Twat is an English-language vulgarism which means the vulva or vagina, and is used figuratively as a derogatory epithet.[1][2][3] In British English, it is a common insult referring to an obnoxious or stupid person regardless of gender;[1][3] in American English, it is rarer and usually used to insult a woman.[1][2][4] In Britain, the usual pronunciation rhymes with "hat", while Americans most often use the older pronunciation that rhymes with "squat". This is reflected in the former variant spelling of "twot".[5]

The literal sense is first attested in 1656, the epithet in the 1930s.[5] The word's etymology is uncertain. The American Heritage Dictionary suggests a conjectural Old English word "thwāt", meaning "a cut", cognate with the Old Norse "þveit" ("thveit").[4] Jonathon Green suggests a connection with "twitchel", a dialect term for a narrow passage.[5] The twentieth-century British slang verb twat, meaning 'to hit, whack', is probably an unrelated homonym of onomatopoeic origin.[1][6]

Historical use

Road sign pointing to Twatt, Shetland, which was ranked No. 4 of the most vulgar-sounding names in Rude Britain, alongside Twatt, Orkney, also in Scotland

Robert Browning famously misused the term in his 1841 poem "Pippa Passes":[7][8]

Then owls and bats
Cowls and twats
Monks and nuns in a cloister's moods
Adjourn to the oak-stump pantry

Many years later, Frederick J. Furnivall wrote to ask Browning what he meant by twat; Browning replied that as a youth he had encountered the word in a volume of broadsides and inferred it to be an item of nun's clothing akin to a wimple.[7][9][10] The relevant lines are from Vanity of Vanities, a 1660 attack on Henry Vane the Younger which includes an anti-Catholic joke:[9][11]

They talk't of his having a Cardinalls Hat
They'd send him as soon an Old Nuns Twat

Melissa Mohr suggests few Victorians knew the word, given that "none of the twenty-three or so Victorian editions" of Browning's poem omit it.[9] An 1868 query to Notes and Queries asked what the word in the poem meant;[12] the only published reply was, "Twat is good Somersetshire dialect for a toad=twoad=twat".[13] A footnote in William James Rolfe and Heloise Hersey's 1886 Select Poems of Robert Browning summarised his reply to Furnivall with the additional comment, "Twat is in no dictionary";[14] H. W. Fay noted in 1888 in The Academy that the word was in fact in Thomas Wright's 1857 Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English, and said Browning, Furnivall and Rolfe had all made a "distressing blunder".[9][7][15] The 1894 reprint of Select Poems replaced the comment with "Browning would not have used the word if he had known its meaning".[16] In 1911 Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve alluded to "a notorious word which smirches the skirt of Pippa Passes".[17]

Browning's error posed a dilemma for many pre-1960s lexicographers, who excluded words deemed obscene but aspired to include all words used by major writers like Browning. The 1890 Century Dictionary included the correct definition, labelled "vulgar", and noted Browning's "supposition" of its meaning.[18] In 1934 Webster's Second New International Dictionary's entry for twat read: "Some part of a nun's garb. Erron. Browning".[19] The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) included many taboo words, albeit often with circumscribed definition and quotations,[20] and twat was duly included in the relevant OED fascicle, published in 1916. The entry labelled it "low" and obsolete and noted Browning's "erroneous" use.[21] There was no direct definition, but rather "See quot. 1727", a reference to the latest of the entry's five historical citations, namely the definition in the 1727 Universal Etymological English Dictionary, which was in Neo-Latin: pudendum muliebre ("female private part").[21][22] Two of the other OED citations included quotes: Vanity of Vanities and a c. 1704 bawdy verse with a variant spelling: "At last, as groping thro' a dang'rous Street, / Where Stones and Twaits in frosty Winters meet".[21][23] The two unquoted citations were a 1656 translation of Martial's Epigrams[21][24] and a 1719 bawdy song by Thomas d'Urfey.[21][25] In 1986 the Supplement to the OED deleted the "obsolete" label and added twentieth-century quotations and the figurative insult as a second sense.[26][22]

Besides Thomas Wright's 1857 dialect dictionary ("twat pudendum f."[27]) the word also appears in Joseph Wright's 1892 Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill ("twot pudendum fem."[28]) but not in the latter's 1905 English Dialect Dictionary.[29] The 1950s Survey of English Dialects recorded the word at several sites as the term for a cow's vulva.[30]

Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1870 science fiction novel The Coming Race, uses it to mean tadpole in an apparent satire on Darwin:

Among the pithy sayings which, according to tradition, the philosopher bequeathed to posterity in rhythmical form and sententious brevity, this is notably recorded: "Humble yourselves, my descendants; the father of your race was a 'twat' (tadpole): exalt yourselves, my descendants, for it was the same Divine Thought which created your father that develops itself in exalting you.

