Monetary Authority of Singapore
Headquarters10 Shenton Way, MAS Building, Singapore 079117
Established1 January 1971 (1971-01-01)
OwnershipGovernment of Singapore
Key peopleLawrence Wong (Chairman)
Chia Der Juin (Managing Director)
Central bank ofSingapore
CurrencySingapore dollar (S$)
SGD (ISO 4217)
ReservesIncrease US$419.1 billion[1]
Bank rate3.51% (20 July 2023)[2]
Preceded byBoard of Commissioners of Currency
Websitewww.mas.gov.sg

The Monetary Authority of Singapore or (MAS), is the central bank and financial regulatory authority of Singapore. It administers the various statutes pertaining to money, banking, insurance, securities and the financial sector in general, as well as currency issuance and manages the foreign-exchange reserves. It was established in 1971 to act as the banker to and as a financial agent of the Government of Singapore.[3] The body is duly accountable to the Parliament of Singapore through the Minister-in-charge, who is also the Incumbent Chairman of the central bank.

History

MAS Building on Shenton Way, headquarters of the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) was founded in 1971 to oversee various monetary functions associated with banking and finance. Prior its establishment, monetary functions were performed by government departments and agencies. The acronym MAS resembles mas, the word for 'gold' in Malay, Singapore's national language—although the acronym is pronounced with each of its initial letters.[4]

As Singapore progressed, an increasingly complex banking and monetary environment required more dynamic and coherent monetary administration. Therefore, in 1970, the Parliament of Singapore passed the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act leading to the formation of MAS on 1 January 1971. The act gives MAS the authority to regulate all elements of monetary policy, banking, and finance in Singapore.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, MAS brought forward its bi-annual meeting from some time in April to 30 March.[5] The MAS decided to ease the Singapore dollar's appreciation rate to zero percent, as well as adjust the policy band downwards, the first such move since the Global Financial Crisis. This marks the first time the MAS had taken these two measures together.[6]

Unlike many central banks around the world, the MAS is not independent from the Singapore Government—the MAS is under the purview of the Prime Minister's Office (PMO); chairmen of the MAS were either former or incumbent Minister for Finance. Some includes the former Prime Ministers or the Deputy Prime Ministers.

List of chairmen

No. Portrait Name Term of office
1Hon Sui SenJanuary 1971 – July 1980
2Goh Keng SweeAugust 1980 – January 1985
3Richard HuJanuary 1985 – December 1997
4Lee Hsien LoongJanuary 1998 – August 2004
5Goh Chok TongAugust 2004 – May 2011
6Tharman ShanmugaratnamMay 2011 – July 2023[7]
7Lawrence WongJuly 2023 – May 2026

Policy

Since 1981, monetary policy in Singapore is mainly conducted through the management of the exchange rate (rather than inflation targeting) of the Singapore dollar, in order to promote price stability as a basis for sustainable economic growth. The exchange rate is an intermediate target of monetary policy in the context of the small and open Singapore economy (where gross exports and imports of goods and services are more than 300 percent of GDP and almost 40 cents of every Singapore dollar spent domestically is on imports), the exchange rate represents a significantly stronger influence on inflation than the interest rate. As a result, the nominal exchange rate, directly and indirectly, affects a wide range of prices in the Singapore economy, such as import and export prices, wages and rentals, consumer prices and output prices.

MAS controls monetary policy through direct interventions in the foreign exchange markets and bears a stable and predictable relationship with the price stability as the final target of policy, over the medium-term. The Singapore dollar (SGD) is managed against a basket of currencies of Singapore's major trading partners and competitors; the various currencies are assigned weights in accordance with the importance of the country to Singapore's international trading relations (as shown below) and the composition of the basket is revised periodically to take into account any changes in trade patterns.[8]

MAS operates a managed float regime for the Singapore dollar. The tradeweighted exchange rate, which is known as the 'Singapore dollar Nominal Effective Exchange Rate' (S$NEER) is allowed to fluctuate within a policy band; the level and direction of which is announced semi-annually (typically every six months) to the market. The policy band provides a mechanism to accommodate short-term fluctuations in the foreign exchange markets and allows flexibility in managing the exchange rate.

The exchange rate policy band is periodically reviewed by MAS to ensure that the policy band remains consistent with underlying fundamentals of the economy; the path of the exchange rate is continually assessed every 6 months in order to prevent a misalignment in the currency value. A Monetary Policy Statement (MPS) is released by MAS after each review, which provides information on the recent movements of the exchange rate and explaining the forward guidance of future exchange rate policy. MAS would also release an accompanying report, the Macroeconomic Review (MR), which provides detailed information on the assessment of macroeconomic developments and trends in the Singapore economy; the MR is aimed to enhance market and public understanding of the monetary policy stance.

