The Honourable
Navdeep Bains
PC FCPA
Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry
Registrar General of Canada
In office
November 4, 2015 – January 12, 2021
Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau
Preceded byJames Moore
Succeeded byFrançois-Philipe Champagne
Member of Parliament
for Mississauga—Malton
In office
October 19, 2015 – September 20, 2021
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byIqwinder Gaheer
Member of Parliament
for Mississauga—Brampton South
In office
June 28, 2004 – May 2, 2011
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byEve Adams
Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister of Canada
In office
October 7, 2005 – November 29, 2005
Prime MinisterPaul Martin
Preceded byPaul DeVillers
Succeeded byJason Kenney
Personal details
Born
Navdeep Singh Bains

(1977-06-16) June 16, 1977
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Political partyLiberal
SpouseBrahamjot Bains
Residence(s)Mississauga, Ontario
EducationTurner Fenton Secondary School
Alma materYork University (BMS)
University of Windsor (MBA)
ProfessionAccountant, financial analyst and investment banker

Navdeep Singh Bains PC FCPA (born June 16, 1977) is a Canadian politician who served as Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry from 2015 to 2021. A member of the Liberal Party, he represented the riding of Mississauga—Malton in the House of Commons from 2015 to 2021. He previously represented the riding of Mississauga—Brampton South from 2004 to 2011.

As Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry, he held responsibility for overseeing the economic developement and corporate affairs of the Government of Canada, as well as developing and implementing research and development policy aimed at increasing productivity and the quality of life.

Bains unexpectedly retired from politics in January 2021 and joined CIBC as Vice-Chair, Global Investment Banking in September 2021.[1] In May 2023, he became the Chief Corporate Affairs Officer for Rogers Communications, a major telecommunications provider in Canada.

Early life and career

Bains was born in Toronto, Ontario on June 16, 1977,[2] to Indian parents, Harminder and Balwinder Bains.[3]

Bains graduated from Turner Fenton Secondary School in Brampton,[4] while it was known as J. A. Turner Secondary School and Turner Fenton Campus.[5] After completing high school, Bains attended York University, where he received his Bachelor of Management Studies.[6] He then went on to finish his Masters in Business Administration from the University of Windsor.[6] He received his Certified Management Accountant designation, subsequently becoming a Chartered Professional Accountant in 2014.[2] In 2016, he was awarded the prestigious FCPA designation by CPA Ontario for his "outstanding achievements including community leadership".[7]

Bains worked as a financial processing analyst at Nike Canada from 2000 to 2001.[8] He also worked for the Ford Motor Company as a revenue and costing analyst from 2000 until 2004.[9]

Political career

38th Parliament

In his first election in 2004, Bains won the Liberal nomination for the riding of Mississauga—Brampton South, and won the seat with over 57% of the total vote; beating his next nearest opponent by over 33%, or over 14,000 votes.[10] At that time, Bains was 26 years old and the youngest Liberal MP in Parliament.[11]

Bains was elected chair of the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Development of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade in April 2005, and held it until October 7, 2005, when he became parliamentary secretary to the prime minister, which at the time was Paul Martin.[12] As parliamentary secretary to the prime minister, Bains was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council, and served until February 5, 2006, the day before the Conservative government of Stephen Harper was sworn in after the 2006 federal election.[2][13]

In October 2005, Bains also became a member of the Red Ribbon Task Force that released a 2006 report on revitalizing the party organization.[14]

In opposition

In 2006, Bains was re-elected in his riding with just under 54% of the vote.[15]

Also in 2006, Bains co-chaired the Liberal Party of Canada (Ontario)'s annual general meeting Toronto.[16] Because of his position in the Party and the roles he has been given, Bains was seen as a rising star, and had been selected three years in a row in the Hill Times survey as the best up and comer.[17]

During the 2006 Liberal leadership convention to replace Paul Martin, Bains threw his support behind Ontario Education Minister Gerard Kennedy, and after Kennedy dropped out before the third ballot, he joined Kennedy in supporting the eventual winner and new party leader, Stéphane Dion.[18]