Modern use

In 1979, British punk poet John Cooper Clarke included the poem "Twat" on his album Walking Back to Happiness.[31][32] It has been described, by Nick Duerden of The Independent, as "memorable".[33]

In August 2008, Random House, the publisher of the children's book My Sister Jodie by Jacqueline Wilson, decided after receiving three complaints to reprint the word twat as twit in future editions of the novel so as not to offend readers or their parents.[34]

In a 2009 breakfast radio interview with Christian O'Connell, British Conservative Party leader and future Prime Minister David Cameron quipped that "the trouble with Twitter, the instantness of it—too many twits might make a twat".[35] O'Connell said Cameron did not realise the word could cause offense until Gabrielle Bertin advised him to issue an apology.[36]

In his 2011 book Filthy English, linguist Peter Silverton asked, "Can you distinguish an utter twat from a complete prick? I think you can. An utter twat knows not what he or she does. A complete prick does."[37]

Workers who go to the office on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays and work remotely from home on Mondays and Fridays have been irreverently called "TWaTs".[38] Although the term predated the COVID-19 lockdowns it has become more prevalent since, as more people partially return to offices.

Sensitivity

For the purposes of film certification, usage of the word is not considered as serious as many other swear words. It is listed by the British Board of Film Classification as an example of "moderate language" for the 12 certificate.[39] However, the film Kes originally released in 1969 and given a 'U' certificate by the then British Board of Film Censors, denoting suitable for children, has in later years been re-certified PG in the United Kingdom, meaning: "All ages admitted, but certain scenes may be unsuitable for young children. Should not disturb children aged 8 years or over", despite more than one instance of the word.[40] The word also appears in writing in an episode of Fawlty Towers (the letters on the sign have been rearranged to say "Flowery Twats"). The episode has a 12 certificate.[41]

It also is not on the list of the seven dirty words by George Carlin in his 1972 monologue "Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television",[42] perhaps because the word is much less common in North America than in Britain, although it was used as a term of insult in Mel Brooks' comedy western Blazing Saddles (1974).

Unlike many other swear words, it is included in Google's auto-complete function.[43]

In 2023 the UK Advertising Standards Authority rejected two complaints about an ad in The Sunday Times for the comedy show "Dawn French is a Huge Twat", commenting, "the use of the word would be understood by readers to be self-deprecating and tongue-in-cheek, and it was not, for example, used in a sexual context".[44]

