Battle of Antonov Airport
Part of the Kyiv offensive and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russian paratroopers advancing over the airport
Date24–25 February 2022
(1 day)
Location
Antonov Airport, Hostomel, Kyiv Oblast
50°35′27″N 30°12′27″E / 50.59083°N 30.20750°E / 50.59083; 30.20750
Result See Analysis and Aftermath
Territorial
changes		 Russian capture of Antonov Airport
Belligerents
 Russia  Ukraine
Commanders and leaders
Russia Ivan Boldyrev[1] Ukraine Oleksandr Vdovychenko[1]
Ukraine Valeriy Chybineyev
Ukraine Mamuka Mamulashvili[2]
Ukraine Vitaly Rudenko[1]
Units involved

 Russian Armed Forces

National Guard of Russia

 Ukrainian Armed Forces

National Guard of Ukraine[11]

Security Service of Ukraine

Irregular civilian volunteers (militia)[11]
Strength

First assault wave

Second assault wave

  • 200 helicopters (per Russia)[12]
  • Numerous tanks and armored vehicles
  • Unknown number of ground troops
  • 300 in the airport garrison[1]
  • Unknown number of ground troops, tanks, and armored vehicles as reinforcements
  • Several BM-21 (per Russia)
  • At least two Su-24s
  • Several MiG-29s[13]
  • At least two Mi-24s
Casualties and losses
Per Russia:
None (second assault wave)[12]
Per Ukraine:
300 paratroopers killed[14]
Several helicopters shot down[15][13]		 Per Russia:
200 killed[12]
Per Ukraine:
Several Ukrainian National Guardsmen captured[1] Antonov An-225 Mriya destroyed [16]

The Battle of Antonov Airport, also known as the battle of Hostomel Airport, was a military engagement which occurred at the Antonov Airport in Hostomel, Kyiv Oblast, during the Kyiv offensive of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

On 24 February 2022, a few hours after the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin announced the beginning of a "special military operation" in Ukraine, Russian troops of the Russian Airborne Forces (VDV) made an air assault on Antonov Airport with the objective of capturing it. The airport held strategic value as it was located less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) outside of the capital Kyiv, which would allow Russian troops to airlift more troops and heavier equipment to directly threaten the city.[6] However, the Ukrainian military responded with a counter-attack which encircled the unsupported Russian forces and repelled the initial assault.[17] The attack resumed on the next day with another air assault by the VDV combined with a ground assault by armored reinforcements coming from the Belarusian border, breaking through the Ukrainian defenses. The airport was then captured by the Russian forces.[17] Despite this, the unexpected Ukrainian resistance foiled the plans of a quick capitulation of Kyiv,[8] and the airport was too damaged to be used as a functional airstrip.[18] The Antonov An-225 Mriya, the world's largest airplane, was destroyed in its hangar during the battle.

On 2 April, Ukraine restored control of the airport following the Russian withdrawal from Kyiv Oblast.[19]

Background

Antonov Airport in 2012

Antonov Airport, or the Hostomel Airport, is a major international cargo airport located in the town of Hostomel, just at the outskirts of the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv. The airport was owned and operated by the Antonov State Enterprise, the Ukrainian state-owned aerospace and air defense company. The airport hosted the only Antonov An-225 Mriya, the world's largest airplane[20][21] and was also used as an airstrip for the Ukrainian Air Force.

