31st Parliament of Canada
Minority parliament
9 October 1979 – 14 December 1979
Parliament leaders
Prime
Minister		Rt. Hon. Joe Clark
June 4, 1979 (1979-06-04) – March 3, 1980 (1980-03-03)
Cabinet21st Canadian Ministry
Leader of the
Opposition		Rt. Hon. Pierre Trudeau
June 4, 1979 (1979-06-04) – March 2, 1980 (1980-03-02)
Party caucuses
GovernmentProgressive Conservative Party
OppositionLiberal Party
RecognizedNew Democratic Party
UnrecognizedSocial Credit Party
House of Commons

Seating arrangements of the House of Commons
Speaker of the
Commons		Hon. James Jerome
September 30, 1974 (1974-09-30) – February 17, 1980 (1980-02-17)
Government
House Leader		Hon. Walter Baker
October 9, 1979 (1979-10-09) – December 14, 1979 (1979-12-14)
Opposition
House Leader		Hon. Allan MacEachen
October 9, 1979 (1979-10-09) – December 14, 1979 (1979-12-14)
Members282 MP seats
List of members
Senate

Seating arrangements of the Senate
Speaker of the
Senate		Hon. Allister Grosart
October 5, 1979 (1979-10-05) – March 3, 1980 (1980-03-03)
Government
Senate Leader		Hon. Jacques Flynn
June 4, 1979 (1979-06-04) – March 2, 1980 (1980-03-02)
Opposition
Senate Leader		Hon. Ray Perrault
May 22, 1979 (1979-05-22)–December 31, 1979 (1979-12-31)
Senators104 senator seats
List of senators
Sovereign
MonarchElizabeth II
6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Governor
General		Edward Schreyer
22 January 1979 – 14 May 1984
Sessions
1st session
October 9, 1979 (1979-10-09) – December 14, 1979 (1979-12-14)
← 30th → 32nd
Joe Clark was Prime Minister during the 31st Canadian Parliament.

The 31st Canadian Parliament was a briefly lived parliament in session from October 9 until December 14, 1979. The membership was set by the 1979 federal election on May 22, 1979, and it was dissolved after the minority government of Joe Clark failed to pass a Motion of Confidence on December 13, 1979 proposed by Bob Rae. The dissolution of parliament led to the 1980 federal election. Lasting only 66 days from first sitting to dissolution, and only nine months from election to election, the 31st was the shortest parliament in Canadian history.

The 31st Parliament was controlled by a Progressive Conservative Party minority led by Prime Minister Joe Clark and the 21st Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by former prime minister Pierre Trudeau.

The Speaker was James Jerome. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1976-1987 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There was only one session of the 31st Parliament:

Session Start End
1st October 9, 1979 December 14, 1979

Party standings

The party standings as of the election and as of dissolution were as follows:

Affiliation House members Senate members[1]
1979 election
results		 At dissolution On election
day 1979[2]		 At dissolution
Progressive Conservative 136 136 18 28
Liberal 114 114 73 71
New Democratic 26 27 0 0
Social Credit 6 5 1 1
Independent 0 0 2 2
Independent Liberal 0 0 1 1
Total members 282 282 92 103
Vacant 0 0 9 1
Total seats 282 104

Members of the House of Commons

Members of the House of Commons in the 31st parliament arranged by province. Party leaders are italicized. Parliamentary secretaries is indicated by "‡". Cabinet ministers are in boldface. The Prime Minister is both. The Speaker is indicated by "(†)".

