Prime Minister of Australia
Coat of arms of Australia
Flag of Australia
Incumbent
Anthony Albanese
since 23 May 2022
Australian Government
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Style
StatusHead of government
Member of
Reports toHouse of Representatives
Residence
SeatCanberra
AppointerGovernor-General[4]
Term lengthAt the Governor-General's pleasure[3]
Formation1 January 1901 (1901-01-01)[4]
First holderEdmund Barton[4]
DeputyDeputy Prime Minister
SalaryA$564,360 annually (2022)[5]
Websitepm.gov.au

The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The prime minister is the chair of the federal cabinet and the national cabinet and a member of the federal executive council. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party, who assumed the office on 23 May 2022.[6][7]

Formally appointed by the governor-general, the role and duties of the prime minister are not described by the Australian constitution but rather defined by constitutional convention deriving from the Westminster system. To become prime minister, a politician should be able to command the confidence of the House of Representatives. As such, the prime minister is typically the leader of the majority party or coalition. Prime ministers do not have a set duration or number of terms, but an individual's term generally ends when their political party loses a federal election, or they lose or relinquish the leadership of their party.

Executive power is formally vested in the monarch and exercised by the governor-general on advice from government ministers, who are nominated by the prime minister and form the Federal Executive Council. The most senior ministers form the federal cabinet, which the prime minister chairs. The prime minister also heads the National Cabinet and the National Security Committee. Administrative support is provided by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The prime minister has two official residences: The Lodge in Canberra and Kirribilli House in Sydney, as well as an office at Parliament House.

Thirty-one people have served as prime minister, the first of whom was Edmund Barton taking office on 1 January 1901 following federation of the British colonies in Australia. The longest-serving prime minister was Robert Menzies, who served over 18 years, and the shortest-serving was Frank Forde, who served one week. There is no legislated line of succession, however convention determines that the governor-general shall commission the deputy prime minister on a caretaker basis in the event of a vacancy.

Constitutional basis and appointment

Australia's first prime minister, Edmund Barton, at the central table in the House of Representatives in 1901.

The prime minister of Australia is appointed by the governor-general of Australia under Section 64 of the Australian Constitution, which empowers the governor-general to appoint ministers of state (the office of prime minister is not mentioned) on the advice of the Federal Executive Council, and requires them to be members of the House of Representatives or the Senate, or become members within three months of the appointment. The prime minister and treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement.[8] Before being sworn in as a minister of state, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable (usually abbreviated to The Hon) for life, barring exceptional circumstances. The senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia.

The prime minister is, like other ministers, normally sworn in by the governor-general and then presented with the commission (letters patent) of office. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the prime minister is said to "hand in the commission" and actually does so by returning it to the governor-general. In the event of a prime minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, or for other reasons, the governor-general can terminate the commission. Ministers hold office "during the pleasure of the governor-general" (s. 64 of the Constitution of Australia), so in practice, the governor-general can dismiss a minister at any time, by notifying them in writing of the termination of their commission; however, their power to do so except on the advice of the prime minister is heavily circumscribed by convention.

John Gorton being sworn in as the 19th Prime Minister on 10 January 1968. To date, Gorton is the only Senator to have served as Prime Minister, though he would swiftly move to the House of Representatives as the member for Higgins.

According to convention, the prime minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives which holds the confidence of the House. The governor-general may also dismiss a prime minister who is unable to pass the government's supply bill through both houses of parliament, including the Australian Senate, where the government doesn't normally command the majority, as happened in the 1975 constitutional crisis.[9] Other commentators argue that the governor-general acted improperly in 1975 as Whitlam still retained the confidence of the House of Representatives, and there are no generally accepted conventions to guide the use of the governor-general's reserve powers in this circumstance.[10] However, there is no constitutional requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives, or even be a member of the federal parliament (subject to a constitutionally prescribed limit of three months), though by convention this is always the case. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed prime minister was John Gorton, who subsequently resigned his Senate position and was elected as the member for Higgins in the House of Representatives.

Despite the importance of the office of prime minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be sufficiently entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail these.[11] Indeed, prior to Federation in 1901 the terms "premier" and "prime minister" were used interchangeably for the head of government in a colony.[12]

If a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the House of Representatives, or the House passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the prime minister is bound by convention to either resign or immediately advise the governor-general to dissolve the House of Representatives and hold a fresh election.