As the MAS utilises the choice of the exchange rate as the intermediate target of monetary policy, this implies that MAS does not have any control over domestic interest rates (and money supply), due to the commonly accepted concept in international economics known as the policy trilemma. In the context of free capital movements, interest rates in Singapore are largely determined by foreign interest rates and investor expectations of the future movements in the Singapore dollar. Singapore domestic interest rates have typically been below U.S. Fed funds interest rates and reflect market expectations of a trend appreciation of the Singapore dollar over time.

The exchange rate has emerged as an effective anti-inflation tool for the Singapore economy. In the twenty years since the exchange rate framework was in place, domestic inflation was relatively low, averaging 1.9% per annum from 1981 to 2010. As a result of the long record of low inflation, expectations of price stability in Singapore have become more entrenched over the years. The exchange rate system has also functioned to mitigate the adverse effects of short-term volatility on the real economy, while at the same time ensuring that the exchange rate remains aligned with economic conditions and fundamentals. The success of the exchange rate system is heavily dependent on the economic fundamentals of Singapore, such as prudent fiscal policy, flexible product and factor markets, sound financial system, and robust domestic corporate sector.

Debt

Singapore's debts are under the responsibility of MAS. As of 2022, the Singapore Government debt exceeds the country's GDP at about 150%. However, these are not net debts, but gross external debts, which can be traced to the debt liabilities in Singapore's banking sector—a reflection of the country's stature as a major global financial hub. In essence, Singapore borrows to invest, not to spend. Therefore, unlike other countries, Singapore is a net creditor with no debt to anyone, and has a net debt-to-GDP ratio of 0%, maintained for almost three decades since 1995.[9]

Accordingly, Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies.[10] For multiple years, Singapore emerged as the top country in the world with the least-risky credit rating under the Euromoney Country Risk (ECR) rankings, being one of the safest investment destinations.[11][12] The country was also ranked as the freest economy in the world on the Index of Economic Freedom rankings.[13]

Major trading partners of Singapore

Trade performance with major trading partners[14]
Country / Region Currency ISO 4217 Code Central Bank Total Merchandise Trade Value with Singapore, 2021 (S$ bil) % of Singapore Merchandise Trade Total Total Services Trade Value with Singapore, 2020 (S$ bil) % of Singapore Services Trade Total
China (Mainland) Chinese yuan CNY People's Bank of China 164.3 14.16 40.0 7.99
Malaysia Malaysian ringgit MYR Bank Negara Malaysia 128.7 11.09 11.4 2.29
United States of America United States dollar USD Federal Reserve 105.7 9.12 101.8 20.35
European Union Euro (only within Eurozone) EUR European Central Bank (only within Eurosystem) 102.0 8.80 67.2 13.43
Taiwan New Taiwan dollar TWD Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 99.0 8.61 10.7 2.14
Hong Kong Hong Kong HKD Hong Kong Monetary Authority 85.1 7.34 28.7 5.74
Indonesia Indonesian rupiah IDR Bank Indonesia 59.1 5.09 7.6 1.52
South Korea South Korean won KRW Bank of Korea 56.2 4.85 9.7 1.93
Japan Japanese yen JPY Bank of Japan 53.9 4.65 43.8 8.76
Thailand Thai baht THB Bank of Thailand 34.1 2.94 8.1 1.61
Australia Australian dollar AUD Reserve Bank of Australia 27.2 2.35 31.1 6.21
Vietnam Vietnamese đồng VND State Bank of Vietnam 26.9 2.32 6.6 1.33
India Indian rupee INR Reserve Bank of India 26.8 2.31 14.7 2.92
Philippines Philippine peso PHP Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 23.2 2.00 4.4 0.87
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates dirham AED Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates 22.3 1.92 5.1 1.02
Switzerland Swiss franc CHF Swiss National Bank 15.7 1.35 21.7 4.33
United Kingdom Pound sterling GBP Bank of England 13.9 1.20 23.1 4.61
Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal SAR Saudi Central Bank 9.6 0.82 1.2 0.24
Cambodia Cambodian riel KHR National Bank of Cambodia 9.2 0.80 0.4 0.08
New Zealand New Zealand dollar NZD Reserve Bank of New Zealand 3.9 0.34 3.6 0.72
Myanmar Myanmar kyat MMK Central Bank of Myanmar 3.6 0.31 0.7 0.14
Canada Canadian dollar CAD Bank of Canada 3.0 0.26 4.4 0.88

Issuing banknotes and coins

Following its merger with the Board of Commissioners of Currency on 1 October 2002, the MAS assumed the function of currency issuance.