As Hostomel is located just outside Kyiv, around 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away, and could give quick access to the capital, it was strategically important.[6] In the time leading up to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) obtained detailed information about Russian attack plans. CIA director William J. Burns travelled to Ukraine in January 2022, and informed the Ukrainian leadership that Russia intended to capture Antonov Airport for an airbridge, which would allow Russian forces to quickly move into Kyiv to "decapitate the government".[22] According to Kyrylo Budanov, Chief of Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence, banker Denys Kireyev obtained information on 23 February 2022 from Russian sources that the Russian invasion of Ukraine would begin on 24 February and that Antonov Airport would be the site of the main attack of the invasion.[23] Analysts believed that President of Russia Vladimir Putin and the rest of the Russian leadership assumed that such a quick operation would throw Ukraine into disarray, resulting in the collapse of the Ukrainian military and allowing Russia to install a puppet government. Madison Policy Forum analyst John Spencer argued that this would have secured a military victory for Russia, albeit probably producing a massive Ukrainian insurgency.[24] However, the warnings by the CIA and Kireyev helped the Ukrainian military to prepare for an attack on Antonov Airport.[21][23][25] Regardless, the airport only held a small garrison of about 300 National Guard troops, as the remainder had been moved to the frontline in eastern Ukraine.[1] The setup of defenses at the airport and its garrisoning was hindered by the Antonov State Enterprise whose leadership initially blocked the entry of National Guard troops. The Ukrainian military was only able to fully garrison the airport on 23 February, one day before the Russian invasion.[26]

Battle

24 February 2022

Cockpit view inside a Russian Ka-52 attack helicopter conducting a low flying sortie over Antonov Airport on 24 February. The Ka-52 was providing close air support for the landing Russian forces and covered a Russian Mi-8 transport helicopter full of Russian paratroopers. The Ka-52 evaded multiple MANPADS before being hit by one and conducting an emergency landing in a nearby field. The crew dismounted the Ka-52 and manned defensive positions to wait for evacuation by another Russian helicopter strike group on its way to Antonov Airport. On the left of the middle image the hangar containing the Antonov An-225 Mriya can be seen in the distance.

On 24 February 2022, around 05:30 am local time, President Putin announced a "special military operation" to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. At around 8:00 a.m. a formation of 20 to 34 Russian helicopters arrived to secure Antonov Airport in Hostomel, a suburb of Kyiv, in an attempt to create an airbridge in which troops and equipment could muster less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Kyiv. The helicopter formation consisted of Mi-8s carrying potentially a hundred to several hundreds of Russian airborne troops escorted by Ka-52 attack helicopters. The paratroopers possibly consisted of the 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade[6][27] and/or 31st Guards Air Assault Brigade.[11] The air assault was captured on video by both civilians and soldiers. Flying low, the Russian helicopters made their approach from the Dnieper River and were immediately attacked by Ukrainian small arms fire and MANPADS. The Russian helicopters countered by deploying flares. Several Mi-8s were recorded taking hits and hitting the water.[13] At least one Ka-52 was shot down; its two pilots ejected.[28][6] Five Mikoyan MiG-29s of the Ukrainian 40th Tactical Aviation Brigade also intercepted the formation, reportedly shooting down at least two more helicopters and harassing the Russian air support intended to support the landing.[7]

Upon arriving at Hostomel, the Russian helicopters prepared the airborne landing by attacking the airport with rockets.[24][21] Some Ukrainian air defenses at the airport were precisely hit and destroyed during this initial attack; Ukrainian officials later concluded that an airport employee had been hired by Russian intelligence to reveal these positions.[1][lower-alpha 1] Though the rocket bombardment successfully screened the landings, it failed to significantly weaken the Ukrainian defenses around the airport.[21]

Once disembarked, the Russian airborne units began to capture the airport.[6] The roughly 300 Ukrainian defenders were not well equipped, and included many draftees who had never seen combat. They could only offer limited resistance, though one national guardsman, Serhiy Falatyuk, successfully shot down a Russian helicopter with an 9K38 Igla, reportedly "boosting the spirits" of the conscripts. As fighting intensified, the Ukrainian air defenses became more effective. The helicopter of Russian commander Capt. Ivan Boldyrev was hit and forced to make an emergency landing.[1] As the Russian paratroopers landed in growing numbers and fanned out, the Ukrainian garrison was overwhelmed.[1][11] The Russian forces were thus able to secure the airport.[6] British CNN reporter Matthew Chance caught on camera up close Russian soldiers securing the perimeter of the Airport and he attempted to get some commentary from them.[30][31] This success was due to the Ukrainian military being taken by surprise by the speed of the initial Russian attack, despite the preparations made after the CIA's warning.[21] The paratroopers then began preparing for the arrival of 18 Ilyushin Il-76 strategic airlifters carrying fresh troops from Russia.[32]