Following a resignation in other circumstances or the death of a prime minister, the governor-general generally appoints the deputy prime minister as the new prime minister, until or if such time as the governing party or senior coalition party elects an alternative party leader. This has resulted in the party leaders from the Country Party (now named National Party) being appointed as prime minister, despite being the smaller party of their coalition. This occurred when Earle Page became caretaker prime minister following the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939, and when John McEwen became caretaker prime minister following the disappearance of Harold Holt in 1967. However, in 1941, Arthur Fadden became the leader of the Coalition and subsequently prime minister by the agreement of both coalition parties, despite being the leader of the smaller party in coalition, following the resignation of UAP leader Robert Menzies.

Excluding the brief transition periods during changes of government or leadership elections, there have only been a handful of cases where someone other than the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives was prime minister:

  • Federation occurred on 1 January 1901, but elections for the first parliament were not scheduled until late March. In the interim, an unelected caretaker government was necessary. In what is now known as the Hopetoun Blunder, the governor-general, Lord Hopetoun, invited Sir William Lyne, the premier of the most populous state, New South Wales, to form a government. Lyne was unable to do so and returned his commission in favour of Edmund Barton, who became the first prime minister and led the inaugural government into and beyond the election.
  • During the second parliament, three parties (Free Trade, Protectionist and Labor) had roughly equal representation in the House of Representatives. The leaders of the three parties, Alfred Deakin, George Reid and Chris Watson each served as prime minister before losing a vote of confidence.
  • As a result of the Labor Party's split over conscription, Billy Hughes and his supporters were expelled from the Labor Party in November 1916. He subsequently continued on as prime minister at the head of the new National Labor Party, which had only 14 members out of a total of 75 in the House of Representatives. The Commonwealth Liberal Party – despite still forming the official Opposition – provided confidence and supply until February 1917, when the two parties agreed to merge and formed the Nationalist Party.
  • During the 1975 constitutional crisis, on 11 November 1975, the governor-general, Sir John Kerr, dismissed the Labor Party's Gough Whitlam as prime minister. Despite Labor holding a majority in the House of Representatives, Kerr appointed the Leader of the Opposition, Liberal leader Malcolm Fraser as caretaker prime minister, conditional on the passage of the Whitlam government's Supply bills through the Senate and the calling of an election for both houses of parliament. Fraser accepted these terms and immediately advised a double dissolution. An election was called for 13 December, which the Liberal Party won in its own right (although the Liberals governed in a coalition with the Country Party).

Compared to other Westminster systems such as those of Canada's federal and provincial governments, the transition from an outgoing prime minister to an incoming prime minister has been brief in Australia since the 1970s. Prior to that, in accordance with longstanding Australian constitutional practice, convention held that an outgoing prime minister would stay on as a caretaker until the full election results were tallied. Starting with the 1972 Australian federal election on 2 December 1972, Gough Whitlam and his deputy were sworn in on 5 December 1972 to form an interim government for two weeks, as the vote was being finalised and the full ministry makeup was being determined. In 2022 Anthony Albanese became prime minister on 23 May which was two days after the 2022 Australian federal election where his party won a majority in the House, with Albanese and four senior cabinet ministers being sworn into an interim ministry,[13] when the results of the election were more clearly known the entire ministry was sworn in on 1 June 2022.[14]

Powers and role

The first prime minister of Australia, Edmund Barton (sitting second from left), with his Cabinet, 1901.

Most of the prime minister's power derives from being the head of government.[15] In practice, the Federal Executive Council acts to ratify all executive decisions made by the government and requires the support of the prime minister. The powers of the prime minister are to direct the governor-general through advice to grant royal assent to legislation, to dissolve and prorogue parliament, to call elections and to make government appointments, which the governor-general follows according to convention.