In the 39th Parliament, Bains held Official Opposition critic portfolios for Public Works and Government Services, the Treasury Board and International Trade, respectively.[2] Bains was also member of the Liberal Caucus Committees for Planning and Priorities, Canada and the World and Economic Prosperity.[19] In January 2007, he was appointed to the National Election Readiness Committee as a Caucus Representative and in March 2007 served as the Youth Liaison to the Young Liberals of Canada.[19]

In January 2009, he was selected by Michael Ignatieff along with Steve MacKinnon to serve as Co-Chairs of the Special Committee on Party Renewal and tasked with heading a consultation process with the party membership on how to strengthen the party.[19][20] In March 2009, Bains was appointed Chair of Platform Development and oversaw the creation of the party's next electoral platform.[19] As part of his recommendations for party renewal, delegates at the 2009 Liberal leadership election voted to ensure that all future leadership elections would be under a "weighted one member, one vote" system, where each riding has 100 points that are distributed to leadership candidates based on the percentage of votes from party members in that riding.[18]

Bains with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in Toronto on June 28, 2010

During the 40th Parliament, Bains held Official Opposition critic portfolios for Natural Resources and Small Business and Tourism.[2]

In January 2011, Bains claimed that the Bloc Québécois was using "the politics of fear" and argued against their attempt to ban the ceremonial Sikh kirpan from the parliamentary buildings after an incident in which the Quebec National Assembly denied entry to a group of four kirpan-wearing Sikhs.[21][22]

Out of Parliament

In the 2011 federal election, Eve Adams, a former Mississauga City Councillor, beat Bains by over 5,000 votes.[23]

Bains was a director of the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation from September 2012 to September 2015.[24] He also served on the Ontario Provincial Board of the Heart and Stroke Foundation, including a stint as Vice Chair starting December 2014.[25] Bains is also on the board of advisors for the Pearson Centre for Progressive Policy.[26]

Bains also entered academia and became an adjunct lecturer in a Master of Public Service program at the University of Waterloo and a distinguished visiting professor at the Ted Rogers School of Management at Ryerson University, starting in 2013 for a one-year term.[6][27] His teaching contract at Ryerson was extended, and he was still a professor at the time of his re-election in 2015.[28]

Bains was touted as a possible candidate in the 2014 municipal election in Brampton and was included in January 2014 polling alongside candidates like Susan Fennell and John Sanderson in which he finished third among voters polled.[29] Provincial Liberal Linda Jeffrey subsequently ran for mayor and won.[30]

Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry

Bains meeting with John F. Kelly, the United States Secretary of Homeland Security, in March 2017

Bains was the Ontario co-chair for the federal Liberal campaign, and was returned to the House of Commons in the 2015 federal election in the new riding of Mississauga—Malton.[28][31] On November 4, 2015, he was appointed the minister of innovation, science and economic development in Justin Trudeau's Cabinet.[32] The next day, Bains announced that the mandatory long form census would be restored for 2016, after it was removed from the 2011 edition under the Harper government.[33] Under Bains’ leadership, the 2016 Census response rate exceeded 98 percent, making it the most successful Census since 1666.[34]

A major focus of Bains’ mandate is to spur innovation and economic development in Canada. Following public consultations across Canada in the summer of 2016, he launched the Inclusive Innovation Agenda. Based on the consultations, the Bains identified three priority areas for Canada's Innovation Agenda: finding better ways for more Canadians to get the skills the global economy demands (People), harnessing emerging tech that would create industries and jobs that never existed before as well as reinvigorate existing ones (Technology), and encouraging more Canadians to start and grow companies that are competitive in the global economy (Companies).[35][36]

His portfolio also includes responsibility for the six regional development agencies across Canada: Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA); Canada Economic Development for Quebec Regions (CED); Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency (CanNor); Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario (FedDev Ontario); Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario (FedNor); Western Economic Diversification Canada (WD).[37]

In December 2016, he also launched Connect to Innovate, a program that will invest $500 million to bring high-speed Internet to rural and remote communities across Canada.[38] In 2018, Bains announced $950 million for a variety of national superclusters of innovation across the country.[39] To date, Minister Bains has supported 37 projects, investing $389 million, leading to nearly $4.1 billion in total investments in the automotive sector. Bains locked in the manufacturing of the C-Series in Montréal, protecting 6,000 direct jobs in Ontario and Québec in the aerospace industry. He also launched Canada's first-ever Intellectual Property Strategy.

