The Honourable
Bill Morneau
PC
Minister of Finance
In office
November 4, 2015 – August 17, 2020
Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau
Preceded byJoe Oliver
Succeeded byChrystia Freeland
Member of the Canadian Parliament
for Toronto Centre
In office
October 19, 2015 – August 17, 2020
Preceded byChrystia Freeland
Succeeded byMarci Ien
Personal details
Born
William Francis Morneau Jr.

(1962-10-07) October 7, 1962
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Political partyLiberal
SpouseNancy McCain
RelativesEleanore A. Cronk (aunt)
EducationUniversity of Western Ontario (BA)
INSEAD (MBA)
London School of Economics (MSc)

William Francis Morneau Jr. PC (born October 7, 1962) is a Canadian businessman and former Liberal Party politician who served as minister of finance and member of Parliament (MP) for Toronto Centre from 2015 to 2020.

Morneau was executive chairman of the company founded by his father, and Canada's largest human resources firm, Morneau Shepell (now TELUS Health), and the former chair of the C. D. Howe Institute.[1] He was also the chair of the board at St. Michael's Hospital, and Covenant House. Morneau holds a bachelor of arts (BA) degree from the University of Western Ontario, a master of business administration degree (MBA) from INSEAD, and a master's degree in economics from the London School of Economics.

Morneau was elected to the House of Commons in the 2015 election and was immediately appointed finance minister by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. As finance minister, Morneau expanded the Canada Pension Plan, introduced the Canada Child Benefit, and oversaw government aid during the first five months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Morneau resigned as finance minister and MP in August 2020 in the wake of the WE Charity scandal.

Morneau has since cited disagreements with Trudeau as the reason for his resignation. Morneau currently serves on the Board of Directors for CIBC, and has authored a book on his time in office, Where To From Here: A Path to Canadian Prosperity.[2]

Early and personal life

Morneau's parents are William Francis "Frank" Morneau Sr. who came from Walkerville, Windsor, Ontario, and Helen (Lynch) Morneau, who came from Adjala Township, Alliston, Ontario. Their families had deep roots in both areas. Bill Morneau's father, Frank Morneau, founded the actuarial and benefit consulting firm W.F. Morneau & Associates in 1966.

Morneau was born in Toronto at St. Joseph's Health Centre and attended Senator O'Connor College School.[3] From 1981 to 1986, Morneau attended the University of Western Ontario and completed an Honours BA as an undergraduate, he spent one year at the University of Grenoble in France. He then earned an MBA from INSEAD. Morneau eventually went on to earn an master of science (MSc) in economics from the London School of Economics.

He lives in Toronto with his wife Nancy McCain, a member of the New Brunswick family which owns McCain Foods, and has four children—Henry, Clare, Edward and Grace.[4] Grace is originally from Northern Uganda, and the couple sponsored her to join their family in 2010.[5]

Morneau and his wife have made significant donations to international development programs.[6] This has included the founding of a school for refugee girls in Kakuma refugee camp, and the creation of a scholarship program for refugee girls at the University of Toronto.[7][8]

Business career

Bill Morneau had demonstrated an interest in business and entrepreneurship from a young age. At 17, Morneau and a friend started a business servicing swimming pools for homeowners, mostly in the Toronto neighbourhood of Don Mills. Morneau ran the business for four years, helping him pay a good part of his university tuition.[3]

W.F. Morneau & Associates was an actuarial and benefits consulting firm; Morneau's father, Frank, founded the company and was the CEO.[9] Morneau joined the company in 1990, and two years later was given the role of president. In 1997, Morneau replaced his father as CEO.[10]

In the years when Morneau ran the firm, the company absorbed competitors across Canada as it grew to become the nation's biggest player in the sector. In 1992, the firm bought the Canadian actuarial consulting businesses of Coopers & Lybrand, followed by the 1997 acquisition of Sobeco, a large Quebec-based pension and benefit businesses, from Ernst & Young. In 1998, Morneau also acquired the Canadian pension consulting practice of Deloitte & Touche.