The Constitution divides power between the federal government and the states, and the prime minister is constrained by this.[16]

The formal power to appoint the governor-general lies with the king of Australia, on the advice of the prime minister, whereby convention holds that the king is bound to follow the advice. The prime minister can also advise the monarch to dismiss the governor-general, though it remains unclear how quickly the monarch would act on such advice in a constitutional crisis. This uncertainty, and the possibility of a "race" between the governor-general and prime minister to dismiss the other, was a key question in the 1975 constitutional crisis. Prime ministers whose government loses a vote of no-confidence in the House of Representatives, are expected to advise the governor-general to dissolve parliament and hold an election, if an alternative government cannot be formed. If they fail to do this, the governor-general may by convention dissolve parliament or appoint an alternative government.[9]

The prime minister is also the responsible minister for the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, which is tasked with supporting the policy agendas of the prime minister and Cabinet through policy advice and the coordination of the implementation of key government programs, to manage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander policy and programs and to promote reconciliation, to provide leadership for the Australian Public Service alongside the Australian Public Service Commission, to oversee the honours and symbols of the Commonwealth, to provide support to ceremonies and official visits, to set whole of government service delivery policy, and to coordinate national security, cyber, counter-terrorism, regulatory reform, cities, population, data, and women's policy.[17] Since 1992, the prime minister also acts as the chair of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), an intergovernmental forum between the federal government and the state governments in which the prime minister, the state premiers and chief ministers, and a representative of local governments meet annually.[18]

Amenities of office

Salary

Prime ministerial salary history
Effective dateSalaryRef.
2 June 1999A$289,270
6 September 2006A$309,270
1 July 2007A$330,356
1 October 2009A$340,704[19]
1 August 2010A$354,671[20]
1 July 2011A$366,366
1 December 2011A$440,000
15 March 2012A$481,000[21]
1 July 2012A$495,430[22]
1 July 2013A$507,338[23]
1 January 2016A$517,504[24]
1 July 2017A$527,852[25]
1 July 2018A$538,460[26]
1 July 2019A$549,250[26]

As of 1 July 2019, Australia's prime minister is paid a total salary of A$549,250. This is made up of the 'base salary' received by all Members of Parliament (A$211,250) plus a 160 percent 'additional salary' for the role of prime minister.[27] Increases in the base salary of MPs and senators are determined annually by the independent Remuneration Tribunal.[26]

Residences and transport

Prime ministers Curtin, Fadden, Hughes, Menzies and Governor-General The Duke of Gloucester 2nd from left, in 1945.

While in office, the prime minister has two official residences. The primary official residence is The Lodge in Canberra. Most prime ministers have chosen The Lodge as their primary residence because of its security facilities and close proximity to Parliament House. There have been some exceptions, however. James Scullin preferred to live at the Hotel Canberra (now the Hyatt Hotel) and Ben Chifley lived in the Hotel Kurrajong. More recently, John Howard used the Sydney prime ministerial residence, Kirribilli House, as his primary accommodation. On her appointment on 24 June 2010, Julia Gillard said she would not be living in The Lodge until such time as she was returned to office by popular vote at the next general election, as she became prime minister by replacing an incumbent during a parliamentary term. Tony Abbott was never able to occupy The Lodge during his term (2013–15) because it was undergoing extensive renovations, which continued into the early part of his successor Malcolm Turnbull's term.[28] Instead, Abbott resided in dedicated rooms at the Australian Federal Police College when in Canberra.

During his first term, Rudd had a staff at The Lodge consisting of a senior chef and an assistant chef, a child carer, one senior house attendant, and two junior house attendants. At Kirribilli House in Sydney, there are a full-time chef and a full-time house attendant.[29] The official residences are fully staffed and catered for both the prime minister and their family. In addition, both have extensive security facilities. These residences are regularly used for official entertaining, such as receptions for Australian of the Year finalists.

The prime minister receives a number of transport amenities for official business. The Royal Australian Air Force's Airbus A330 MRTT, or KC30-A, transports the prime minister within Australia and overseas.[30] The call-sign for the aircraft is "Envoy". For ground travel, the prime minister is transported in an armoured BMW 7 Series model. It is referred to as "C-1", or Commonwealth One, because of its number plate. It is escorted by police vehicles from state and federal authorities.[31]

After office

Politicians, including prime ministers, are usually granted certain privileges after leaving office, such as office accommodation, staff assistance, and a Life Gold Pass which entitles the holder to travel within Australia for "non-commercial" purposes at government expense. In 2017, then prime minister Malcolm Turnbull said the pass should be available only to former prime ministers, though he would not use it when he was no longer PM.[32]

Only one prime minister who had left the Federal Parliament ever returned. Stanley Bruce was defeated in his own seat in 1929 while prime minister but was re-elected to parliament in 1931. Other prime ministers were elected to parliaments other than the Australian federal parliament: Sir George Reid was elected to the UK House of Commons (after his term as High Commissioner to the UK), and Frank Forde was re-elected to the Queensland Parliament (after his term as High Commissioner to Canada, and a failed attempt to re-enter the Federal Parliament).