See also

Look up twat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Twat definition and meaning. Collins. Collins English Dictionary, Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  2. 1 2 "Definition of twat". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  3. 1 2 "Definition of Twat by Oxford Dictionary". Lexico. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  4. 1 2 "twat". The American Heritage Dictionary entry: twat. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 Green, Jonathon. "twat, n." Dictionary of Slang. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  6. ↑ "twat, v.2". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  7. 1 2 3 McAlpine, Erica (2020). "Robert Browning's Bad Habit". The Poet's Mistake. Princeton University Press. pp. 47–73. ISBN 978-0-691-20347-8. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  8. ↑ Fowler, Rowena (Summer 1998). "Robert Browning in the Oxford English Dictionary: A New Approach" (PDF). Studies in Philology. 95 (3): 342. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Mohr, Melissa (2013). Holy Shit: A Brief History of Swearing. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780199908479. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  10. ↑ Peterson, William S., ed. (1979). Browning's Trumpeter: The Correspondence of Robert Browning and Frederick J. Furnivall, 1872–1889. Decatur House Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-916276-05-8.
  11. ↑ Vanity of vanities or Sir Harry Vane's picture. To the tune of the Jews corant. London: Charls Gustavus. 1660. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via EEBO.
  12. ↑ Makrocheir (10 October 1868). "Twat". Notes and Queries. s4 v2 (41): 346.
  13. ↑ U. O. N. (31 October 1868). "Twat". Notes and Queries. s4 v2 (44): 427.
  14. ↑ Rolfe, William; Hersey, Heloise, eds. (1886). Select poems of Robert Browning. English classics / Edited by Wm. J. Rolfe. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 195 l.96. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  15. ↑ Fay, H. W. (16 June 1888). "A Distressing Blunder". The Academy. 33: 415.
  16. ↑ Rolfe, William; Hersey, Heloise, eds. (1894). Select poems of Robert Browning. English classics. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 195 l.96. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  17. ↑ "Brief Mention". The American Journal of Philology. 32 (2): 241. 1911. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 288870.; cited in Pyles, Thomas (1949). "Innocuous Linguistic Indecorum: A Semantic Byway". Modern Language Notes. 64 (1): 2 fn.4. doi:10.2307/2909241. ISSN 0149-6611. JSTOR 2909241.
  18. ↑ The Century Dictionary of the English Language and Encyclopedic Lexicon. Vol. XXIII. New York: Century. 1891. p. 6548. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  19. ↑ New international dictionary of the English language. Vol. V (2nd unabridged ed.). Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam. 1953 [1934]. p. 2744. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  20. ↑ Gilliver, Peter (2016). The Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-100968-6. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "Twat". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. X (1st ed.). 1926 [1916]. p. 519.
  22. 1 2 Brewer, Charlotte (2007). Treasure-house of the Language: The Living OED. Yale University Press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  23. ↑ Browne, Thomas (1711). "A Sober Slip in the Dark". The Works. Vol. II. Briscoe. p. 182. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  24. ↑ Fletcher, R[obert] (1656). "Lib. 11.; In Ʋxorem, Epig. 44.". Ex otio negotium. Or, Martiall his epigrams translated. With sundry poems and fancies. engraved by Robert Vaughan. London: William Shears. p. 104. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via EEBO. Give not male names then to such things as thine / But think thou hast two Twats ô wife of mine.
  25. ↑ D'Urfey, Thomas (1719). "A Scotch Song". Wit and mirth: or, Pills to purge melancholy. Vol. III. London: J. Tonson. p. 307. Retrieved 11 July 2020. I took her by the lilly white hand / And by the Twat I caught her
  26. ↑ Burchfield, R. W (1986). A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1055. ISBN 978-0-19-861115-8. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  27. ↑ Wright, Thomas (1857). Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English. Henry G. Bohn: London. p. 985. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  28. ↑ Wright, Joseph (1892). A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill. London, UK: Truebner and Co. pp. 77, 251.
  29. ↑ Wright, Joseph (1905). The English dialect dictionary. Vol. 6. Oxford: Henry Frowde. pp. 280, 294.
  30. ↑ Upton, Clive; Parry, David; Widdowson, John David Allison (1994). Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and Grammar. UK: Routledge. p. 451. ISBN 9780415020299.
  31. ↑ "Walking Back To Happiness". Discogs.
  32. ↑ "Twat - John Cooper Clarke". www.cyberspike.com.
  33. ↑ "The punk poet whose time has come again". The Independent. 23 September 2012.
  34. ↑ Floot, Alison (21 August 2008). "'Offensive' word to be removed from Jacqueline Wilson book". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  35. ↑ "David Cameron apologises for Twitter radio swearing gaffe". Telegraph Media Group. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  36. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (29 July 2009). "David Cameron says sorry for 'twat' comment during radio interview". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  37. ↑ Peter Silverton, Peter (2011). Filthy English: The How, Why, When And What Of Everyday Swearing. Portobello Books. p. 52. ISBN 9781846274527.
  38. ↑ "The TWaT revolution: Office on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday only | the Spectator". 17 January 2019.
  39. ↑ "12A and 12 | British Board of Film Classification". www.bbfc.co.uk.
  40. ↑ "- IMDb" – via www.imdb.com.
  41. ↑ "Fawlty Towers | British Board of Film Classification". www.bbfc.co.uk.
  42. ↑ Doug Linder. "Filthy Words by George Carlin". Law.umkc.edu. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  43. ↑ These are the filthy words Google voice search doesn't want to hear, PC World
  44. ↑ Rawlinson, Kevin (15 March 2023). "Dawn French ad cleared by watchdog after title of show draws complaints". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.