In 2008, Morneau's firm also bought Shepell FGI—a group that helped companies provide mental health and emotional counselling to employees—and changed its name to Morneau Shepell. As executive chair of Morneau Shepell, Morneau led the firm through a period of growth from a few hundred people in 1992 to almost 4000 employees in 2015 - becoming the largest Canadian human resources services organization, with offices across North America. Under his leadership the firm went through several significant changes, including going public on the Toronto Stock Exchange in 2005.[11] Morneau Shepell provides over 20,000 organizations representing millions of Canadians with pension, employee benefit, and employee assistance programs.[12]

Morneau is the co-author of The Real Retirement, an analysis of the context and the factors involved in helping Canadians plan for a successful retirement originally published in 2012 with Frederick Vettese, as well a book on his time in officeWhere to From Here: A Path to Canadian Prosperity.[13][14]

Public life

Morneau was chair of the board at St. Michael's Hospital from 2009 to 2013, and as a board member from 2003 to 2013. He has also served on the board of St. Michael's Hospital Foundation (2013–2015).

Morneau also served as the chair of Covenant House (1997–2000), and chair of the C.D. Howe Institute (2010–2014). He has served as a board member for the Loran Scholars Foundation (2008—2015), the Art Gallery of Ontario Foundation (2004–2011), the Canadian Opera Company (2001–2010), Greenwood College (2012–2015), the Toronto Zoo Foundation (2000–2004), and several others.[15][16]

In 2010, Morneau began leading an initiative with the UNHCR to open a secondary school for refugee girls in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya. Opened in 2014, today the school is home to 352 girls, representing 15 per cent of the total secondary school female enrolment in the Kakuma Camp. The day-to-day operation of the school rests with the Windle Trust and its team of 18 teachers, including eight women, and a staff of 20.[8]

Morneau was appointed as pension investment advisor to the Ontario minister of finance, Dwight Duncan in 2012, providing counsel aimed at facilitating the pooling of public-sector pension fund assets.[17] His report led to the eventual establishment of Investment Management Corporation of Ontario, which now pools funds and offers public-sector pension plans lower costs with economies of scale.[18] In 2014, he was appointed by the premier of Ontario, Kathleen Wynne to an expert panel to advise on how to support the 3.5 million workers in Ontario who would not receive a comparable workplace pension after their retirement. This led to the creation of the Ontario Retirement Pension Plan, which was later withdrawn when Morneau became the federal minister of finance and the Canada Pension Plan was expanded.[19][20][21][22]

Seeking election

In his 20 May 2014 Liberal Party of Canada convention speech, Morneau stated his motivation to run for public office stemmed from seeing important changes going on in the lives of Canadians through his exposure running the largest human resources firm in Canada, Morneau Shepell.[23]

On the pensions side of his businesses, he saw changes in employee plans, with the burden for saving shifting from corporations to individuals, leaving employees much more vulnerable in retirement. Employee benefit plans were also getting costlier—making hospitalizations, prescription meds, and dental and eye care harder to afford. In the employee assistance part of his business, he saw a rising anxiety among Canadians, and a matched increase in mental health challenges. Through these experiences, Morneau said he began thinking seriously about helping people on a broader scale and that led him to eventually run for the Liberal Party nomination in the downtown riding of Toronto Centre.[3]

On October 19, 2015, Morneau was elected as the member of Parliament for Toronto Centre with 57.9% of the vote. He was then named by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau as minister of finance for Canada on November 4, 2015, becoming the first rookie MP to hold the position.[24]

Minister of Finance (2015–2020)

Responsibilities

As minister of finance, Morneau was responsible for directing more than $300 billion in revenues via the federal budget each year. Administering tariffs and financial regulations were also part of his portfolio. Additional responsibilities included overseeing the Bank of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mint, and the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Investment Board, among others. Morneau represented Canada at international gatherings, including the G7 and G20 Summits, in addition to serving as governor of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.[25]

Federal budgets

On 22 March 2016, Morneau released his first budget as minister of finance. Items of note in the budget included $120 billion over 10 years for public infrastructure—focusing on transit, water, waste management and housing—as well as the introduction of the Canada Child Benefit. The budget also included money for First Nations communities, as well as larger seniors and employment insurance benefits.[26]

On 22 March 2017, Morneau released his second budget and Canada's first gender-based federal budget. The budget included new federal investments in early learning and child care, more flexible benefits for family caregivers, more support for Indigenous women, and a national strategy to address gender-based violence. Additionally, Budget 2017 included $11.2-billion for an 11-year national housing strategy.[27]

On 27 February 2018 Morneau's third budget continued the theme of greater equality for women in Canada, with money targeting new parental supports, gender equality and anti-harassment initiatives, as well as measures to promote pay equity. The budget also included new investments to tackle the opioid crisis, cope with a surge in asylum seekers crossing the border from the United States and improve living conditions for Indigenous people.[28]

On 21 November 2018 Morneau spoke to Parliament on a "fiscal update" with an increased expenditure of $17.6 billion over six years.[29]