Acting prime ministers and succession

The deputy prime minister becomes acting prime minister if the prime minister is unable to undertake the role for a short time, for example if they are ill, overseas or on leave (and if both are unavailable, then another senior minister takes on this role).[33] The Acts Interpretation Act 1901 confers upon acting ministers "the same power and authority with respect to the absent Minister's statutory responsibilities".[34][35]

If the prime minister were to die, then the deputy prime minister would be appointed prime minister by the governor-general until the government votes for another member to be its leader.[33] This happened when Harold Holt disappeared in 1967,[33] when John McEwen was appointed prime minister.[36] On the other two occasions that the prime minister has died in office, in 1939 and 1945, Earle Page and Frank Forde, respectively, were appointed prime minister.[36]

In the early 20th century, overseas travel generally required long journeys by ship. As a result, some held the position of acting prime minister for significant periods of time, including William Watt (16 months, 1918–1919),[37] George Pearce (7 months, 1916),[38] Alfred Deakin (6 months, 1902),[39] Joseph Cook (5 months, 1921),[40] James Fenton (19 weeks, 1930–1931),[41] John Forrest (4 months, 1907),[42] and Arthur Fadden (4 months, 1941). Fadden was acting prime minister for a cumulative total of 676 days (over 22 months) between 1941 and 1958.[43]

Honours

Prime ministers have been granted numerous honours, typically after their period as prime minister has concluded, with a few exceptions.

Nine former prime ministers were awarded knighthoods: Barton (GCMG, 1902),[44] Reid (GCMG, 1911),[45] Cook (GCMG, 1918),[46] Page (GCMG, 1938),[47] Menzies (KT, 1963),[48] Fadden (KCMG, 1951),[49] McEwen (GCMG, 1971),[50] Gorton (GCMG, 1977),[51] and McMahon (GCMG, 1977).[52] Of those awarded, Barton and Menzies were knighted while still serving as prime minister, with Page awarded his before becoming prime minister, and the remainder awarded after leaving office. Reid (GCB, 1916),[53] Menzies (AK, 1976)[54] and Fadden (GCMG, 1958)[55] were awarded a second knighthood after leaving office.

Non-titular honours were also bestowed on former prime ministers, usually the Order of the Companions of Honour. This honour was awarded to Bruce (1927),[56] Lyons (1936),[57] Hughes (1941),[58] Page (1942),[59] Menzies (1951),[60] Holt (1967),[61] McEwen (1969),[62] Gorton (1971),[63] McMahon (1972),[64] and Fraser (1977),[65] mostly during office as prime minister.

In almost all occasions these honours were only accepted by non-Labor/conservative prime ministers. However, appointment to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom was accepted by all prime ministers until 1983 (with the exception of Alfred Deakin, Chris Watson and Gough Whitlam), with Malcolm Fraser being the last prime ministerial appointee.

Since its introduction in 1975, former prime ministers of Australia have been appointed to the Order of Australia and to its highest level – Companion: Whitlam (1978),[66] Fraser (1988),[67] Gorton (1988),[68] Howard (2008),[69] Gillard (2017),[70] Rudd (2019),[71] Abbott (2020),[72] and Turnbull (2021).[73] Keating refused appointment in the 1997 Australia Day Honours, saying that he had long believed honours should be reserved for those whose work in the community went unrecognised and that having been Prime Minister was sufficient public recognition.[74][75] Bob Hawke was appointed a Companion in 1979, for service to trade unionism and industrial relations, before becoming prime minister in 1983.[76] Menzies was appointed to the higher grade of Knight of the Order, which is no longer awarded, in 1976.

John Howard was also appointed to the Order of Merit in 2012, whose appointments are within the personal gift of the monarch.[77] Menzies' Knight of the Order of the Thistle awarding was also in the personal gift of Queen Elizabeth II in 1963.

