Gratitude. Statue in Palácio Nacional da Ajuda.

Gratitude, thankfulness, or gratefulness is a feeling of appreciation (or similar positive response) by a recipient of another's kindness. This kindness can be gifts, help, favors, or another form of generosity to another person.

The word comes from the Latin word gratus, which means "pleasing" or "thankful".[1] The absence of gratitude where gratitude is expected is called ingratitude[2] or ungratefulness.[3]

Gratitude has been a part of several world religions.[4] It also has been a topic of interest to ancient, medieval, and modern philosophers.[5]

The discipline of psychology attempts to understand the short term experience of gratitude (state gratitude), individual differences in how frequently gratitude is felt (trait gratitude), the relationship between these two, and the therapeutic benefits of gratitude.[6]

Religious approaches

Spirituality and gratitude are not dependent on each other, but studies have found that spirituality can enhance a person's ability to be grateful. Those who regularly attend religious services or engage in religious activities are more likely to have a greater sense of gratitude in all areas of life.[7][8] Gratitude is prized in the Christian, Buddhist, Muslim, Jewish, Baháʼí, and Hindu traditions.[4] Worship with gratitude to God,[9] or a similar religious figure, is a common theme in such religions, and the concept of gratitude permeates religious texts, teachings, and traditions. It is one of the most common emotions that religions aim to evoke and maintain in followers and is regarded as a universal religious sentiment.[10]

Jewish conceptions

Berachot — thanksgiving and praise prayers. Illustration from the Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron (1906–1913).

In Judaism, gratitude is an essential part of the act of worship and every aspect of a worshipper's life. According to the Hebrew worldview, all things come from God and, due to this, gratitude is essential to the followers of Judaism.

The Hebrew Scriptures are filled with the idea of gratitude. Two examples in the Psalms are "O Lord my God, I will give thanks to you forever", and "I will give thanks to the Lord with my whole heart."[11] Jewish prayers often incorporate gratitude, beginning with the Shema, in which the worshipper states that out of gratitude, "You shall love the Eternal, your God, with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might."[12] One of the crucial blessings in the central thrice-daily prayer, the Amidah, is called Modim – "We give thanks to You"; this is also the only blessing that is recited by the congregation together with the leader during their repetition of the Amidah. The concluding prayer, the Alenu, also speaks of gratitude by thanking God for the particular destiny of the Jewish people. Along with these prayers, faithful worshippers recite more than one hundred blessings, called berachot, throughout the day.[4]

In Judaism there is also a significant emphasis on gratitude for acts of human kindness and goodness.

Christian conceptions

New Orleans: Thank you message in the grotto of Our Lady of Guadalupe Church; added by those for whom prayer or miracles were granted

Martin Luther referred to gratitude as "the basic Christian attitude" and today it is still referred to as "the heart of the gospel".[10] Christians are encouraged to praise and give gratitude to their creator. In Christian gratitude, God is seen as the selfless giver of all good things and, because of this, gratefulness enables Christians to share a common bond, shaping all aspects of a follower's life. Gratitude in Christianity is an acknowledgement of God's generosity that inspires Christians to shape their own thoughts and actions around such ideals.[4]

Not simply a sentimental feeling, Christian gratitude is a virtue that shapes not only emotions and thoughts, but also actions and deeds.[10]

Jonathan Edwards wrote in his book A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections that gratitude and thankfulness toward God are among the signs of true religion. Allport (1950) suggested that mature religious intentions come from feelings of profound gratitude; Edwards (1746/1959) claimed that the "affection" of gratitude is one of the most accurate ways to find the presence of God in a person's life. In a small sample of Catholic nuns and priests, out of 50 emotions, love and gratitude were the most experienced emotions towards God.[13][4]

In the Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican churches, the most important rite is called the Eucharist; the name derives from the Greek word Eucharistic, meaning thanksgiving.[14]

Islamic conceptions

The Islamic sacred text, the Quran, is filled with the idea of gratitude. Islam encourages Muslims to be grateful and to express thanks to Allah in all circumstances. Muslims commonly express their gratitude using the term "Alhamdulillah"(praise be to God) which is one of the four beloved words of Allah.