On 19 March 2019, Morneau tabled his fourth, and final, budget. The stated goals of the budget were to help Canadians feel a greater sense of financial security, gain new career skills, and be able to afford a first home. This budget also took "initial steps" toward a national pharmacare program by creating a national drug agency with the aim of bulk-buying drugs to lower costs.[30]

Stance on budget deficits

Morneau received criticism for abandoning the Liberal's 2015 platform commitment to run annual deficits of less than $10 billion during the first couple years of their mandate, and return to balance by 2019–20. A few months after taking office, he abandoned those vows, citing a weaker-than-expected economy.[31] He then committed to continuing to reduce the government net debt-to-GDP ratio, arguing it's a better measure of government fiscal health.[32]

Intergovernmental affairs and internal trade

Between April and November 2019, Morneau was asked to take on the additional portfolio of intergovernmental affairs and internal trade in addition to the finance portfolio, filling in for Dominic LeBlanc who stepped down for health reasons. In the role, Morneau acted as the federal liaison to the provincial and territorial governments to encourage collaboration and trade.[33]

Gender equality

Morneau tabled Canada's first gender-based budget and introduced a banknote featuring civil-rights activist Viola Desmond, making it Canada's first circulation banknote to feature a Canadian woman, and the first to feature a Black woman.[34][35]

Small business tax changes

The Liberal government changes to small business taxation, proposed in 2017, were a controversial issue during Morneau's tenure as finance minister.[36] The changes involve restricting several tax planning strategies, including passive investment income and income-sprinkling for private corporations, that are often used by small businesses.[37] In response to the criticism, Morneau made several changes, including reducing the overall small business tax rate from 11% to 9%.[38]

Ethics scrutiny

In September 2017, Morneau was fined for failing to disclose to the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner a private non-commercial real estate holding company in Avignon, France owned by him and his wife, which owns a family villa in Provence, France. Morneau said that this was a result of early administrative confusion which led to only the property, and not the legal structure, being disclosed.[39]

Morneau was also investigated in 2018, over false accusations of insider trading, and in 2020 for his family accepting $41,000 in luxury hospitality from WE Charity, which he paid back before publicly revealing the error. The commissioner determined that Morneau did not breach ethics laws in either of these investigations.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]

Although never investigated by the commissioner, Morneau also received public criticism in the Fall of 2017 for not holding his assets in a blind trust, something he was incorrectly reported to have done. This included a significant number of Morneau Shepell shares. Morneau responded to this criticism by selling the shares, donating a portion of the proceeds to charity, and setting up a blind trust for his remaining assets.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]

Other policies

Morneau with Steven Mnuchin in June 2017

Morneau played a key role in implementing a number of signature Liberal government initiatives, including new benefits for parents, low-income workers and seniors, putting in place Carbon pricing in Canada, as well as expanding the Canada Pension Plan.[56] Morneau also moved forward with the Liberal's commitment to lower income taxes on the middle class by raising taxes on the wealthiest Canadians.[57]

Morneau established the Advisory Council on Economic Growth, which called for a gradual increase in permanent immigration to Canada to 450,000 people a year.[58]

Morneau reached an agreement in 2016 with provincial and territorial governments to expand the Canada Pension Plan. The expanded CPP was designed to address the shortfall in middle-income retirement planning that is opening up as a result of disappearing corporate pensions.[59]

In 2017, Morneau also led negotiations on new health care funding agreements with the provinces and territories. In August 2017, all provinces and territories agreed to a Common Statement of Principles on Shared Health Priorities, which outlines common priorities for action in home and community care, and in mental health and addiction services.[60]

COVID-19 aid

Morneau was responsible for the first five months of the federal government's economic response plan to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Major initiatives between March and August 2020 included:

In a fiscal update tabled on July 8, Morneau projected that the deficit for the 2020 fiscal year would reach $343.2 billion.[66] The budget tabled in April 2021 showed the deficit for 2020 at $327.7 billion.[67]

Resignation

On August 17, 2020, following a meeting with the Prime Minister earlier in the day, Morneau held a press conference announcing he would step down as Minister of Finance and as the Member of Parliament for Toronto Centre, and that he would seek to become secretary-general of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Morneau had been under pressure to resign due to his involvement in the WE Charity controversy, where he had failed to recuse himself from Cabinet discussions involving the charity after accepting, then repaying $41,000 in expenses covered by the charity, as well as the fact that two of his daughters worked or volunteered for the charity.[68]