Newfoundland

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Bonavista—Trinity—Conception Dave Rooney Liberal 1972
  Burin—St. George's Donald Jamieson Liberal 1966
  Roger Simmons* Liberal 1979
  Gander—Twillingate George Baker Liberal 1974
  Grand Falls—White Bay—Labrador Bill Rompkey Liberal 1972
  Humber—Port au Port—St. Barbe Fonse Faour New Democrat 1978
  St. John's East James McGrath Progressive Conservative 1957, 1968
  St. John's West John Crosbie Progressive Conservative 1976
* Donald Jamieson resigned from parliament and was replaced by Roger Simmons in a September 19, 1979, by-election

Prince Edward Island

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Cardigan Wilbur MacDonald Progressive Conservative 1979
  Egmont David MacDonald Progressive Conservative 1965
  Hillsborough Thomas McMillan Progressive Conservative 1979
  Malpeque Melbourne Gass Progressive Conservative 1979

Nova Scotia

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Annapolis Valley—Hants Pat Nowlan Progressive Conservative 1965
  Cape Breton Highlands—Canso Allan MacEachen Liberal 1953, 1962
  Cape Breton—East Richmond Andrew Hogan New Democrat 1974
  Cape Breton—The Sydneys Russell MacLellan Liberal 1979
  Central Nova Elmer MacKay Progressive Conservative 1971
  Cumberland—Colchester Robert Coates Progressive Conservative 1957
  Dartmouth—Halifax East Michael Forrestall Progressive Conservative 1965
  Halifax George Cooper ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Halifax West Howard Crosby Progressive Conservative 1978
  South Shore Lloyd Crouse Progressive Conservative 1957
  South Western Nova Charles Haliburton Progressive Conservative 1972, 1979

New Brunswick

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Carleton—Charlotte Fred McCain Progressive Conservative 1972
  Fundy—Royal Robert Corbett Progressive Conservative 1978
  Gloucester Herb Breau Liberal 1968
  Madawaska—Victoria Eymard Corbin Liberal 1968
  Moncton Gary McCauley Liberal 1979
  Northumberland—Miramichi Maurice Dionne Liberal 1974
  Restigouche Maurice Harquail Liberal 1975
  Saint John Eric Ferguson Progressive Conservative 1979
  Westmorland—Kent Roméo LeBlanc Liberal 1972
  York—Sunbury J. Robert Howie Progressive Conservative 1972