Although not strictly an honour, one former prime minister was raised to the peerage; Stanley Bruce was created 1st Viscount Bruce of Melbourne[78] in the 1947 New Year Honours.

In addition to these honours, all deceased former prime ministers of Australia currently have federal electorates named after them, with the exception of Sir Joseph Cook (a Division of Cook does exist, but it is named after explorer James Cook). The most newly created of these electorates is the Division of Hawke, named in honour of the recently deceased Bob Hawke in 2021.

Lists relating to the prime ministers of Australia

The longest-serving prime minister was Robert Menzies, who served in office twice: from 26 April 1939 to 28 August 1941, and again from 19 December 1949 to 26 January 1966. In total Robert Menzies spent 18 years, 5 months and 12 days in office. He served under the United Australia Party and the Liberal Party respectively.

The shortest-serving prime minister was Frank Forde,[79] who was appointed to the position on 6 July 1945 after the death of John Curtin, and served until 13 July 1945 when Ben Chifley was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party.

The most recent prime minister to serve out a full government term in the office was Scott Morrison, who won the 2019 election and led his party to the 2022 election, but was defeated and lost his title as prime minister.

Lists of the 31 people who have so far held the premiership:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Contact Your PM". Prime Minister of Australia. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  2. ↑ "How to address Senators and Members". Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 "Prime Minister". Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "Prime Ministers". Australian Prime Ministers Centre, Old Parliament House. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  5. ↑ "PoliticalSalaries.com - Leaders". PoliticalSalaries.com - What the world pays its politicians. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  6. ↑ "Prime Minister of Australia". Prime Minister of Australia. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  7. ↑ "Australia election: Anthony Albanese signals climate policy change". BBC News. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  8. ↑ "No. 14 - Ministers in the Senate". Senate Briefs. Parliament of Australia. December 2016.
  9. 1 2 Kerr, John. "Statement from John Kerr (dated 11 November 1975) explaining his decisions". WhitlamDismissal.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  10. ↑ Australia's Constitution : With Overview and Notes by the Australian Government Solicitor (Pocket ed.). Canberra: Parliamentary Education Office and Australian Government Solicitor. 2010. p. v. ISBN 9781742293431.
  11. ↑ Spry, Dr Max (1996). "The Executive Power of the commonwealth: its scope and limits". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  12. ↑ "The Premiers' Conference - Text of the Resolutions". The Age. 23 August 1898. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  13. ↑ "23 May 2022 to 1 June 2022 - Parliament of Australia". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  14. ↑ "Australia's government is changing after nine years of the Coalition – what happens next?". TheGuardian.com. 22 May 2022.
  15. ↑ "Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  16. ↑ "Prime Minister: Roles, Powers and Restraints". Australian Politics.
  17. ↑ "Administrative Arrangements Order". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Commonwealth of Australia. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  18. ↑ "Federation Homepage | Federation".
  19. ↑ "Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and MPs in line to get a 3% pay rise".
  20. ↑ Hudson, Phillip (25 August 2010). "Politicians awarded secret pay rise". Herald Sun. Australia. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  21. ↑ "Determination 2012/02: Members of Parliament – Base Salary and Related Matters" (PDF). www.remtribunal.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2013.
  22. ↑ "Tony Abbott defends increase in MP salary, saying he's working hard for every Australian". Herald Sun. 5 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  23. ↑ Peatling, Stephanie (14 June 2013). "PM's salary tops $500,000". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  24. ↑ Mannheim, Markus (10 December 2015). "Politicians, judges and top public servants to gain 2% pay rise after wage freeze". The Canberra Times.
  25. ↑ "Politicians under fire for pay increases while penalty rates cut, One Nation wants to reject rise". 23 June 2017.
  26. 1 2 3 "What do Federal Members of Parliament get paid?". Remuneration Tribunal. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  27. ↑ "Parliamentary Offices: Principal determination". Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  28. ↑ Canberra Times, 18 August 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2018
  29. ↑ Metherell, Mark (19 February 2008). "Rudds' staff extends to a child carer at the Lodge". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  30. ↑ "ScoMo dubs his new plane 'Shark One'". Australian Financial Review. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  31. ↑ CarAdvice.com.au (6 April 2009). "25% of government car fleet foreign made". Car Advice. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  32. ↑ Hutchens, Gareth (7 February 2017). "Malcolm Turnbull to scrap Life Gold Pass for former MPs". the Guardian.