Morneau's resignation came amid reports of disagreements with Trudeau over the scandal, environmental initiatives, and COVID-19 relief spending. Morneau dismissed the reports and said his relationship with Trudeau was marked by "vigorous discussion and debate" that led to better policy.[69][70] In 2023, Morneau cited disagreements with Trudeau over COVID-19 relief spending and overreach of the Prime Minister's office as the reason for his resignation.[2][71]

Morneau was succeeded as finance minister by Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland. Morneau was succeeded as MP in the by-election by Marci Ien on a much reduced majority.[72][73]

After politics

On January 26, 2021, Morneau terminated his candidacy for the position of secretary-general of the OECD.[74][75]

In 2021, Morneau was a Senior Fellow at Yale University's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, where he taught a course on global economic policy making.[76]

In May 2021, Morneau was found to have violated Canada's Conflict of Interest Act.[77]

Morneau currently serves on the Board of CIBC and is Chairman of NovaSource Power Services. He is also the author of a memoire from his time in politics Where to From Here: A Path to Canadian Prosperity.[78][79]

Electoral record

2019 Canadian federal election: Toronto Centre
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalBill Morneau31,27157.37−0.53$95,538.84
New DemocraticBrian Chang12,14222.27−4.34$58,656.81
ConservativeRyan Lester6,61312.13−0.06$39,309.94
GreenAnnamie Paul3,8527.07+4.47$34,903.20
Animal ProtectionRob Lewin1820.33–$2,171.71
RhinocerosSean Carson1470.27––
IndependentJason Tavares1260.23––
CommunistBronwyn Cragg1250.23−0.03$626.58
Marxist–LeninistPhilip Fernandez540.10−0.05–
Total valid votes/expense limit 54,51299.30–$107,308.65
Total rejected ballots 3840.70+0.18
Turnout 54,89666.08−3.27
Eligible voters 83,076
Liberal hold Swing +1.90
Source: Elections Canada[80][81]
2015 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalBill Morneau29,29757.90+8.52$170,325.26
New DemocraticLinda McQuaig13,46726.61−9.69$198,294.34
ConservativeJulian Di Battista6,16712.19+3.56$22,625.73
GreenColin Biggin1,3152.60−0.37$3,964.97
IndependentJordan Stone1470.29––
CommunistMariam Ahmad1330.26––
Marxist–LeninistPhilip Fernandez760.15+0.03–
Total valid votes/expense limit 50,602100.0   $203,952.21
Total rejected ballots 266–––
Turnout 50,868–––
Eligible voters 66,351–––
Source: Elections Canada[82][83]