Quebec

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Abitibi Armand Caouette Social Credit 1974
  Argenteuil Robert Gourd Liberal 1979
  Beauce Fabien Roy Social Credit 1979
  Beauharnois—Salaberry Gérald Laniel Liberal 1962
  Bellechasse Joseph Lambert Social Credit 1968
  Berthier—Maskinongé Antonio Yanakis Liberal 1965
  Blainville—Deux-Montagnes Francis Fox Liberal 1972
  Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine Rémi Bujold Liberal 1979
  Bourassa Carlo Rossi Liberal 1979
  Chambly Raymond Dupont Liberal 1972
  Champlain Michel Veillette Liberal 1979
  Charlesbourg Pierre Bussières Liberal 1974
  Charlevoix Charles Lapointe Liberal 1974
  Châteauguay Ian Watson Liberal 1963
  Chicoutimi Marcel Dionne Liberal 1979
  Dollard Louis Desmarais Liberal 1979
  Drummond Yvon Pinard Liberal 1974
  Duvernay Yves Demers Liberal 1972
  Frontenac Léopold Corriveau Liberal 1970
  Gamelin Arthur Portelance Liberal 1968
  Gaspé Alexandre Cyr Liberal 1963, 1968
  Gatineau René Cousineau Liberal 1979
  Hochelaga—Maisonneuve Serge Joyal Liberal 1974
  Hull Gaston Isabelle Liberal 1965
  Joliette Roch La Salle Progressive Conservative 1968
  Jonquière Gilles Marceau Liberal 1968
  Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup Rosaire Gendron Liberal 1963
  Labelle Maurice Dupras Liberal 1970
  Lac-Saint-Jean Marcel Lessard Liberal 1962,[lower-alpha 1] 1968
  Lachine Roderick Blaker Liberal 1972
  Langelier Gilles Lamontagne Liberal 1977
  La Prairie Pierre Deniger Liberal 1979
  Lasalle John Campbell Liberal 1972
  Laurier David Berger Liberal 1979
  Laval Marcel-Claude Roy Liberal 1968
  Laval-des-Rapides Jeanne Sauvé Liberal 1972
  Lévis Raynald Guay Liberal 1963
  Longueuil Jacques Olivier Liberal 1972
  Lotbiniere Richard Janelle ‡ Social Credit 1978
  Progressive Conservative
  Louis-Hébert Dennis Dawson Liberal 1977
  Manicouagan André Maltais Liberal 1979
  Matapédia—Matane Pierre de Bané Liberal 1968
  Mégantic—Compton—Stanstead Claude Tessier Liberal 1974
  Mercier Céline Hervieux-Payette Liberal 1979
  Missisquoi Heward Grafftey Progressive Conservative 1958, 1972
  Montmorency Louis Duclos Liberal 1974
  Mount Royal Pierre Trudeau Liberal 1965
  Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Warren Allmand Liberal 1965
  Outremont Marc Lalonde Liberal 1972
  Papineau André Ouellet Liberal 1967
  Pontiac—Gatineau—Labelle Thomas Lefebvre Liberal 1965
  Portneuf Rolland Dion Liberal 1979
  Québec-Est Gérard Duquet Liberal 1965
  Richelieu Jean-Louis Leduc Liberal 1979
  Richmond Alain Tardif Liberal 1979
  Rimouski Eudore Allard Social Credit 1972
  Roberval Charles-Arthur Gauthier Social Credit 1962
  Rosemont Claude-André Lachance Liberal 1974
  Saint-Denis Marcel Prud'homme Liberal 1964
  Saint-Henri—Westmount Donald Johnston Liberal 1978
  Saint-Hyacinthe Marcel Ostiguy Liberal 1978
  Saint-Jacques Jacques Guilbault Liberal 1968
  Saint-Jean Paul-André Massé Liberal 1979
  Saint-Léonard—Anjou Monique Bégin Liberal 1972
  Saint-Maurice Jean Chrétien Liberal 1963
  Saint-Michel Marie Thérèse Killens Liberal 1979
  Sainte-Marie Jean-Claude Malépart Liberal 1979
  Shefford Jean Lapierre Liberal 1979
  Sherbrooke Irénée Pelletier Liberal 1972
  Témiscamingue Henri Tousignant Liberal 1979
  Terrebonne Joseph-Roland Comtois Liberal 1965
  Trois-Rivières Claude G. Lajoie Liberal 1971
  Vaudreuil Harold Herbert Liberal 1972
  Verchères Bernard Loiselle Liberal 1974
  Verdun Pierre Savard Liberal 1977