Bains and other members of Trudeau's cabinet with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in February 2018

Bains worked closely with the Advisory Council on Economic Growth, which advised the minister of finance on economic policies to achieve long-term sustainable growth. The council called for a gradual increase in permanent immigration to Canada to 450,000 people a year.[40][41]

In 2019, Minister Bains announced Canada's Digital Charter.[42]

In August 2020, amidst a review of an August 2019 decision by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to reduce capacity rates by up to 43% and access rates up to 77%, Bains released a statement saying that the government shared the fears of Canada's big telecommunication corporations that it went too far and would disincentivize investment in communication networks, especially less profitable rural and remote areas. However, the statement also said that the government would not formally intervene in the ongoing review.[43]

COVID-19

In August 2020, Bains and Minister of Public Services and Procurement Anita Anand, announced major steps towards securing COVID-19 vaccine and therapies.[44] Bains also announced the members of the COVID-19 Therapeutics Task Force and COVID-19 Vaccine Task Force (VTF). Nancy Harrison and Cédric Bisson are co-chairs of the Therapeutics Task Force (TTF) tasked with prioritizing "financial support for promising COVID-19 treatment projects."[44] The secretariat of the Therapeutics Task Force is housed at Bains' ISEDC department. Joanne Langley and J. Mark Lievonen are the co-chairs Vaccine Task Force advising the federal government on "vaccine development, related bio-manufacturing and international partnerships".[44] The secretariat of the Vaccine Task force is supported by the National Research Council of Canada.[44] Potential members of the Joint Biomanufacturing Subcommittee of the COVID‐19 Vaccine Task Force and Therapeutics Task Force Meeting began meeting on June 22, 2020, to examine initial proposals from Laval, Quebec-based-Biodextris, Calgary, Alberta-based-Providence Therapeutics, Edmonton, Alberta-based-Entos Pharmaceuticals, Montréal-based Glycovax Pharma, Vancouver-based-Precision Nanosystems, Vancouver-based Symvivo Incorporated, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia-based IMV, Quebec City-based Medicago Inc., and Maryland-based Novavax. On June 25 they began their reviews of proposals submitted by AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Variation Biotechnologies (VBI). On July 3 they reviewed Moderna's proposal. Later in July they reviewed Novavax and Johnson & Johnson, and in September Sanofi / GSK. The first announcements of approvals began on August 5 for Pfizer and Moderna and the [rest?] of the approvals were announced in October 2020.[45]

Legislation

Bains introduced legislation to amend the Copyright Act with respect to improving access to works by persons with a perceptual disability, which subsequently received Royal Assent in June 2016,[46] thus enabling Canada to become the key 20th nation to accede to the Marrakesh Treaty, bringing the Treaty into force on September 30, 2016.[47] He also put forward bill C-25, proposing to amend federal corporate law to promote corporate transparency and increase diversity on corporate boards.[48] In particular, the bill focuses on the participation of women on corporate boards, as well as on senior management teams. In the same Parliamentary session, Bains introduced bill C-36, intended to enhance, reinforce and protect the independence of Statistics Canada, fulfilling a campaign promise from the Liberals 2015 election platform.[49] In June 2018, both bills C-25 and C-36 received Royal Assent.

Personal life

Bains currently resides in Peel with his wife, Brahamjot, with whom he has two daughters[3][4][50]

Recognition

The Hill Times featured Bains on the cover of their Power & Influence magazine in 2017. Dubbed the ‘Minister of Everything’ in the article, he was ranked 4th most influential, behind Justin Trudeau, Katie Telford and Gerald Butts.[51] On April 7, 2017, CFIB's Executive Vice-President and Chief Strategic Officer Laura Jones[52] presented Bains with a Golden Scissors Award"[53] as a symbolic gesture of cutting through red tape shortly after Bains announced the interprovincial legislation entitled the Canadian Free Trade Agreement (CFTA). He is a recipient of Startup Canada's Policy Prize (2017). In 2017, Bains was listed in The Globe and Mail's The Power 50.[54] He is featured as the second influencer on the 2018 Bay Street Bull Power 50 list,[55] and Apolitical listed him among the World's 100 Most Influential People in Digital Government.[56]