References

  1. ↑ "A CEO, but not exactly a Bay Street guy: Bill Morneau's path to becoming Canada's finance minister". Financial Post. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
  2. 1 2 Morneau, Bill (2023). Where To From Here: A Path To Canadian Prosperity. Canada: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1770417144.
  3. 1 2 3 Vincent, Donovan (November 12, 2017). "Bill Morneau opens up about his path to the political hot seat". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  4. ↑ Globensky, Manon (February 22, 2014). "Qui seront ces nouveaux candidats que le Parti libéral fédéral convoite tant?". Radio Canada. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  5. ↑ Kuitenbrouwer, Peter (November 29, 2018). "A CEO, but not exactly a Bay Street guy: Bill Morneau's path to becoming Canada's finance minister". University of Toronto. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  6. ↑ "WE Charity response to testimony of Finance Minister Bill Morneau". Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  7. ↑ "$1.3-Million Gift From Nancy McCain And Bill Morneau Helps Students". November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  8. 1 2 "Morneau Shepell - UNHCR Corporate Partner". Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  9. ↑ "A CEO, but not exactly a Bay Street guy: Bill Morneau's path to becoming Canada's finance minister". November 6, 2015. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  10. ↑ "The Path to the Political Hot Seat". Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  11. ↑ Morneau Shepell About Us Archived September 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Morneau Shepell
  12. ↑ Morneau Shepell Declares July 2015 Cash Dividend Archived September 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Canada NewsWire, July 21, 2015.
  13. ↑ Morneau, Bill; Vettese, Fred (June 24, 2013). "What retirement crisis? Share the risk, bridge the gap". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2017., discussing their book Vettese, Fred; Morneau, Bill (2012). The Real Retirement: Why You Could Be Better Off Than You Think, and How to Make That Happen. Toronto: J. Wiley & Sons Canada. ISBN 978-1-11849864-4.
  14. ↑ Ian Bailey (July 8, 2022). "Bill Morneau memoir will be tough on Trudeau, says ghostwriter". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  15. ↑ St. Michael’s Hospital: William Morneau, Chair of the Board of Directors Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The Globe and Mail, July 20, 2009.
  16. ↑ McGreggor, Glen (Feb 24, 2014). Bill Morneau resigns from C.D. Howe Institute after Liberal convention speech Archived February 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Ottawa Citizen.
  17. ↑ "Ontario Appoints Advisor To Lead Pension Investment Reforms". Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
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  19. ↑ Office of the Premier (Jan 28 2014) Premier Announces Technical Advisory Group Archived September 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Ontario Government
  20. ↑ Morrow, Adrian (December 18, 2013). Wynne stakes Ontario Liberals' fortunes on pledge for new pension plan by spring Archived August 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. The Globe and Mail.
  21. ↑ Howlett, Karen (November 16, 2012). Pooling pension assets of public-sector workers in Ontario urged Archived September 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. The Globe and Mail.
  22. ↑ Ontario Appoints Advisor To Lead Pension Investment Reforms Archived September 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Ontario Ministry of Finance, May 30, 2012.
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  28. ↑ Kathleen Harris. "Budget 2018: Liberals spend billions to close gaps for working women, Indigenous families". CBC News. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  29. ↑ "Highlights of Bill Morneau's 2018 fiscal update". CBC. November 21, 2018.
  30. ↑ Rachel Aiello (March 19, 2019). "What the 2019 federal budget means for you". CTV News. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  31. ↑ Andy Blatchford (September 12, 2017). "Improving economy won't knock Liberals from deficit path: Bill Morneau". Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Fact Check: Bill Morneau's budget speech". CBC News. March 19, 2019. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  33. ↑ "intergovernmental affairs minister Dominic Leblanc on leave after second cancer diagnosis" Archived May 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Toronto Star, April 26, 2019.
  34. ↑ "Canadian Minister of Finance Becomes International Gender Champion". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  35. ↑ "Viola Desmond $10 bill will spread story of human rights, says museum CEO". The Chronicle Herald. June 8, 2018. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  36. ↑ "Bill Morneau Pushed To Make Even More Changes To Small Business Tax Reforms". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
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  38. ↑ MacCharles, Tonda (October 16, 2017). "Federal government to cut small business tax rate to 9% by 2019". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Archived from the original on January 20, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  39. ↑ "Finance Minister Bill Morneau waited 2 years to disclose company that owns his French villa to ethics watchdog". CBC News. October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  40. ↑ Turbull, Sarah (July 16, 2020). "Morneau now under ethics investigation over WE Charity dealings". Archived from the original on September 8, 2020.
  41. ↑ Jackson, Hannah (July 29, 2020). "Ethics commissioner sets sights on Morneau as WE Charity grant probe expands". globalnews.ca. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
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  43. ↑ "Finance Minister Bill Morneau paid back more than $40,000 to WE Charity just hours before he was to testify before MPS". Toronto Star. July 22, 2020. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
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  45. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  61. 1 2 "The three bridges Canada needs to get us across the economic chasm". The Globe and Mail. April 13, 2020.
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  66. ↑ Tasker, John Paul (July 8, 2020). "Ottawa to post $343B deficit as spending hits levels not seen since Second World War". CBC News. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  67. ↑ https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/fin/publications/afr-rfa/2022/afr-rfa-2021-22-eng.pdf
  68. ↑ "Bill Morneau resigns as finance minister and MP, will seek to head up OECD". Archived from the original on August 18, 2020.
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  70. ↑ "Morneau quits amid reports of tensions with Trudeau". BNN Bloomberg. August 18, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  71. ↑ "Morneau quits amid reports of tensions with Trudeau". BNN Bloomberg. August 18, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
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  73. ↑ Gilmore, Rachel (September 17, 2020). "Broadcast journalist Marci Ien to run as Liberal candidate in Morneau's former riding". CTV News. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
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  75. ↑ Nardi, Christopher (January 26, 2021). "Bill Morneau pulls out of bid for OECD's top job after failing to secure support to move onto third round of voting". nationalpost.com.
  76. ↑ "Bill Morneau appointed senior fellow at Jackson Institute for Global Affairs". November 16, 2020.
  77. ↑ "PM Trudeau cleared, but Morneau broke ethics law over WE Charity contract: Dion". May 13, 2021.
  78. ↑ "Bill Morneau joins CIBC Board". Financial Post. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
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  82. ↑ "Voter Information Service – Who are the candidates in my electoral district?". www.elections.ca. Archived from the original on October 20, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  83. ↑ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
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