Since the beginning of the Mexican Drug War in 2006, many women, of Mexican and other nationalities, have been victims of extortion, rape,^[1][2] torture,^[3][4][5][6] and murder,^{[7][8][9][10][11]} as well as forced disappearance, by belligerents on all sides.^[12] Women have been sex trafficked in Mexico by the cartels and gangs.^[13] The criminal organizations, in turn, use the profits to buy weapons and expand. They have harmed^[14][15] and carried out sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States. The violence against women in the drug war has spread beyond Mexico to bordering and nearby countries in Central America and North America. The number of women killed in the conflict is unknown because of the lack of data.^[16] Women officials, judges, lawyers,^[17] paralegals,^[18] reporters,^[19] business owners, social media influencers, teachers, and non-governmental organizations directors have also been involved in the conflict in different capacities. There have been female combatants in the military, police,^[20] cartels, and gangs. Women have lost loved ones in the conflict.^[21][22]

Victimization of women

Civilian women, as well as young women and girls,^[23] in Mexico have been physically and psychologically harmed in the conflict. A number have had little protection because of corruption, impunity, and apathy. Businesswomen and female farmers and laborers are threatened and coerced to pay taxes to drug gangs.^[24] Other women are forced to cultivate or pack drugs.^[13] Women have been forced to be mules.^[25][26] They have been killed in the crossfire of gun fights and assassinations.^[27][28][29] Some women have been killed for refusing the romantic advances of men, witnessing crimes,^[30][31] being informants,^[32] activists against crime,^[33][34] and other reasons. Women have also been murdered for being the grandmothers, mothers, wives, daughters, nieces, sisters, aunts, cousins, coworkers, or friends of persons targeted for assassination.^{[8][35][36][37][38]} Women have been bound and tortured.^[4][5][39] Women's corpses have been decapitated and mutilated in other ways.^{[40][41][42][20]} Female bodies have been disemboweled and hung from bridges.^[12] The bodies and body parts of women have been displayed in other ways, including being dumped on and along highways.^[43][44] The perpetrators sometimes leave written signs with threats and why they murdered the victims.

Women have been raped, tortured, and murdered by Mexican military forces and police.^[1][45]

Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States, many who are escaping the drug war violence, is pervasive.^[46]

Women as participants

Women have participated in the Mexican War on Drugs. They have served for all belligerents. Women have been members of cartels and gangs.^[75][76] There have been female assassins^[77] and drug money launderers.^[78] Others have obstructed justice on behalf of the cartels.^[18] They have transacted with drug trafficking entities and individuals in other ways.^[79] Women have fought against the cartels and gangs as police, military, lawyers, paralegals, prosecutors, activists, and more.^[17]

References