Even some verses of Quran indicates that, our main duty on this earth is to show our gratitude. For example,

Then I(satan) will come upon them from the front and from the rear, and from their right and from their left. And You will not find most of them thankful.

— (Quran 7:17)

In this verse satan is saying to Allah that He will not find most humans grateful toward Him after when he(satan) refused to prostrate Adam. And the term Kafir also means 'ungrateful' (toward God) with the most fundamental sense in Quran. Here are some other verses from Quran:

Thus We(Allah) punished them because of their ungratefulness. We do not give (such a) punishment but to the ungrateful.

— (Quran 34:17)

We(Allah) already showed them the Way, whether they ˹choose to˺ be grateful or ungrateful.

— (Quran 76:3)

Islamic teaching emphasizes that those who are grateful will be rewarded with more. A traditional Islamic saying is "The first who will be summoned to paradise are those who have praised God in every circumstance."[15] The Quran also states, in Sura 14, that those who are grateful will be given more by Allah.

Many practices of Islam encourage gratitude. For example, the Pillar of Islam that calls for daily prayer encourages believers to pray to Allah five times a day in order to thank him for his goodness, and the pillar of fasting during the month of Ramadan is for the purpose of putting the believer in a state of gratitude.[4]

Individual differences in gratitude

Much research into gratitude focuses on individual differences in gratitude and the consequences of being a more or less grateful person.[15][16] Three scales have been developed to measure individual differences in gratitude, each of which assesses somewhat different conceptions.[17] The GQ6[18] measures individual differences in how frequently and intensely people feel gratitude. The Appreciation Scale[19] measures eight different aspects of gratitude: appreciation of people, possessions, the present moment, rituals, feelings of awe, social comparisons, existential concerns, and behavior which expresses gratitude. The GRAT[20] assesses gratitude towards other people, gratitude towards the world in general, and a lack of resentment for what you lack. A study showed that these scales all measure the same way of approaching life; this suggests that individual differences in gratitude include all of these components.[17]

Empirical findings

Association with well-being

Happiness and gratitude

Gratitude not only contributes to positive emotions, but it also leads to a reduction in negative emotions.[21] People who are more grateful have higher levels of subjective well-being. Grateful people are happier, less depressed, less stressed,[22] and more satisfied with their lives and social relationships.[18][23][24] Gratitude may shield against depression by enhancing the encoding and recall of positive experiences.[25] Grateful people tend to exercise greater levels of control over their environments, experience personal growth, find purpose in life, and accept themselves. They also tend to employ more constructive coping strategies when faced with life's challenges. They are more likely to seek support from other people and to reinterpret and grow from experiences, and they spend more time planning how to deal with problems.[26][27] Grateful people rely less on negative coping mechanisms, such as avoidance, self-blame, or substance use.[27] Grateful people also sleep better, because they think more positive thoughts just before going to sleep.[28] They tend to have better relationships, as a person's gratitude can positively impact their partner's satisfaction in the relationship.[29] Grateful people are more likely to have higher levels of happiness and lower levels of stress and depression.[15][30][31][32]

Although many emotions and personality traits are important to well-being and mental health, gratitude may be especially important. A longitudinal study showed that people who were more grateful coped better with a life transition. Specifically, people who were more grateful before the transition were less stressed, less depressed, and more satisfied with their relationships three months later.[33] Two other studies suggested that gratitude may have a unique relationship with well-being and can explain aspects of well-being that other personality traits cannot. Both studies showed that gratitude was able to explain more well-being than the Big Five and 30 of the most commonly studied personality traits.[23][26]

Gratitude also has a positive impact on physical well-being.[34] For example, in one study, teens who wrote letters expressing gratitude to other people over the course of a month were more inclined to eat healthier food.[34] This phenomenon might be explained by the notion that when people experience gratitude, they are more motivated to reciprocate the kindness shown by others. Therefore, rather than engaging in behaviors that may undermine their own health, they feel driven to adopt healthier lifestyles as a way of acknowledging the support they have received from others. Moreover, gratitude is known to trigger positive emotions, which in turn direct individuals' attention towards optimistic possibilities in the future. As a result, people are more likely to embrace behaviors that are conducive to a better future, such as healthy eating.[34]