Despite overcoming the initial Ukrainian resistance, the paratroops continued to be engaged by local armed civilians and the 3rd Special Purpose Regiment.[11] The Ukrainians also began to bombard the airport with heavy artillery. Ukrainian Gen. Valery Zaluzhny recognized the danger of the Russian bridgehead at Hostomel, and ordered the 72nd Mechanized Brigade under Col. Oleksandr Vdovychenko to organize a counter-attack.[1] At the "critical moment" of the battle,[11] a large-scale Ukrainian counterattack was launched by the 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade of the National Guard,[6] backed by the Ukrainian Air Force.[11] Lacking armored vehicles, the Russian forces were dependent on air support to stave off the Ukrainian advances. Two Russian Su-25s were witnessed attacking Ukrainian positions. Ukrainian warplanes which survived the opening Russian missile strikes took part in providing air support for the National Guard units; these included at least two Su-24s and a MiG-29.[6] The Ukrainians were swift in rushing more troops to the airport to support the counter-attack. These reinforcements included the Georgian Legion,[9] and a unit of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces.[8] With the battle ongoing, the Russian Il-76s carrying reinforcements could not land; they were possibly forced to return to Russia.[32]

Ukrainian military units surrounded the airport and pushed back the Russian forces by the evening, forcing remaining Russian airborne troops to retreat to forests outside of the airport.[6][33][34][35][36] Georgian Legion commander Mamuka Mamulashvili later claimed that his men ran out of ammunition in the battle, whereupon he used his car to run over retreating Russian paratroopers.[9] Later, the 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade posted on their Facebook page an image of their soldiers celebrating the victory, while holding a Ukrainian flag riddled with bullet holes.[11]

The Antonov An-225 Mriya, the world's largest airplane, was at the airport at the time of the opening phase of the battle. It was initially confirmed to be intact by an Antonov pilot, despite the fighting.[37] However, on 27 February, a Ukroboronprom press release claimed that the Mriya had been destroyed by a Russian airstrike.[38] On 4 March, Russian state-owned television channel Channel One Russia aired footage showing that the Mriya had been destroyed.[39]

25 February 2022

Ukrainian National Guard troops cover the exit of airport personnel and civil servants.

On 25 February 2022, Russian mechanized ground forces advancing from Belarus combined with another air assault by the VDV, took control of the airport after partially breaking through Ukrainian defenses at the Battle of Ivankiv.[27][40] Some of the armored vehicles were ambushed before reaching Hostomel, halting the reinforcements for a time, but nonetheless they entered the airport and helped to expel the Ukrainian defenders.[11] According to the Russian Ministry of Defence,[41] the capture came following an operation that involved some 200 helicopters. The Russian defence ministry announced the figure of about 200 Ukrainian casualties and no casualties on the Russian side.[12] This claim was met with skepticism, with Timur Olevsky, a journalist who witnessed the battle, outright refuting this claim.[6][27] Nevertheless, Russian ground forces established a foothold in Hostomel and began to man checkpoints inside the town. It was speculated that the Ukrainian defenders may have sabotaged the runway ahead of the advancing Russian ground forces.[6]

The Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs initially denied that the airport had been fully captured by the Russian forces, stating that it had been "changing hands" and that the battle was ongoing. The Ministry of Internal Affairs also insisted that the Russian claim of the massive Ukrainian casualties was "an absolute lie",[42] while the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence declared that the airfield was too badly damaged to be used by Russian troops.[18] Later in the day, Ukraine confirmed that Russian forces were in control of the airport.[43]