Electoral results

2019 Canadian federal election: Mississauga—Malton
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalNavdeep Bains27,89057.5-1.62$76,024.88
ConservativeTom Varughese12,52825.8-0.64$86,705.72
New DemocraticNikki Clarke6,10312.6+0.29$12,952.47
GreenChristina Porter1,2512.6+0.93$4.98
People'sTahir Gora3690.8none listed
United Prudence Buchanan3060.6$0.00
Marxist–LeninistFrank Chilelli900.2$0.00
Total valid votes/expense limit 48,537100.0
Total rejected ballots 500
Turnout 49,03762.0
Eligible voters 79,034
Liberal hold Swing -0.49
Source: Elections Canada[57][58]
2015 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalNavdeep Bains26,16559.12+22.33$103,144.90
ConservativeJagdish Grewal[59]11,70126.44-11.00$126,893.52
New DemocraticDianne Douglas5,45012.31-11.12$5,226.05
GreenHeather Mercer7371.67-0.37–
IndependentNaresh Tharani2100.46–$8,153.79
Total valid votes/Expense limit 44,256100.00 $207,082.35
Total rejected ballots 2370.53–
Turnout 44,49359.76–
Eligible voters 74,448
Liberal notional gain from Conservative Swing +16.67
Source: Elections Canada[60][61]
2011 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%
ConservativeEve Adams23,63244.72
LiberalNavdeep Bains18,57935.16
New DemocraticJim Glavan9,46517.91
GreenBenjamin Stone1,0441.98
Marxist–LeninistTim Sullivan1270.24
Total valid votes 52,847100.00
Total rejected ballots 351 0.66
Turnout 53,198 57.27
Eligible voters 92,890 –
2008 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalNavdeep Bains21,22047.69-6.25$ 65,107.35
ConservativeSalma Ataullahjan14,66432.96+2.2151,467.58
New DemocraticKaran Pandher5,26811.84+0.965,832.24
GreenGrace Yogaretnam2,9476.62+2.825,666.20
Marxist–LeninistTim Sullivan3950.89+0.26 
Total valid votes/Expense limit 44,494 100.00 -12.31 $ 91,776.94
Total rejected ballots 343 0.76 +0.15
Turnout 44,837 49.39 -10.62
Eligible voters 90,777  +6.71
2006 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalNavdeep Bains27,37053.94-3.22$ 80,611.34
ConservativeArnjeet Sangha15,60530.75+6.6658,602.08
New DemocraticNirvan Balkisoon5,52110.88-3.929,470.07
GreenGrace Yogaretnam1,9273.80+0.287,606.18
Marxist–LeninistTim Sullivan3190.63+0.20 
Total valid votes/Expense limit 50,742100.00 +17.17 $ 82,924.57
Total rejected ballots 310 0.61 -0.13
Turnout 51,052 60.01 +6.17
Eligible voters 85,068  +4.97
2004 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%Expenditures
LiberalNavdeep Bains24,75357.16$ 70,830.08
ConservativeParvinder Sandhu10,43324.0964,050.50
New DemocraticLarry Taylor6,41114.8014,516.24
GreenPaul Simas1,5253.52 
Marxist–LeninistDavid Gershuny1850.4323.48
Total valid votes/Expense limit 43,307100.00 $ 78,421.35
Total rejected ballots 321 0.74
Turnout 43,628 53.84
Eligible voters 81,037 