People who express gratitude also demonstrate improved overall health by way of greater physical activity, better sleep, fewer health care visits, and better nutrition.[35] Practicing gratitude may be correlated with small improvements in cardiovascular health.[36]

Relationship to altruism

Gratitude makes people more altruistic. One study found that gratitude correlates with economic generosity.[37] The study used an economic game, and showed increased gratitude to directly mediate increased monetary giving, and that grateful people are more likely to sacrifice individual gains for communal profit. Another study found similar correlations between gratitude and empathy, generosity, and helpfulness towards the creation of social reciprocity, even with strangers, that is beneficial to the individuals in the short and in the middle terms.[8]

As a motivator of behavior

Gratitude may reinforce future prosocial behavior in benefactors. For example, one experiment found that customers of a jewelry store who were called and thanked showed a subsequent 70% increase in purchases. In comparison, customers who were called and told about a sale showed only a 30% increase in purchases, while customers who were not called at all showed no increase in purchases.[38] In another study, a restaurant's regular patrons gave bigger tips when servers wrote "Thank you" on their checks.[39]

Some starkly distinguish between gratitude and indebtedness. While both emotions may occur in response to help or favors, indebtedness is said to occur when an individual subjectively perceives that they are under an obligation to provide repayment or compensation for the aid.[40] The two emotions then lead to different actions: Indebtedness may motivate the recipient to avoid the person who helped them, whereas gratitude may motivate a recipient to seek out their benefactor and to improve their relationship with them.[41] A study of the feelings of migrant adolescents towards their parents noted that "gratitude serves and indebtedness challenges intergenerational relations after migration". The study also noted that, "when the expectations of return from the benefactor increase, indebtedness of the beneficiary increases but gratitude decreases".[42]

Psychological interventions

A gratitude journal is a means of learning to focus on things that make one grateful, which can enhance happiness.

Several psychological interventions have been developed to increase gratitude.[15][30][43]

For example, Watkins and colleagues[44] had participants test a number of different gratitude exercises, such as thinking about a living person for whom they are grateful, writing about someone for whom they are grateful, and writing a letter to deliver to someone for whom they are grateful. Participants in the control group were asked to describe their living room. Participants who engaged in a gratitude exercise showed increases in their experiences of positive emotion immediately after the exercise, and this effect was strongest for participants who were asked to think about a person for whom they are grateful. Participants who had grateful personalities to begin with showed the greatest benefit from these gratitude exercises.

In another study, participants were randomly assigned to one of six therapeutic intervention conditions designed to improve the participants' overall quality of life.[45] Of these, the biggest short-term effects came from a "gratitude visit" in which participants wrote and delivered a letter of gratitude to someone in their life. This condition showed a rise in happiness scores by 10 percent and a significant fall in depression scores, results that lasted up to one month after the visit. Of the six conditions, the longest-lasting effects were associated with writing "gratitude journals" of three things they were grateful for every day. These participants' happiness scores also increased and continued to increase each time they were tested periodically after the experiment. The greatest benefits were usually found to occur around six months after treatment began. This exercise was so successful that although participants were only asked to continue the journal for a week, many participants continued to keep the journal long after the study was over.[46]

Similar results have been found in studies conducted by Emmons and McCullough (2003)[7] and Lyubomirsky et al. (2005).

The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley, offered awards for dissertation-level research projects with the greatest potential to advance the science and practice of gratitude.[47]

Relationship to mental health

A study on the benefits of mental health counseling[48] divided approximately 300 college students into three groups prior to their first counseling session. The first group was instructed to write one letter of gratitude a week for three weeks, the second group was asked to write about their negative experiences, and the third group received only counseling. When compared, the first group reported better mental health after completing their writing exercises. The study suggests that practicing gratitude may help the brain react more sensitively to the experience of gratitude in the future, and therefore, may improve mental health.[49]

Conclusions

Benevolence gladdens constantly the grateful; the ungrateful, however, but once.