Analysis

Russian airborne troops advance past a hangar containing the Antonov An-225 Mriya at Antonov Airport

Security analyst Andrew McGregor described the battle for Antonov Airport as "Russian Airborne Disaster". According to him, the initial Russian operation had aimed at securing an early access for the invasion forces into Kyiv to end the entire war within a day or two. Instead, Russian intelligence had failed to assess the actual concentration of Ukrainian defenders around the airport, and assumed only token defenses. As the initial landing force was too small to hold the locality, while the Russian military was unable to secure air transport for reinforcements as well as prevent Ukrainian counter-attacks, this led to the destruction of the first landing force. McGregor argued that the failure to take Antonov Airport and another airport at Vasylkiv at the invasion's start ended Russia's chance to bring the conflict to swift conclusion.[11]

Researchers of the Atlantic Council also argued that Ukraine's ability to defend the airport for two days "possibly prevent[ed] a rapid capture" of Kyiv by Russia.[44] Michael Shoebridge of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute argued that "the rapid strike was meant to paralyse the central government and demoralise the Ukrainian forces", but that this operation failed.[32] Royal United Services Institute associate director Jonathan Eyal described the initial Russian failure to take the airport as "a turning point" in the war. Journalist Patrick J. McDonnell stated that "Russia lost the battle for Kyiv with its hasty assault" on the airport.[24] Agence France-Presse stated that "On the doorstep of Kyiv, Gostomel Airport was where Russia hoped to stage a decisive victory over Ukraine. [...] It was in Gostomel and the surrounding Kyiv suburbs where Russia's advance from the north faltered then failed."[45] Researchers Stijn Mitzer and Joost Oliemans argued that the operation failed not just because of the initial Ukrainian defense at the airport, but also because of the Russian advance being stalled in the subsequent Battle of Hostomel. As a result, a large quantity of Russian troops and equipment was left waiting at Antonov Airport, subject to constant Ukrainian shelling. Mitzer and Oliemans expressed the belief that the battles for the airport and city of Hostomel "broke the back of the Russian assault on Kyiv".[21] Researcher Severin Pleyer suggested that the Battle of Antonov Airport showcased the Russian military's general failures during the invasion, including difficulties with main weapon systems, failures in logistics, coordination, and planning, as well as a lack of leadership and training. According to him, the fighting for the airport also highlighted that the Russian battalion tactical groups are ill-suited for warfare, as they hinder coordination and communication.[46]

The course of the Battle of Antonov Airport was compared to World War II's Operation Market Garden (Allied paratroopers pictured).[47]

Conversely, CNN described the airport's fall as "the first major victory notched by the Russians" in the invasion.[48] The Washington Post also stated that "still, the Russians had their bridgehead" after capturing the airport on 24 February.[1] Ukrainian commander Oleksandr Syrskyi later argued that the fall of the airport "played a negative role" for the Ukrainian forces, but that "artillery fire aimed at the runway and disembarkation sites delayed the landing significantly and frustrated the plan to capture Kyiv".[1] Jeremy Kofsky, researcher of the United States Military Academy's Modern War Institute, compared the Battle of Antonov Airport to Operation Market Garden. He argued that in both engagements the initial paratrooper landing was successful and temporarily captured the target area, but mistakes in planning (particularly flawed assessments of the defenders' willingness and ability to resist) caused a paratrooper force to be overwhelmed. As a result, the attacking force was only able to seize the target at a later date when it had become much less strategically significant, resulting in major issues for the attackers' overall offensive strategy.[47]

Journalist Andreas Rüesch also argued that the Battle of Antonov Airport, alongside other battles during the invasion, disproved the myth of the extreme capabilities and near-invincibility of the Russian Airborne Forces, claims which had been extensively fostered by propaganda in Russia.[25] In reference to the first day of fighting, Pleyer described the battle as the worst defeat inflicted on the Russian Airborne Forces in recent history.[49] Citing Ukrainian sources and a captured Russian paratrooper, The Moscow Times later reported that at least 60 soldiers from the 31st Guards Air Assault Brigade were killed during the battle for the airport.[50] The New York Times reported that, according to "senior American and Ukrainian officials and the captured Russian logbook", about 300 Russian paratroopers were killed in the battle overall.[14]

