Benjamin Franklin Graves (1771–1813)[1] was a politician and military leader in early 19th-century Kentucky. During the War of 1812, Graves served as a major in the 2nd Battalion, 5th Kentucky Volunteer regiment.[1][2] Together with other officers, he commanded Kentucky troops in the Battle of Frenchtown (also known as the Battle of the River Raisin) on January 22, 1813, in Michigan Territory. This was part of an effort by Americans to take the British-controlled fort at Detroit, Fort Shelby. This battle had the highest number of American fatalities in the war: of 1,000 American troops, nearly 400 were killed in the conflict, and 547 were taken prisoner.[3] The next day an estimated 30-100 Americans were killed by Native Americans after having surrendered.

Graves was among the Americans known to be taken by the Potawatomi on a forced march to the British fort at Detroit, Michigan. He is believed to have died on the march, as he disappeared from the historic record. Because so many men of the Kentucky elite were lost in the Battle of Frenchtown, it has been commemorated in the state. Graves is included among the officers memorialized on Kentucky's Military Monument to All Wars in the state capital of Frankfort and Kentucky's Graves County was named in his honor.

Personal life and politics

Graves was born in Spotsylvania County, Virginia in 1771. After the American Revolutionary War, he moved in 1791 to frontier Kentucky with his widowed mother and siblings.[1] They settled in Fayette County, where Graves was elected to two terms (1801 and again in 1804) as a state representative.[1] This was in the central Bluegrass region, one of the first areas of the state to be settled by European Americans.[4]

He married Polly Dudley, daughter of Ambrose Dudley and Ann (Parker) Dudley.[5] Together they had six children.[1][6]

Military career and presumed death

During the War of 1812, Graves served under Colonel William Lewis as major in the 2nd Battalion, 5th Kentucky Volunteer regiment.[1] He was the commanding officer of Nathaniel G. S. Hart.[2] In the fall of 1812 nearly one thousand Kentucky troops were sent to Michigan Territory in an American effort to take Fort Detroit, which was under the control of the British.[7] On January 18, they defeated British and Native American forces at Frenchtown, south of Detroit. The British forces were led by Colonel Henry Proctor.[8][9]

At the second Battle of Frenchtown on January 22, 1813, the British and Native Americans ambushed the American troops. During the melee Graves was shot in the knee. He bandaged his wound himself and told his men to continue fighting.[10] After the death of Colonel John Allen,[11] Graves and Major George Madison had to take field command of the Americans.[12][note 1] Nearly 400 Americans were killed during the battle, the highest number of fatalities in any single battle of the war, and 547 were taken prisoner at surrender.[3][13]

Upon General James Winchester's orders, Graves and hundreds of other survivors surrendered to British forces.[10] His younger brother, Lieutenant Thomas Coleman Graves (a 1st Lieutenant of the 17th Infantry), was killed during the battle.[2][14] After the surrender, British officer Captain William Elliott, a Loyalist, asked to borrow Graves' horse, saddle and bridle. Elliott promised that he would send back additional help for the wounded Americans but the help never arrived.[15]

Proctor moved his forces north in retreat, with a group of the most fit prisoners, in order to evade any American forces arriving from the south. The remaining prisoners were left in Frenchtown. The next day, on January 23, the Potawatomi killed many of the wounded prisoners during what became known as the River Raisin Massacre.[1] Graves, Timothy Mallory, Samuel Ganoe, and John Davenport, were all held as prisoners, with Mallory and Ganoe later escaping.[14] The next day Graves was among the prisoners marched to Detroit despite their wounds, but his name subsequently disappears from written records.[15][16]

Graves was reportedly seen near Detroit on the River Rouge.[17][18] But as he was not definitively heard from again, he is presumed to have died during the march. The Potawatomi were known to have killed prisoners who could not keep up on such forced marches.[19][20] Other Americans also died on the forced march to Fort Malden in Ontario.[21][18]

General Winchester wrote a February 11, 1813, letter about the battle to the US Secretary of War, which was widely published in American newspapers at that time. He mentioned Major Graves and his fellow officers, saying "they defended themselves to the last with great gallantry".[22][23] After Graves' disappearance while a prisoner, for years "his widow kept a light burning at the window of their home", in case he would return.[24]

Memorials

Names of American officers who died at Frenchtown
(Kentucky War Memorial Frankfort, KY)

Graves County, Kentucky was created and named in his honor in 1823.[1] Graves' name is inscribed, along with the names of his fellow officers who fell at the Raisin, on Kentucky's Military Monument to All Wars in the Frankfort Cemetery in the state capital.[25] The area of the battlefield was established as River Raisin National Battlefield Park, the only National Battlefield Park to commemorate a battle of the War of 1812.[26]

Notes

  1. ↑ Madison was a 2nd-cousin of President Madison and after the war was elected Governor of Kentucky. (See "The Kentucky Encyclopedia", page 601.)