Ontario

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Algoma Maurice Foster Liberal 1968
  Beaches Robin Richardson Progressive Conservative 1979
  Brampton—Georgetown John McDermid Progressive Conservative 1979
  Brant Derek Blackburn New Democrat 1971
  Broadview—Greenwood Bob Rae New Democrat 1978
  Bruce—Grey Gary Gurbin ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Burlington Bill Kempling Progressive Conservative 1972
  Cambridge Chris Speyer ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Cochrane Keith Penner Liberal 1968
  Davenport Charles Caccia Liberal 1968
  Don Valley East Sam Wakim Progressive Conservative 1979
  Don Valley West John Bosley ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Durham—Northumberland Allan Lawrence Progressive Conservative 1972
  Eglinton—Lawrence Roland de Corneille Liberal 1979
  Elgin John Wise Progressive Conservative 1972
  Erie Girve Fretz Progressive Conservative 1979
  Essex—Kent Robert Daudlin Liberal 1974
  Essex—Windsor Eugene Whelan Liberal 1962
  Etobicoke Centre Michael Wilson Progressive Conservative 1979
  Etobicoke North Roy MacLaren Liberal 1979
  Etobicoke—Lakeshore Ken Robinson Liberal 1968, 1974
  Glengarry—Prescott—Russell Denis Éthier Liberal 1972
  Grey—Simcoe Gus Mitges Progressive Conservative 1972
  Guelph Albert Fish Progressive Conservative 1979
  Haldimand—Norfolk Bud Bradley Progressive Conservative 1979
  Halton Otto Jelinek ‡ Progressive Conservative 1972
  Hamilton East John Munro Liberal 1962
  Hamilton Mountain Duncan Beattie Progressive Conservative 1972, 1979
  Hamilton—Wentworth Geoffrey Scott Progressive Conservative 1978
  Hamilton West Lincoln Alexander Progressive Conservative 1968
  Hastings—Frontenac William Vankoughnet Progressive Conservative 1979
  Huron—Bruce Robert McKinley Progressive Conservative 1965
  Kenora—Rainy River John Mercer Reid Liberal 1965
  Kent John Holmes ‡ Progressive Conservative 1972
  Kingston and the Islands Flora MacDonald Progressive Conservative 1972
  Kitchener John Reimer Progressive Conservative 1979
  Lambton—Middlesex Sidney Fraleigh Progressive Conservative 1979
  Lanark—Renfrew—Carleton Paul Dick Progressive Conservative 1972
  Leeds—Grenville Thomas Cossitt Progressive Conservative 1972
  Lincoln Kenneth Higson Progressive Conservative 1972, 1979
  London East Charles Turner Liberal 1968
  London West Judd Buchanan Liberal 1968
  London—Middlesex Nelson Elliott Progressive Conservative 1979
  Mississauga North Alex Jupp Progressive Conservative 1979
  Mississauga South Donald Blenkarn Progressive Conservative 1972,[lower-alpha 2] 1979
  Nepean—Carleton Walter Baker Progressive Conservative 1972
  Niagara Falls Jake Froese Progressive Conservative 1979
  Nickel Belt John Rodriguez New Democrat 1972
  Nipissing Jean-Jacques Blais Liberal 1972
  Northumberland George Hees Progressive Conservative 1950,[lower-alpha 3] 1965
  Ontario Thomas Fennell ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Oshawa Ed Broadbent New Democrat 1968
  Ottawa—Carleton Jean-Luc Pépin Liberal 1963,[lower-alpha 4] 1979
  Ottawa Centre John Evans Liberal 1979
  Ottawa West Kenneth Binks Progressive Conservative 1979
  Ottawa—Vanier Jean-Robert Gauthier Liberal 1972
  Oxford Bruce Halliday Progressive Conservative 1974
  Parkdale—High Park Jesse Flis Liberal 1979
  Parry Sound-Muskoka Stan Darling Progressive Conservative 1972
  Perth William Jarvis Progressive Conservative 1972
  Peterborough Bill Domm Progressive Conservative 1979
  Prince Edward—Hastings Jack Ellis Progressive Conservative 1972
  Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke Len Hopkins Liberal 1965
  Rosedale David Crombie Progressive Conservative 1978
  Sarnia Bill Campbell Progressive Conservative 1979
  Sault Ste. Marie Cyril Symes New Democrat 1972
  Scarborough Centre Diane Stratas ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Scarborough East Gordon Gilchrist Progressive Conservative 1979
  Scarborough West William Wightman ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Simcoe North Doug Lewis ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Simcoe South Ronald Stewart Progressive Conservative 1979
  Spadina Peter Stollery Liberal 1972
  St. Catharines Joseph Reid ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  St. Paul's Ron Atkey Progressive Conservative 1972, 1979
  Stormont—Dundas Ed Lumley Liberal 1974
  Sudbury James Jerome (†) Liberal 1968
  Thunder Bay—Atikokan Paul McRae Liberal 1972
  Thunder Bay—Nipigon Bob Andras Liberal 1965
  Timiskaming Arnold Peters New Democrat 1957
  Timmins—Chapleau Ray Chénier Liberal 1979
  Trinity Aideen Nicholson Liberal 1974
  Victoria—Haliburton William Scott Progressive Conservative 1965
  Waterloo Walter Maclean Progressive Conservative 1979
  Welland Gilbert Parent Liberal 1974
  Wellington—Dufferin—Simcoe Perrin Beatty Progressive Conservative 1972
  Willowdale Bob Jarvis ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Windsor West Herb Gray Liberal 1962
  Windsor—Walkerville Mark MacGuigan Liberal 1968
  York Centre Bob Kaplan Liberal 1968,[lower-alpha 5] 1974
  York East Ron Ritchie Progressive Conservative 1979
  York North John Gamble Progressive Conservative 1979
  York—Scarborough Paul McCrossan Progressive Conservative 1978
  York South—Weston Ursula Appolloni Liberal 1974
  York—Peel Sinclair Stevens Progressive Conservative 1972
  York West James Fleming Liberal 1972