Several days after the airport's capture, Russian forces were able to partially restore its landing fields for aircraft to use,[1] though the airport mainly came to serve as a hub to store equipment and house troops.[1][11]

Aftermath

Remains of the Antonov An-225 Mriya

Despite the loss of the airport, Ukrainian forces continued to engage the Russian forces in Hostomel. Eyewitnesses recorded videos of allegedly a Russian tank column burning in the distance and Ukrainian Mi-24s firing rockets at Russian positions.[6] Russian Defense Ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov claimed that Ukrainian forces deployed BM-21 Grad in Kyiv to bombard Russian forces occupying the airport.[51] Olevsky stated that he believes casualties for both Russian and Ukrainian may number in the hundreds.[52]

On 26 February 2022, Ukrainian forces claimed that the Ukrainian Alpha Group unit destroyed a column of Russian armored vehicles near Hostomel.[53][54] Sophia Fedyna, a member of the Verkhovna Rada, alleged that Russian Spetsnaz captured some members of the Ukrainian National Guard and were wearing their uniforms. She asked Ukrainian citizens and fighters to speak only in Ukrainian to help identify Russian saboteurs.[55][56][57]

As of 27 February 2022, the airport remained under Russian control as clashes began to shift to the towns of Bucha and Irpin to the south,[58] where Ukrainian forces claimed to have halted the Russian advances, contesting Russian forces in Hostomel amid intense fighting.[59][60][61][62] On 27 February, the Security Service of Ukraine released an alleged intercepted conversation of Russian forces in Hostomel reporting casualties and requesting to be evacuated.[63][64] On the same day, Ukrainian forces bombarded the airport with artillery, and claimed to have destroyed Russian equipment, vehicles, and personnel.[65][66][67] The next day, a Russian military convoy stretching 40 miles (64 km) arrived at the airport in preparation for an assault on Kyiv.[68][69]

Over the next few weeks, the airport was partially repaired,[1] but it was not put to use as an airstrip. The airport mainly served as a forward operating base, housing equipment and troops.[1][11]

As of 28 March 2022, satellite imagery showed no Russian forces inside the airport.[70] On 29 March, Russian Deputy Minister of Defense Alexander Fomin announced a withdrawal of Russian forces from the Kyiv area,[71] including the abandonment of Hostomel Airport.[72]

