Android Runtime for Chrome
Developer(s)Google, others
Stable release
None yet
Written inJavaScript, Java, C, C++
Operating systemCross-platform: ChromeOS (official beta release), Microsoft Windows, Linux, macOS (community supported)
TypeSandbox and compatibility layer in web browsers for Android applications
LicenseProprietary, New BSD license
Websitedeveloper.chrome.com/apps/getstarted_arc

Android Runtime for Chrome (ARC) is a compatibility layer and sandboxing technology for running Android applications on desktop and laptop computers in an isolated environment. It allows applications to be safely run from a web browser, independent of user operating system, at near-native speeds.

Overview

The Android Runtime for Chrome is a partially open-sourced project under development by Google.[1] It was announced by Sundar Pichai at the Google I/O 2014 developer conference.[2] In a limited beta consumer release in September 2014,[3] Duolingo, Evernote, Sight Words, and Vine Android applications were made available in the Chrome Web Store for installation on Chromebook devices running OS version 37 or higher.[4]

As of January 2015, the development by Google is taking place behind closed doors with individual repository commits, code reviews and most issue tracking being kept internal to the company. The open sourced parts of ARC are licensed under a BSD-style license.

Development

In a limited beta consumer release in September 2014,[5] Duolingo, Evernote, Sight Words, and Vine Android applications were made available in the Chrome Web Store for installation on Chromebook devices running OS version 37 or higher.[6]

In October 2014, three more apps were added: CloudMagic, Onefootball, and Podcast Addict.[7]

In March 2015, Anandtech reported that VLC media player should be added in the coming months.[8]

On April 1, 2015, Google released ARC Welder, a Chrome Packaged App providing the ARC runtime and application packager.[9] It is intended to give Android developers a preview of the upcoming technology and a chance to test their Android apps on the Chrome platform.

Architecture

ARC builds upon the Google Native Client.[10] The Native Client platform is being extended with a POSIX-compatible layer on top of the NaCl Integrated Runtime and Pepper APIs[11] which emulate the Linux environment in the foundation of an Android phone. This then allows running an almost unchanged Dalvik VM in a sandboxed environment.

ARC uses the Chrome permission system, not the Android one.

Security

According to a security evaluation by Meng Xu, ARC apps may communicate with other installed Chrome Extensions and the files stored on the underlying operating system which might open avenues to various attacks.[12] These threats are mitigated by the heavily sandboxed environment of ARC.[13]

Community efforts

During the second half of 2014, before any developer tools or documentation was released by Google, several community efforts about ARC appeared.

Vlad Filippov maintains ARChon, an unofficial distribution of the ARC runtime which can be installed to non-Chromebook computers.[14] The same developer also maintains a JavaScript (nodejs) tool to automate packaging Android apps for use with ARC.[15]

Other developers created more user-friendly tools beyond chromeos-apk to simplify packaging applications for the ARCon runtime. The first of them is a Chrome Packaged App called twerk[16] and the other is an Android application ARCon Packager[17] It used to be named Chrome APK Packager but the name was changed at Google's request.

Software

There is an active Reddit community[18] which maintains a list[19] of Android apps that work with the ARCon runtime. Vlad Filippov published a guide how to run Opera Mini inside Chromium browser.[20]

Reception

The reception has been mostly positive. Some developers expressed confusion about the wide scale of competing development platforms which Google now offers: Web apps, Chrome Packaged Apps and Android Apps delivered through ARC. Google responded that they are fully committed to all those platforms and encourage developers to choose the one that fits them best.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Getting Started with ARC Open Source on Linux". Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  2. ↑ Google I/O 2014 - Keynote, retrieved 2023-07-05
  3. ↑ "First set of Android apps coming to a Chromebook near you". Google Chrome Blog. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  4. ↑ "About App Runtime for Chrome (Beta)". Google Inc. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  5. ↑ "First set of Android apps coming to a Chromebook near you". Google Chrome Blog. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  6. ↑ "About App Runtime for Chrome (Beta)". Google Inc. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  7. ↑ "3 More Android Apps Now Available for Chrome OS, Including Podcast Addict". 8 October 2014.
  8. ↑ "The Chromebook Pixel (2015) Review".
  9. ↑ Rubin, Brian. "Google's ARC Welder Gives You A Glimpse Of An Android-Anywhere Future". ReadWrite. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  10. ↑ https://tc.gtisc.gatech.edu/bss/2014/l/proposals/meng.xu.pdf
  11. ↑ "Issue 690903002: Remove timing limitation of SetOption invocation for PPAPI sockets. (Closed)". Retrieved 25 January 2015. I'm working on ARC (App Runtime for Chrome) project, which is to run android applications on Chrome, launched two months ago. In the project, we implement posix-layer on top of NaCl IRTs and PPAPIs.
  12. ↑ Meng Xu (10 December 2014). "Security Evaluation for ARC".
  13. ↑ https://tc.gtisc.gatech.edu/bss/2014/l/final/mengxu.pdf
  14. ↑ "Bitbucket". bitbucket.org. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  15. ↑ Filippov, Vlad (2023-07-02), chromeos-apk, retrieved 2023-07-05
  16. ↑ nerd.of.steel. "twerk - Chrome Web Store". Archived from the original on 2015-01-28.
  17. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2015-01-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ↑ "r/chromeapks". reddit. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  19. ↑ "Chrome APK Official Apps List – Google Sheets". Archived from the original on 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
  20. ↑ "Dev.Opera — Opera Mini on your Chromebook for fun and bandwidth". dev.opera.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  21. ↑ "Install and use Android apps on your Chromebook - Chromebook Help". support.google.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
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