— Seneca[50]

Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtues, but the parent of all others.

— Cicero

Multiple studies have shown the correlation between gratitude and increased well being for the grateful person and for all people involved.[31][37] The positive psychology movement embraced these studies and, in an effort to increase overall well-being, has begun to incorporate exercises to increase gratitude.[51]

Further reading

  • DeSteno, David (2018). Emotional Success: The Power of Gratitude, Compassion, and Pride. Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-70310-0. Description & contents, summarizing scientific studies.
  • Emmons, Robert A. (2016). The Little Book of Gratitude: Create a Life of Happiness and Well-Being By Giving Thanks. London: Gaia. ISBN 978-1-85675-365-4.
  • Emmons, Robert A. (2013). Gratitude Works! A Twenty-One-Day Program for Creating Emotional Prosperity. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-13129-9.
  • Emmons, Robert A. (2007). Thanks! How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-62019-7.
  • Emmons, R.A.; Hill, J. (2001). Words of gratitude for mind, body, and soul. Radnor, Penn.: Templeton Foundation Press.
  • Emmons, Robert A. (1999). The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-456-7.
  • Kenner, Ellen (2020). "How to Savor Gratitude and Disarm 'Gratitude Traps'". The Objective Standard. Glen Allen Press. 15 (2): 13–22.
  • Nelson, Kristi (2020). Wake Up Grateful: The Transformative Practice of Taking Nothing for Granted. Storey Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-63586-244-7.
  • Grateful Living, founded by Br. David Steindl-Rast.

See also

  • Gratitude journal – subclass of journal
  • Gratitude trap – Type of cognitive distortion
  • Praise – Expression of positive recognition, reassurance or admiration
  • Universal value – Value that has the same worth for all people