By 2 April, Ukrainian forces had regained control of the airport following a large-scale Russian withdrawal along the Kyiv axis.[73] In their hasty retreat, Russian troops destroyed much of their own equipment, while other materiel was captured intact by the Ukrainians. In addition, other Russian equipment had been destroyed by Ukrainian artillery strikes before the withdrawal. Overall, Russia lost at least seven armoured fighting vehicles, 23 infantry fighting vehicles, three armoured personnel carriers, one anti-aircraft gun, two field artillery pieces, three helicopters, as well as 67 trucks, vehicles and jeeps at Antonov Airport.[21]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In March, Ukraine ordered the detainment of three former top managers of Antonov State Enterprise,[26][29] including Sergiy Bychkov. They were charged with "obstructing the lawful activities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations in protecting and defending the airport".[26]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Paul Sonne; Isabelle Khurshudyan; Serhiy Morgunov; Kostiantyn Khudov (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital". Washington Post. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  2. 1 2 Andy Blatchford (24 March 2022). "Band of others: Ukraine's legions of foreign soldiers are on the frontline". Politico. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  3. ↑ "Ukrainian Troops Retake Key Airport From Russian Paratroopers". coffeeordie.com. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  4. ↑ Clark, Mason; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine Warning Update: Initial Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment". Critical Threats Project. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. Ukrainian forces are currently contesting the Hostomel military airport, 20 km northwest of Kyiv, against Russian VDV (airborne) troops likely from the 31st Guards Air Assault Brigade as of 9:30 pm local time after several unsuccessful counterattacks earlier in the day.
  5. ↑ "Chechnya's losses in Ukraine may be leader Ramzan Kadyrov's undoing". TheGuardian.com. 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "Pictures: In Battle For Hostomel, Ukraine Drove Back Russia's Attack Helicopters And Elite Paratroopers". 19FortyFive. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 David Axe (9 December 2022). "Five Brave Ukrainian MiG Pilots Blunted the Russian Attack on Kyiv on Day One of the War. Not All of Them Survived". Forbes. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 Marson, James (3 March 2022). "Putin Thought Ukraine Would Fall Quickly. An Airport Battle Proved Him Wrong". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. eISSN 1042-9840. ISSN 0099-9660. OCLC 781541372. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  9. 1 2 3 Wendell Steavenson (15 March 2022). ""I'll stay until Putin's dead or the war is over": the Americans fighting for Ukraine". Economist. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  10. ↑ Irina Krikunenko (16 March 2022). "Foreign volunteers explain decision to fight for Ukraine". The New Voice of Ukraine. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Andrew McGregor (8 March 2022). "Russian Airborne Disaster at Hostomel Airport". Aberfoyle International Security. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Russia says 200 Ukrainians 'eliminated' in airbase siege". BBC News. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
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  17. 1 2 "Эксперт объяснил значение киевского аэродрома Гостомель для спецоперации". MKRU. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  18. 1 2 "Ukraine asks for fighters of all ages, reports city lost, but successes elsewhere". The Times of Israel. 25 February 2022. OCLC 969749342. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  19. ↑ Julia Hollingsworth, Joshua Berlinger, Sana Noor Haq, John Sinnott, Adrienne Vogt, Veronica Rocha and Emma Tucker (2 April 2022). "Russian forces have withdrawn from Antonov Airport, outside of Kyiv, satellite images confirm". CNN.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Jack Guy (27 February 2022). "World's largest plane destroyed in Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stijn Mitzer; Joost Oliemans (13 April 2022). "Destination Disaster: Russia's Failure At Hostomel Airport". Oryx. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  22. ↑ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). "Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  23. 1 2 Russian Spy or Ukrainian Hero? The Strange Death of Denys Kiryeyev, The Wall Street Journal