Manitoba

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Brandon—Souris Walter Dinsdale Progressive Conservative 1951
  Churchill Rodney Murphy New Democrat 1979
  Dauphin William Gordon Ritchie Progressive Conservative 1968
  Lisgar Jack Murta ‡ Progressive Conservative 1970
  Portage—Marquette Charles Mayer Progressive Conservative 1979
  Provencher Jake Epp Progressive Conservative 1972
  Selkirk—Interlake Terry Sargeant New Democrat 1979
  St. Boniface Robert Bockstael Liberal 1979
  Winnipeg North David Orlikow New Democrat 1962
  Winnipeg North Centre Stanley Knowles New Democrat 1942, 1962
  Winnipeg—Assiniboine Dan McKenzie ‡ Progressive Conservative 1972
  Winnipeg—Birds Hill Bill Blaikie New Democrat 1979
  Winnipeg—Fort Garry Lloyd Axworthy Liberal 1979
  Winnipeg—St. James Bob Lane Progressive Conservative 1979

Saskatchewan

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Assiniboia Leonard Gustafson Progressive Conservative 1979
  Humboldt—Lake Centre George Richardson Progressive Conservative 1979
  Kindersley—Lloydminster Bill McKnight Progressive Conservative 1979
  Mackenzie Stanley Korchinski Progressive Conservative 1958
  Moose Jaw Douglas Neil Progressive Conservative 1972
  Prince Albert John Diefenbaker* Progressive Conservative 1940
  Stan Hovdebo New Democrat 1979
  Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain Alvin Hamilton Progressive Conservative 1957,[lower-alpha 6] 1972
  Regina East Simon De Jong New Democrat 1979
  Regina West Les Benjamin New Democrat 1968
  Saskatoon East Robert Ogle New Democrat 1979
  Saskatoon West Ray Hnatyshyn Progressive Conservative 1974
  Swift Current—Maple Creek Frank Hamilton Progressive Conservative 1972
  The Battlefords—Meadow Lake Terry Nylander Progressive Conservative 1979
  Yorkton—Melville Lorne Nystrom New Democrat 1968
*John Diefenbaker died on August 16, 1979; Stan Hovdebo won the following November 19th by-election to fill his seat

Alberta

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Athabasca Paul Yewchuk Progressive Conservative 1968
  Bow River Gordon Taylor Progressive Conservative 1979
  Calgary Centre Harvie Andre Progressive Conservative 1972
  Calgary East John Kushner Progressive Conservative 1979
  Calgary North Eldon Woolliams Progressive Conservative 1958
  Calgary South John Thomson Progressive Conservative 1979
  Calgary West Jim Hawkes Progressive Conservative 1979
  Crowfoot Arnold Malone Progressive Conservative 1974
  Edmonton East William Yurko Progressive Conservative 1979
  Edmonton North Steve Paproski Progressive Conservative 1968
  Edmonton South Douglas Roche ‡ Progressive Conservative 1972
  Edmonton West Marcel Lambert Progressive Conservative 1957
  Edmonton—Strathcona David Kilgour ‡ Progressive Conservative 1979
  Lethbridge—Foothills Blaine Thacker Progressive Conservative 1979
  Medicine Hat Bert Hargrave ‡ Progressive Conservative 1972
  Peace River Ged Baldwin Progressive Conservative 1958
  Pembina Peter Elzinga Progressive Conservative 1974
  Red Deer Gordon Towers Progressive Conservative 1972
  Vegreville Don Mazankowski Progressive Conservative 1968
  Wetaskiwin Stanley K. Schellenberger ‡ Progressive Conservative 1972
  Yellowhead Joe Clark Progressive Conservative 1972