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kleber, John E. (1992). The Kentucky encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 384. ISBN 0813128838. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 "American Dead at the Battle of the River Raisin (sourced from Clift's "Remember the Raisin")". Government of Monroe County, Michigan. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  3. 1 2 Eaton, John (2000). Returns of Killed and Wounded in Battles or Engagements with Indians and British and Mexican Troops, 1790–1848, Compiled by Lt. Col J. H. Eaton. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. p. 7.
  4. ↑ "Bluegrass Region" (PDF). www.kgs.uky.edu. Kentucky Geological Survey. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  5. ↑ Pratt, Mary B. "Our Relations: Dudley-Pratt Families". Indianapolis: Pratt Poster Co. (Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky, Special Collections Research Center). p. 5. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  6. ↑ Pratt, Mary B. "Our Relations: Dudley-Pratt Families". Indianapolis: Pratt Poster Co. (Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky, Special Collections Research Center). p. 15. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  7. ↑ ""Remember the Raisin" - Battle of Frenchtown, January 18-22, 1813". www.battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. 25 January 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  8. ↑ Young, Bennett Henderson (1903). The Battle of the Thames, in Which Kentuckians Defeated the British, French, and Indians, October 5, 1813. J. P. Morton and company (Filson Club). pp. 21–23. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
  9. ↑ Ridler, Jason (November 16, 2010). "Henry Procter (Proctor)". thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. The Canadian Encyclopedia/Historica Canada. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  10. 1 2 Young, Bennett Henderson (1903). The Battle of the Thames, in Which Kentuckians Defeated the British, French, and Indians, October 5, 1813. J. P. Morton and company (Filson Club). p. 22. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
  11. ↑ Battle of the Thames, Page 21
  12. ↑ The Federal Writers Project (1939). Military History of Kentucky (PDF). Works Progress Administration. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  13. ↑ William Dunbar and George May (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-8028-7055-4.
  14. 1 2 Bunch, Mildred (July 15, 2003). Clark, Fran (ed.). "War of 1812 Soldiers" (PDF). Jessamine Historical Quarterly. 2 (3): 7. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  15. 1 2 C. Benjamin Richardson, ed. (1871). The Historical magazine, and notes and queries concerning the antiquities, history, and biography of America (The Massacre at Frenchtown, Michigan, January 1813 by Reverend Thomas P. Dudley). p. 30.
  16. ↑ Richardson/Dudley, Page 29
  17. ↑ Antal, Sandy (2008). "Remember the Raisin! Anatomy of a Demon Myth". War of 1812 (10). Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  18. 1 2 H. Niles, ed. (April 10, 1813). Ensign Baker's Statement. Baltimore: Franklin Press. pp. 94–95. Retrieved November 8, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Young, Battle of the Thames, Page 26
  20. ↑ Hay, Melba Porter; Dianne Wells; Thomas H. Appleton (2002). Roadside History: A Guide to Kentucky Highway Markers. University Press of Kentucky. p. 68. ISBN 0916968294. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
  21. ↑ H. Niles, ed. (April 10, 1813). Personal letter of a Lt. Baker, originally published in the newspaper the 'Albany Argus'. Baltimore: Franklin Press. pp. 67–68. Retrieved June 2, 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ "Copy of a letter from Brigadier General James Winchester (February 11, 1813)". Connecticut Mirror. March 22, 1813. p. 2.
  23. ↑ Winchester, James (1814). Palmer, T.H. (ed.). The Historical Register of the United States ...: From the declaration of war in 1812 to Jan. 1, 1814 (Volume 1). Washington City, Philadelphia PA: T.H. Palmer & G. Palmer. p. 194. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  24. ↑ Thayer, William Roscoe (November 1915). "Memoir of Lucien Carr". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Volume 49. p. 92. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  25. ↑ Johnson, Lewis Franklin (1921). History of the Franklin Cemetery. Roberts Printing Co. p. 16. ISBN 9781977895387. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  26. ↑ Horwitz, Tony (June 2012). "The War of 1812's Forgotten Battle Cry". www.smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Institution/Smithsonian Institution/Smithsonian. Retrieved May 31, 2020. . The "Raisin"—short for the River Raisin that runs by the site—recently became the first national battlefield park devoted to the War of 1812.
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