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  27. 1 2 3 Монгайт, Анна (25 February 2022). Журналист из Киева рассказал о многочасовом бое за аэропорт Гостомеля [A journalist from Kyiv spoke about the hours-long battle for Gostomel airport]. TV Rain (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  28. ↑ Willis, Haley; Tiefenthäler, Ainara; Froliak, Masha (24 February 2022). "Russian helicopters attack an airport near Kyiv". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  29. ↑ "Ukraine detains officials over destruction of famous plane at start of war". Reuters. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  30. ↑ "CNN reporter encounters Russian troops during live Kyiv dispatch – video". the Guardian. 24 February 2022. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
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  34. ↑ Shull, Abbie (24 February 2022). "Ukrainian and Russian forces have been fighting for hours over a critical airfield just outside Kyiv". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  35. ↑ Trimble, Steve. "Bloody Day in Ukraine Ends With Russian Advances, Setbacks". Aviation Week & Space Technology. ISSN 0005-2175. OCLC 960324865. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  36. ↑ "Ukraine says Russian helicopters, aircraft dispatch paratroopers to Hostomel airport". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  37. ↑ "Antonov An-225 Mriya is safe". KEY.Aero. Key Publishing. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  38. ↑ "Russians destroy An-225 "Mriya", it will be restored at the expense of the occupant". ukroboronprom. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  39. ↑ Jankowicz, Kieran Corcoran, Mia. "Video shows charred wreck of world's biggest airplane, the Antonov AN-225, after it was destroyed in Russian invasion of Ukraine". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  41. ↑ Doucet, Lyse (25 February 2022). "Ukraine conflict: Kyiv braces for Russian assault". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022. On Friday afternoon, Russia's defence ministry announced it had captured the Antonov airport, using 200 helicopters and a landing force in order to take the base to the north of Kyiv from Ukraine. Western intelligence officials warned earlier that Russia was building an "overwhelming force" to take control of the city.
  42. ↑ В Гостомеле два дня идут бои — МВД [Fighting has been going on in Gostomel for two days – Ministry of Internal Affairs]. Новое Время (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  43. ↑ "What's the latest?". BBC News. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  44. ↑ "Russia Crisis Military Assessment: Why did Russia's invasion stumble?". Atlantic Council. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  45. ↑ "Wreckage of world's largest plane testament to Kyiv's defence". France24. AFP. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  46. ↑ Pleyer 2022, pp. 10, 13.
  47. 1 2 Jeremy Kofsky (5 May 2022). "An Airfield Too Far: Failures at Market Garden and Antonov Airfield". Modern War Institute. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  48. ↑ "Russian forces have withdrawn from Antonov Airport, outside of Kyiv, satellite images confirm". CNN. 2 April 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  49. ↑ Pleyer 2022, p. 10.
  50. ↑ Beardsworth, James (3 June 2022). "'Are There Even Any Left?' 100 Days of War in Ukraine For an Elite Russian Unit". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  51. ↑ "Ukrainian army fires BM-21 rockets at Hostomel airport held by the Russian special forces". Army Recognition. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  52. ↑ Дзядко, Тихон (25 February 2022). Бои за Киев, Сумы, аэродром Гостомеля и стрельба в Одессе: хроника второго дня войны в Украине [Fights for Kyiv, Sumy, Gostomel airfield and shooting in Odesa: a chronicle of the second day of the war in Ukraine]. TV Rain (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  53. ↑ "Ukrainian forces destroy convoy of 56 Chechen tanks, kill general near Kyiv – report". The Times of Israel. OCLC 969749342. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  54. ↑ "Russian invasion update: Ukrainian military destroy Kadyrov forces unit near Hostomel". Ukrinform. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  55. ↑ У Гостомелі російський спецназ захопив військову частину, солдати перевдягаються у форму Нацгвардії – нардепка [In Gostomel the Russian special forces captured military unit, soldiers change into uniforms of National guard – the people's deputy]. Gordonua.com (in Ukrainian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  56. ↑ Войска РФ завладели униформой Нацгвардии в Гостомеле, возможны провокации, максимально дезинформируйте диверсантов [Russian troops seized the uniform of the National Guard in Gostomel, provocations are possible, misinform saboteurs as much as possible]. Censor.NET (in Russian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  57. ↑ Российский спецназ захватил воинскую часть в Гостомеле [Russian special forces captured a military unit in Gostomel]. Segodnya (in Russian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  58. ↑ "Latest Military Situation in Ukraine, 27 February 2022 (Map Update)". Islamic World News. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. On February 27, the southern areas of Gostomel Airport, including Bucha and Irpin, witnessed one of the heaviest battles in the past four days between Russian and Ukrainian forces. Russian forces trying to block the western entrances to the city of Kiev by advancing in this area.