British Columbia

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Burnaby Svend Robinson New Democrat 1979
  Capilano Ron Huntington Progressive Conservative 1974
  Cariboo—Chilcotin Lorne Greenaway Progressive Conservative 1979
  Comox—Powell River Raymond Skelly New Democrat 1979
  Cowichan—Malahat—The Islands Don L. Taylor Progressive Conservative 1979
  Esquimalt—Saanich Donald Munro Progressive Conservative 1972
  Fraser Valley East Alexander Patterson Progressive Conservative 1953,[lower-alpha 7] 1962,[lower-alpha 8] 1972
  Fraser Valley West Robert Wenman Progressive Conservative 1974
  Kamloops—Shuswap Don Cameron Progressive Conservative 1979
  Kootenay East—Revelstoke Stan Graham Progressive Conservative 1979
  Kootenay West Robert Brisco Progressive Conservative 1974
  Mission—Port Moody Mark Rose New Democrat 1968,[lower-alpha 9] 1979
  Nanaimo—Alberni Edward Miller New Democrat 1979
  New Westminster—Coquitlam Pauline Jewett New Democrat 1963,[lower-alpha 10] 1979
  North Vancouver—Burnaby Chuck Cook Progressive Conservative 1979
  Okanagan North George Whittaker Progressive Conservative 1972
  Okanagan—Similkameen Frederick King Progressive Conservative 1979
  Prince George—Bulkley Valley Robert McCuish Progressive Conservative 1979
  Prince George—Peace River Frank Oberle Progressive Conservative 1972
  Richmond—South Delta Tom Siddon ‡ Progressive Conservative 1978
  Skeena James Fulton New Democrat 1979
  Surrey—White Rock—North Delta Benno Friesen Progressive Conservative 1974
  Vancouver Centre Arthur Phillips Liberal 1979
  Vancouver East Margaret Mitchell New Democrat 1979
  Vancouver Kingsway Ian Waddell New Democrat 1979
  Vancouver Quadra Bill Clarke Progressive Conservative 1972
  Vancouver South John Fraser Progressive Conservative 1972
  Victoria Allan McKinnon Progressive Conservative 1972

Territories

Riding Member Political party First elected / previously elected
  Nunatsiaq Peter Ittinuar New Democrat 1979
  Western Arctic Dave Nickerson Progressive Conservative 1979
  Yukon Erik Nielsen Progressive Conservative 1957

By-elections

By-electionDateIncumbentPartyWinnerPartyCauseRetained
Prince Albert November 19, 1979 John Diefenbaker      Progressive Conservative Stan Hovdebo      New Democratic Death (heart attack) No
Burin—St. George's September 19, 1979 Don Jamieson      Liberal Roger Simmons      Liberal Resignation Yes

Notes

  1. ↑ elected as Social Credit
  2. ↑ Peel South
  3. ↑ Broadview
  4. ↑ Drummond—Arthabaska/Drummond (Quebec)
  5. ↑ Don Valley
  6. ↑ Qu'Appelle
  7. ↑ Fraser Valley (elected as a Social Credit)
  8. ↑ Fraser Valley (re-elected as a Social Credit)
  9. ↑ Fraser Valley West
  10. ↑ Northumberland (Ontario) (elected as a Liberal)

References

  1. ↑ http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliament.aspx?Item=3f135f9f-59ca-42f9-b36f-6abfd0137c1e&Language=E&MenuID=Lists.Parliament.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Fparlinfo%2FLists%2FParliament.aspx&Section=PartyStandingsSEN
  2. ↑ Members of the Canadian Senate are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and remain as senators until the age of 75, even if the House of Commons has been dissolved or an election has been called.
  • Government of Canada. "21st Ministry". Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Privy Council Office. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
  • Government of Canada. "31st Parliament". Members of the House of Commons: 1867 to Date: By Parliament. Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
  • Government of Canada. "Duration of Sessions". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
  • Government of Canada. "General Elections". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
  • Government of Canada. "Key Dates for each Parliament". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2005-09-14. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
  • Government of Canada. "Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
  • Government of Canada. "Party Standings (1974 to date): At the Senate". Library of Parliament. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
  • Government of Canada. "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
  • Government of Canada. "Speakers". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2006-09-17. Retrieved 2006-05-12.

Succession

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