PPST)[30] PIL/PSA International Container 3
Sembawang Wharves[31]PSA InternationalGeneral4 660 280,000
Tanjong Pagar (TPT)[31]PSA InternationalContainer72,097 0795,000

Passenger transport

Bumboat on the Singapore River

Water transport within the main island is limited to the River Taxi along the Singapore River. The service was introduced in January 2013, with low ridership.[32][33] There are also daily scheduled ferry services from the Marina South Pier to the Southern Islands such as Kusu Island, Lazarus Island & Saint John's Island and Sisters' Islands.[34] Changi Point Ferry Terminal in the east offers daily ferry services to Pulau Ubin and some destinations in Johor, Malaysia.

Singapore Cruise Centre (SCC) runs Tanah Merah and HarbourFront Ferry Terminals which are connected by ferry services to Indonesian Riau Islands of Batam, Bintan and Karimun.[35]

In addition to the ferry terminals, the Singapore Cruise Centre (SCC) also operates a cruise terminal which is handled by the International Passenger Terminal (IPT), and has two berths of 310 metres and 270 metres with a height limit of 52 metres. It has a draft of 12 metres. It underwent an upgrade in 2005 to improve its passenger handling facilities. An additional cruise terminal, the Marina Bay Cruise Centre Singapore, began construction in 2009 and was completed in 2012 in order to accommodate bigger cruise ships that are not able to dock at the Singapore Cruise Centre.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wong, Derek (23 August 2018). "Singapore public transport system tops global list". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  2. ↑ Sim, Royston (2 June 2014). "Study: Singapore's public transport system one of world's most efficient". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  3. ↑ "Fare Structure". ptc.gov.sg. Public Transport Council. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  4. ↑ "New Rail Financing Framework". lta.gov.sg. Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  5. ↑ "Bus Contracting Model". lta.gov.sg. Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 Descalsota, Marielle (28 June 2022). "Cars in Singapore cost on average 5 times more than they do in the US. Here's a breakdown of what 5 popular cars would set you back in each country". Business Insider. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  7. ↑ Umar Zakir Abdul, Hamid; et al. (2019). "Current Landscape of the Automotive Field in the ASEAN Region: Case Study of Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia - A Brief Overview". ASEAN Journal of Automotive Technology. 1 (1). Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  8. ↑ "Bus, train ridership rises to new high". The Straits Times. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  9. ↑ "Annual Vehicle Statistics 2018: MOTOR VEHICLE POPULATION BY VEHICLE TYPE" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  10. ↑ "How the COE system went from managing rapid vehicle growth to hitting record premiums". CNA. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 Ho, Timothy (11 April 2022). "An Explanation On Why Cars In Singapore Are So Expensive". DollarsAndSense.sg. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  12. 1 2 "Why are cars so expensive in Singapore?". Budget Direct Insurance. January 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  13. ↑ "Cost of car ownership soars in Singapore". BBC News. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  14. ↑ "COE premiums for large car and Open categories hit record highs for 6th straight exercise". TODAY. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  15. ↑ Yeoh, Grace (14 February 2023). "Budget 2023: Higher additional registration fees, cap on rebates for luxury car owners". CNA (TV network). Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  16. ↑ cue (14 February 2023). "Budget 2023: Tax for higher-end cars to rise again; ARF to go up from 220% to 320% | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  17. ↑ "Length of Roads Maintained by LTA". Land Transport Authority. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "Infopedia: Rickshaw". Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  19. ↑ Lim, Jason (2012). A Slow Ride into the Past: The Chinese Trishaw Industry in Singapore, 1942-1983. Monash University Publishing. ISBN 978-1921867385.
  20. ↑ "Two New Rail Lines and Three New Extensions to Expand Rail Network by 2030". www.lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  21. ↑ "Jurong Region Line to serve NTU, Tengah estate, Jurong Industrial Estate". CNA. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  22. ↑ "First phase of Cross Island MRT line finalised; will have 12 stations". The Straits Times. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  23. ↑ "Singapore, UK conclude landmark Open Skies Agreement". Channelnewsasia.com. 3 October 2007.
  24. ↑ "Air Network". changiairport.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  25. ↑ "New cable car service to help visitors get around Sentosa". The Straits Times. 14 July 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  26. ↑ "Cargo Throughput, Monthly". Data.gov.sg. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  27. ↑ "Top 50 World Container Ports". World Shipping Council. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  28. ↑ "Singapore's 2018 Maritime Performance". Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  29. ↑ "Singapore remains world's busiest port". Xinhuanet. 12 January 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2006.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Our Business: Joint-Venture Terminals". www.singaporepsa.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 "Our Business: Terminals". www.singaporepsa.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  32. ↑ "Water taxis to make a splash in Singapore". Telegraph. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  33. ↑ "Few using water taxis as regular mode of commute". TODAY. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  34. ↑ "Singapore Island Cruise". islandcruise. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  35. ↑ "wowgetaways.com". SCC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

Further reading

  • Archives and Oral History Department (Singapore) (1984). The Land Transport of Singapore, From Early Times to the Present. Singapore: Educational Publications Bureau. ISBN 9971001365.
  • Davis, Mike; Phillips, Ron; York, F. W. (2005). Singapore Buses. Vol. One, Part One: Singapore Bus Service – Early Single-Deck Buses and the First Double-Deckers. Croydon, UK: DTS Publishing. ISBN 190051575X.
  • Davis, Mike; Phillips, Ron (2005). Singapore Buses. Vol. One, Part Two: Singapore Bus Service – Double and Single-Deck Buses from the 1980s to 2005. Croydon, UK: DTS Publishing. ISBN 1900515261.
  • Davis, Mike (2012). Singapore Buses. Vol. Two: Singapore Shuttle Bus and Trans-Island Bus Service. Croydon, UK: DTS Publishing. ISBN 9781900515276.
  • Fwa, Tien Fang (2016). 50 Years of Transportation in Singapore: Achievements and Challenges. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789814651608.
  • Teo, Eisen (2019). Jalan Singapura : 700 Years of Movement in Singapore. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9789814828741.
  • York, F. W.; Phillips, A. R. (1996). Singapore: A History of Its Trams Trolleybuses and Buses. Vol. 1: 1880's to 1960's. Croydon, UK: DTS Publishing. ISBN 1900515008.
  • York, F. W.; Davis, Mike; Osborne, Julian (2009). Singapore: A History of Its Trams Trolleybuses and Buses. Vol. 2: Buses and bus services 1970s and 1990s. Croydon, UK: DTS Publishing. ISBN 9781900515016.
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