  33. 1 2 3 "Does Australia have a parliamentary line of succession to the Prime Minister and if so, what is the order?". Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  34. ↑ "The Ministry". House of Representatives Practice (7th ed.). Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  35. ↑ Acts Interpretation Act 1901, s 19(4).
  36. 1 2 "Australia's PMs and how they left office". SBS News. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  37. ↑ "Watt, William Alexander (1871–1946)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 12. 1990.
  38. ↑ Beddie, B. (1988). "Pearce, Sir George Foster (1870–1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 11.
  39. ↑ Norris, R. (1981). "Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538.
  40. ↑ Crowley, F.K. "Cook, Sir Joseph (1860–1947)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  41. ↑ Robertson, J. R. (1981). "Fenton, James Edward (1864–1950)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 8.
  42. ↑ Crowley, Frank. "Forrest, Sir John (1847–1918)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538.
  43. ↑ Arklay, Tracey M. (2010). Arthur Fadden: A Political Silhouette (PDF) (PhD thesis). Griffith University. p. 196. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  44. ↑ "No. 27448". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1902. pp. 4189–4196.
  45. ↑ "GCMG". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  46. ↑ "No. 30831". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 August 1918. p. 9264.
  47. ↑ "GCMG". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  48. ↑ "KT". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  49. ↑ It's an Honour - Fadden KCMG Archived 22 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ↑ "GCMG". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  51. ↑ It's an Honour Archived 22 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine – Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
  52. ↑ "It's an Honour – GCMG". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 12 June 1977. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  53. ↑ "GCB". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  54. ↑ "AK". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  55. ↑ "GCMG". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  56. ↑ "CH". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  57. ↑ "Mr Joseph Aloysius LYONS". It's An Honour. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  58. ↑ "It's an Honour". Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  59. ↑ "It's an Honour – CH". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 June 1942. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  60. ↑ "It's an Honour: CH". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  61. ↑ "CH". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  62. ↑ "CH". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  63. ↑ "CH". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  64. ↑ "CH". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  65. ↑ "CH". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  66. ↑ "AC". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  67. ↑ "AC". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  68. ↑ It's an Honour Archived 29 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine – Companion of the Order of Australia
  69. ↑ It's an Honour: AC, Australian Government, 9 June 2008, archived from the original on 29 January 2019, retrieved 20 June 2017
  70. ↑ "It's an Honour: AC", Itsanhonour.gov.au, Government of Australia, 26 January 2017, retrieved 26 January 2017
  71. ↑ "AC". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  72. ↑ Queen's Birthday Honours 2020 (PDF), Governor General, retrieved 7 June 2020
  73. ↑ Australia Day Honours 2021, Governor General, retrieved 29 January 2021
  74. ↑ "After office". Australia's PMs – Paul Keating. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  75. ↑ "Keating: gone wrong". The Sun-Herald. 26 January 1997. p. 3.
  76. ↑ "It's an Honour". Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  77. ↑ "No. 60028". The London Gazette. 12 January 2012. p. 485.
  78. ↑ "No. 37911". The London Gazette. 21 March 1947. p. 1333.
  79. ↑ "Francis Forde | naa.gov.au". www.naa.gov.au. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

Further reading

  • Abjorensen, Norman (2015). The Manner of Their Going: Prime Ministerial Exits from Lyne to Abbott. Australian Scholarly. ISBN 9781925333213.
  • Grattan, Michelle (2016). Australian Prime Ministers. New Holland. ISBN 9781742579337.
  • Hughes, Colin (1976). Mr Prime Minister: Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195504712.
  • Strangio, Paul (2013). "Evaluating Prime-Ministerial Performance: The Australian Experience". In Strangio, Paul; 't Hart, Paul; Walter, James (eds.). Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199666423.
  • Strangio, Paul; 't Hart, Paul; Walter, James (2016). Settling the Office: The Australian Prime Ministership from Federation to Reconstruction. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522868722.
  • Strangio, Paul; 't Hart, Paul; Walter, James (2017). The Pivot of Power: Australian Prime Ministers and Political Leadership, 1949-2016. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522868746.
  • Whitington, Don (1972). Twelfth Man?. Jacaranda Press. ISBN 0701605855.
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