References

  1. ↑ "Definition of Gratitude", Oxford Dictionary, archived from the original on 24 September 2016
  2. ↑ Bate, John (1865). A Cyclopædia of Illustrations of Moral and Religious Truths. p. 460.
  3. ↑ Webster, Noah (1854). An American Dictionary of the English Language. p. 542.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Emmons, Robert A.; Crumpler, Cheryl A. (2000). "Gratitude as a Human Strength: Appraising the Evidence". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 19 (1): 56–69. doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.56.
  5. ↑ Manela, Tony (2019). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Gratitude". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  6. ↑
  7. 1 2 McCullough, M.E.; Emmons, R.A.; Tsang, J. (2002). "The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83 (1): 112–127. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112. PMID 11811629.
  8. 1 2 Emmons, Robert A.; McCullough, Michael E. "Highlights from the Research Project on Gratitude and Thankfulness". Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  9. ↑ Calvin, John (1845) [1557]. "Commentary Upon Psalm VI". Commentary on the Book of Psalms. Vol. 1. Translated by Anderson, James. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society. p. 70.
  10. 1 2 3 Emmons, Robert A.; Kneezel, Teresa T. (2005). "Giving Gratitude: Spiritual and Religious Correlates of Gratitude". Journal of Psychology and Christianity. 24 (2): 140–48.
  11. ↑ Psalms 30:12, Psalms 9:1
  12. ↑ Deuteronomy 6:5
  13. ↑ Samuels, P.A.; Lester, D. (1985). "A preliminary investigation of emotions experienced toward God by Catholic nuns and priests". Psychological Reports. 56 (3): 706. doi:10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.706. S2CID 144205296.
  14. ↑ Seiss, Joseph A. (1896). "The Liturgical Question". The Quarterly Review of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. 26: 318.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Wood, Alex; Joseph, Stephen; Linley, Alex (January 2007). "Gratitude — Parent of all virtues". The Psychologist. 20 (1): 18–21. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  16. ↑
    • Emmons, Robert A.; McCullough, Michael E.; Tsang, Jo-Ann (2003). "The assessment of gratitude.". In Lopez, Shane J.; Snyder, C.R. (eds.). Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. Washington: American Psychological Association. pp. 327–341. doi:10.1037/10612-021. ISBN 978-1-55798-988-8. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
    • Emmons, Robert A.; Froh, Jeffrey; Rose, Rachel (2019). "Gratitude.". In Gallagher, Matthew W.; Lopez, Shane J. (eds.). Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (2nd ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association. pp. 317–332. doi:10.1037/0000138-020. ISBN 978-1-4338-3107-2. S2CID 239359085. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  17. 1 2 Wood, Alex M.; Maltby, John; Stewart, Neil; Joseph, Stephen (2008). "Conceptualizing gratitude and appreciation as a unitary personality trait" (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences. 44 (3): 619–630. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.028. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  18. 1 2 McCullough, M.E.; Emmons, R.A.; Tsang, J. (2002). "The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82 (1): 112–127. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112. PMID 11811629.
  19. ↑ Adler, M.G.; Fagley, N.S. (2005). "Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being". Journal of Personality. 73 (1): 79–114. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00305.x. PMID 15660674. S2CID 41593682.
  20. ↑ Watkins, P.C.; Woodward, K.; Stone, T.; Kolts, R.L. (2003). "Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being". Social Behavior and Personality. 31 (5): 431–451. doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431.
  21. ↑ Sheldon, Kennon M.; Kashdan, Todd B.; Steger, Michael F. (31 January 2011). Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward. Oxford University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-19-045187-5.
  22. ↑ Cregg, D.R.; Cheavens, J.S. (2020). "Gratitude Interventions: Effective Self-help? A Meta-analysis of the Impact on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety". Journal of Happiness Studies. 22: 413–445. doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00236-6. S2CID 214194583.
  23. 1 2 Wood, A.M.; Joseph, S.; Maltby, J. (2008). "Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the Five-Factor Model" (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences. 45: 49–54. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  24. ↑ Kashdan, T.B.; Uswatte, G.; Julian, T. (2006). "Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam War veterans". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 44 (2): 177–199. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.005. PMID 16389060.
  25. ↑ Watkins, P.C.; Woodward, K.; Stone, T.; Kolts, R.L. (2003). "Gratitude and Happiness: Development of a Measure of Gratitude, and Relationships with Subjective Well-Being". Social Behavior & Personality. 31 (5): 431. doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431.