MAS has the exclusive right to issue banknotes and coins in Singapore. Their dimensions, designs and denominations are determined by the Monetary Policy Committee with Government approval. The banknotes and coins issued have the status of legal tender within the country for all transactions, both public and private, without limitation.

In December 2020, MAS approved digital bank licenses for 4 tech giants, Grab–Singtel consortium, Ant Group, Sea Group, and Greenland Financial consortium.[15] Grab-Singtel and Sea Group were awarded digital full banking licenses, while Ant Group and Greenland Financial were awarded digital wholesale banking licenses.[16] In May 2021, the ability to transfer money between Singapore's PayNow and Thailand's PromptPay was announced.[17]

Strategic initiatives

ASEAN Financial Innovation Network

ASEAN Financial Innovation Network (AFIN) is a non-profit organisation, established by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), ASEAN Bankers Association (ABA), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group in 2018. AFIN launched the Application Programming Interface Exchange (APIX), a global fintech marketplace and regulatory sandbox in 2018.[18][19]

Asian Institute of Digital Finance

The Asian Institute of Digital Finance (AIDF) is a research institute to enhance education, research and entrepreneurship in digital finance.[20] AIDF is a collaboration between the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the National Research Foundation and the National University of Singapore (NUS) and was established in 2021.[20][21]

Singapore FinTech Festival

Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore visiting Singapore FinTech Festival exhibition pavilion with Ravi Menon, managing director, Monetary Authority of Singapore in 2019.

Elevandi (an institution established by MAS) organises Singapore FinTech Festival (SFF) annually in partnership with The Association of Banks in Singapore and in collaboration with SingEx Holdings, to connect the various FinTech communities around the world to interact with each other.[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The World Fact Book - Singapore". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Domestic Interest Rates - Singapore Overnight Rate Average (SORA) Table". Monetary Authority of Singapore. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  3. ↑ "Our History". www.mas.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 2020-09-14. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  4. ↑ Adam Brown (1999). Singapore English in a nutshell: an alphabetical description of its features. Federal Publications. ISBN 978-981-01-2435-9. Archived from the original on 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  5. ↑ "MAS brings forward monetary policy statement, firming easing bets". CNA. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  6. ↑ hermesauto (2020-03-30). "MAS eases Singdollar policy in measured move as economy braces for recession". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  7. ↑ "Our History". www.mas.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 2020-09-14. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
  8. ↑ Tee, Ong Chong (2013), "An exchange-rate-centred monetary policy system: Singapore's experience", BIS Papers chapters, Bank for International Settlements, vol. 73, pp. 307–315, archived from the original on 2022-05-12, retrieved 2022-05-12
  9. ↑ "Singapore's Fiscal Approach" (PDF). mof.gov.sg. Ministry of Finance. 1 November 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  10. ↑ "Fitch Affirms Singapore at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable". fitchratings.com. Fitch Ratings. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  11. ↑ Wright, Chris (9 March 2017). "Singapore leads the world in sovereign risk". Euromoney. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  12. ↑ "Euromoney Country Risk". www.euromoneycountryrisk.com. Euromoney. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  13. ↑ "Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom". www.heritage.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  14. ↑ "Singapore International Trade". Base. Archived from the original on 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  15. ↑ hermesauto (2020-12-04). "Singapore to have 4 digital banks, with Grab-Singtel and Sea getting digital full bank licences". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  16. ↑ "Grab-Singtel, Sea, and Ant Group can now run Digital Banks in Singapore". BEAMSTART - Bridging Global Opportunities. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  17. ↑ "Singapore and Thailand link real-time payment systems". Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  18. ↑ "About US". AFIN. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  19. ↑ "PM Narendra Modi's keynote address at the Singapore FinTech Festival". Business Standard. November 14, 2018. Archived from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  20. 1 2 hermesauto (2020-08-04). "Singapore to set up Asian digital finance research institute by end-2020". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  21. ↑ hermesauto (2021-09-03). "Research institute to support needs of digital financial services in Asia opens at NUS". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  22. ↑ "Singapore FinTech Festival". Monetary Authority of Singapore. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
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