  59. ↑ Tishchenko, Katerina (27 February 2022). Войска РФ пытались прорваться в Бучу, Ирпень и Гостомель, их остановили – Арестович [Russian troops tried to break into Bucha, Irpen and Gostomel, they were stopped - Arestovich]. Українська правда [Ukrayinska Pravda] (in Russian). OCLC 1066371688. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  60. ↑ Orlova, Violetta (27 February 2022). Бої за Ірпінь, Бучу, та Гостомель: що відбувається в цих населених пунктах на Київщині [Battles for Irpin, Bucha, and Gostomel: what is happening in these settlements in Kyiv region]. Українське Незалежне Інформаційне Агентство Новин [Ukrainian Independent Information Agency] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022. У Київській облдержадміністрації розповіли про ситуацію станом на 27 лютого на напрямку Ірпінь - Буча - Гостомель. [The Kyiv Regional State Administration reported on the situation as of February 27 in the direction of Irpin - Bucha - Gostomel.]
  61. ↑ Baikov, Dmitry (27 February 2022). Российские войска прорвали оборону Киева со стороны аэродрома «Гостомель» [Russian troops broke through the defense of Kyiv from the airfield "Gostomel"]. «Ру́сская плане́та» [Russian Planet] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  62. ↑ Гостомель в облозі: пожежники й "швидка" не їдуть, 4 добу без світла, тепла і води, багато поранених [Gostomel under siege: firefighters and ambulance do not go, 4 days without light, heat and water, many wounded]. Еспресо TV [Espreso TV]. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  63. ↑ Sergienko, Yuri (27 February 2022). "Нас распи*дошили, нужно вытаскивать": перехвачены разговоры оккупантов, прорывавшихся в Гостомеле. Аудио 18+ ["They've killed us, we need to be pulled out": the conversations of the invaders who were breaking through in Gostomel were intercepted. Audio 18+]. Обозреватель [Obozrevatel]. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  64. ↑ Molodkovets, Maria (27 February 2022). "«Одні 200-ті й 300-ті». СБУ оприлюднила розмову окупантів після битви у Гостомелі ["Some 200's and 300's." The SBU published a conversation between the occupiers after the battle of Gostomel]. Новое Время (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  65. ↑ "Нанесен удар по аэропорту Гостомель: личный состав и техника оккупанта уничтожены, – Госсвязи. ФОТО Источник". censor.net. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  66. ↑ Орлова, Виолетта (27 February 2022). "В Гостомеле артиллерия ВСУ разбомбила оккупантов и их технику (фото)". Українське Незалежне Інформаційне Агентство Новин [Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  67. ↑ Орлова, Виолетта (26 February 2022). "В районе Гостомеля работает артиллерия оккупантов (фото)". Українське Незалежне Інформаційне Агентство Новин [Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  68. ↑ Beech, Eric (28 February 2022). Ahmann, Tim (ed.). "Russian military convoy north of Kyiv stretches for 40 miles – Maxar". Reuters. Washington. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. WASHINGTON, Feb 28 (Reuters) – Satellite images taken on Monday show a Russian military convoy north of the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv that stretches for about 40 miles (64 km), substantially longer than the 17 miles (27 km) reported earlier in the day, a U.S. private company said. Maxar Technologies (MAXR.N) also said additional ground forces deployments and ground attack helicopter units were seen in southern Belarus, less than 20 miles (32 km) north of the Ukraine border.
  69. ↑ Quay, Grayson (28 February 2022). "17-mile-long Russian convoy reaches outskirts of Kyiv". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. Per CNN, the convoy was originally identified on Sunday in satellite imagery provided by Maxar Technologies. At the time, it was approximately 40 miles from Kyiv. By around 11:00 a.m. on Monday, the convoy was positioned near Antonov air base, about 17 miles from the city center of Kyiv.
  70. ↑ "Russia says it is changing its war aims in Ukraine". The Economist. 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  71. ↑ Qena, Nebi; Karmanau, Yuras. "Moscow says it will curb assault on Kyiv, Chernihiv; Russian troops seen withdrawing". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  72. ↑ Díaz (diazpez), Pablo (31 March 2022). "Hostomel Airport, Antonov An-225's destruction site, is abandoned by Russian forces". Aviacionline.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  73. ↑ "Amongst wreckage in Ukraine's Hostomel Airport". BBC News. 2 April 2022. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

Work cited

  • Pleyer, Severin (May 2022). "Truppe ohne Moral" [Force without morale]. Loyal (de) (in German). Bonn: Verband der Reservisten der Deutschen Bundeswehr (de). pp. 8–15.
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