  26. 1 2 Wood, A.M.; Joseph, S.; Maltby, John (2009). "Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets" (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences. 45: 655–660. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  27. 1 2 Wood, A.M.; Joseph, S.; Linley, P.A. (2007). "Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people" (PDF). Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 26 (9): 1108–1125. doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.1076. hdl:1893/12157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  28. ↑ Wood, A.M.; Joseph, S.; Lloyd, J.; Atkins, S. (2009). "Gratitude influences sleep through the mechanism of pre-sleep cognitions" (PDF). Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 66 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.002. PMID 19073292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  29. ↑ Park, Yoobin; Impett, Emily A.; MacDonald, Geoff; Lemay, Edward P. Jr. (31 January 2019). "Saying 'thank you': Partners' expressions of gratitude protect relationship satisfaction and commitment from the harmful effects of attachment insecurity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 117 (4): 773–806. doi:10.1037/pspi0000178. PMID 30702317. S2CID 73413341.
  30. 1 2 Wood, A. M.; Joseph, S.; Linley, P. A. (2007). "Gratitude: The parent of all virtues" (PDF). The Psychologist. 20: 18–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  31. 1 2 McCullough, M. E.; Tsang, J.; Emmons, R.A. (2004). "Gratitude in Intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful moods with individual differences and daily emotional experience". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 86 (2): 295–309. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295. PMID 14769085.
  32. ↑ Mannion, Michele P. (21 August 2015). "Grateful individuals tend to experience less depressive symptoms". PsyPost. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  33. ↑ Wood, A.M.; Maltby, J.; Gillett, R.; Linley, P.A.; Joseph, S. (2008). "The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies" (PDF). Journal of Research in Personality. 42 (4): 854–871. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  34. 1 2 3 Fritz, Megan M.; Armenta, Christina N.; Walsh, Lisa C.; Lyubomirsky, Sonja (March 2019). "Gratitude facilitates healthy eating behavior in adolescents and young adults". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 81: 4–14. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.011. ISSN 0022-1031. S2CID 52241900.
  35. ↑ Croke, Lisa (29 October 2019). "Cultivating gratitude can lead to mental, physical, and work-related benefits". AORN Journal. 110 (5): P5. doi:10.1002/aorn.12871. PMID 31660603. S2CID 204952967.
  36. ↑
  37. 1 2 Desteno, D.; Bartlett, M.Y.; Baumann, J.; Williams, L.A.; Dickens, L. (2010). "Gratitude as moral sentiment: Emotion-guided cooperation in economic exchange". Emotion. 10 (2): 289–93. doi:10.1037/a0017883. PMID 20364907.
  38. ↑ Carey, J.R.; Clicque, S.H.; Leighton, B.A.; Milton, F. (1976). "A test of positive reinforcement of customers". Journal of Marketing. 40 (4): 98–100. doi:10.1177/002224297604000413. S2CID 167486513.
  39. ↑ Rind, B.; Bordia, P. (1995). "Effect of server's "Thank you" and personalization on restaurant tipping". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 25 (9): 745–751. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01772.x.
  40. ↑ Greenberg, M.S. (1980). "A theory of indebtedness". In Gergen, K.J.; Greenberg, M.S.; Wills, R.H. (eds.). Social exchange: Advances in theory and research. New York: Plenum.
  41. ↑
    • Watkins, P.C.; Scheer, J.; Ovnicek, M.; Kolts, R. (2006). "The debt of gratitude: Dissociating gratitude and indebtedness". Cognition and Emotion. 20 (2): 217–241. doi:10.1080/02699930500172291. S2CID 145350764.
    • Tsang, J.A. (2006).
  42. ↑ Turjanmaa, Elina; Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga (2020). "Thanks but No Thanks? Gratitude and Indebtedness Within Intergenerational Relations After Immigration". Family Relations. 69 (1): 63–75. doi:10.1111/fare.12401. hdl:10138/322006. ISSN 1741-3729. S2CID 210539269.
  43. ↑ Emmons, R.A.; McCullough, M.E. (2003). "Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 84 (2): 377–389. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377. PMID 12585811. S2CID 10482709.
  44. ↑ Watkins, P.C.; Woodward, K.; Stone, T.; Kolts, R.L. (2003). "Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being". Social Behavior and Personality. 31 (5): 431–452. doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431.
  45. ↑ Seligman, M.E.P.; Steen, T.A.; Park, N.; Peterson, C. (2005). "Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions". American Psychologist. 60 (5): 410–421. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.5.410. PMID 16045394. S2CID 6262678.
  46. ↑ Seligman, Martin E.P.; Steen, Tracy A.; Park, Nansook; Peterson, Christopher (2005). "Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions". American Psychologist. 60 (5): 410–421. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 16045394. S2CID 6262678.
  47. ↑ "Gratitude Dissertation Fellows". Greater Good Science Center.
  48. ↑ Wong, Y. Joel; Owen, Jesse; Gabana, Nicole T.; Brown, Joshua W.; McInnis, Sydney; Toth, Paul; Gilman, Lynn (4 March 2018). "Does gratitude writing improve the mental health of psychotherapy clients? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial". Psychotherapy Research. 28 (2): 192–202. doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1169332. ISSN 1050-3307. PMID 27139595. S2CID 5892909.
  49. ↑ Brown, Joshua; Wong, Joel (6 June 2017). "How Gratitude Changes You and Your Brain". Greater Good Magazine. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  50. ↑ Lucius Annaeus Seneca (the Younger), De Beneficiis book III, section XVII
  51. ↑ Hohmann, G.W. (1966). "Some Effects of Spinal Cord Lesions on Experienced Emotional Feelings". Psychophysiology. 3 (2): 143–156. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02690.x. PMID 5927829.
Wikiquote has quotations related to gratitude.
Look up gratitude in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gratitude.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.