References

  1. ↑ "Hon. Navdeep Bains to join CIBC as Vice-Chair, Global Investment Banking". Media Centre. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "BAINS, The Hon. Navdeep Singh, P.C., B.A., M.B.A., C.M.A." Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  3. 1 2 Taber, Jane (December 1, 2006). "Family blocs offer convention support". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  4. 1 2 Rosella, Louie (November 4, 2015). "Mississauga-Malton MP Navdeep Bains named to Trudeau's cabinet". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  5. ↑ Yearbooks for 1992, 1993 and 1994.
  6. 1 2 3 "Navdeep Bains, former MP, joins Ryerson as distinguished visiting professor". Ryerson Today. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  7. ↑ "2016 Fellows". cpaontario.ca. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  8. ↑ "Mississauga — Brampton South". CBC News. October 14, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  9. ↑ Morgan, Geoffrey (November 4, 2015). "What happened to Industry Canada? Trudeau elevates scientific research in new cabinet role". Financial Post. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  10. ↑ "154 Mississauga-Brampton South". CBC News. June 28, 2004. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  11. ↑ "GTA MPs form strong presence in Trudeau cabinet". CTV News. November 4, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  12. ↑ "The Honourable Navdeep Bains". House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Current Alphabetical List of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada". Privy Council Office. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Red Ribbon Task Force Releases Final Report". Library and Archives Canada. August 25, 2006. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  15. ↑ "154 Mississauga-Brampton South". CBC News. January 23, 2006. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Navdeep Bains Appointed to Liberal's National Campaign Team". The Brampton News. February 15, 2007. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Hill Times, December 18, 2006".
  18. 1 2 Geddes, John (May 2, 2009). "Navdeep Bains on the new way Liberals will choose their leaders". Maclean's. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "How ready are the Liberals?". The Globe and Mail. May 15, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  20. ↑ Geddes, John (April 13, 2009). "Iggy's coronation". Maclean's. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Ban kirpan from Parliament: Bloc". CBC News. January 30, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  22. ↑ Perreaux, Les (January 19, 2011). "Bloc to seek parliamentary ban on the kirpan". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  23. ↑ Stone, Laura (February 10, 2015). "Eve Adams' former rival welcomes her to the Liberals". Global News. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Agency Details". Public Appointments Secretariat of Ontario. November 6, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  25. ↑ "Heart and Stroke Foundation, Ontario: Provincial Board of Directors". Heart and Stroke Foundation. December 6, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Advisory Board Members". Pearson Centre for Progressive Policy. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  27. ↑ "AGENCY MEMBERS BIOGRAPHIES". Public Appointments Secretariat of Ontario. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  28. 1 2 Lewis, Michael (October 19, 2015). "Liberal Navdeep Bains wins Mississauga-Malton". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  29. ↑ Grewal, San (January 21, 2014). "Spending scandal catching up with Brampton Mayor Susan Fennell, pollster says". Toronto Star. Toronto ON. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  30. ↑ Grewal, San (April 29, 2014). "Poll finds Brampton Mayor Susan Fennell a distant third". Toronto Star. Toronto ON. p. GT2. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  31. ↑ Geddes, John (October 7, 2015). "Why everyone loves Brampton". Maclean's. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Full list of Justin Trudeau's cabinet 31-member cabinet includes 15 women, attempt at regional balance". CBC News. November 16, 2015. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  33. ↑ "Liberals to restore mandatory long-form census". CBC News. November 5, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Statistics Canada celebrates 'best census since 1666'". August 29, 2016. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017.
  35. ↑ "Canada's Innovation Agenda". Government of Canada. August 18, 2021.
  36. ↑ Niedoba, Sarah (October 26, 2016). "Canadian Business".
  37. ↑ "Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Mandate Letter". November 12, 2015.
  38. ↑ Dobby, Christine (December 15, 2016). "Ottawa to target 'backbone' Internet connections with $500-million rural broadband program". The Globe and Mail.
  39. ↑ "Government reveals who is getting $950M in 'supercluster' funding". Global News. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
  40. ↑ "Influential Liberal advisers want Canadian population to triple by 2100". Global News. October 23, 2016. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  41. ↑ "Fortier, Ragan part of Advisory Council on Economic Growth". McGill Reporter. May 17, 2016. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  42. ↑ "Minister Bains announces Canada's Digital Charter". Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. May 21, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  43. ↑ Paddon, David (August 15, 2020). "Minister says CRTC may have erred with wholesale rate decision". CTV News. The Canadian Press. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Jagric, Alex; Roy, Cecely; Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; Public Services and Procurement Canada (August 5, 2020). "Government of Canada announces major steps in treating and preventing COVID-19 through vaccines and therapies". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  45. ↑ "COVID-19 Vaccine Task Force Registry of Interests". December 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  46. ↑ An Act to amend the Copyright Act (access to copyrighted works or other subject-matter for persons with perceptual disabilities), S.C. 2016, c. 4
  47. ↑ "Canada's Accession to Marrakesh Treaty Brings Treaty into Force". June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Bill C-25 | openparliament.ca". openparliament.ca. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  49. ↑ "Bill C-36 | openparliament.ca". openparliament.ca. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  50. ↑ "New Baby for MP Bains". Brampton Guardian. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  51. ↑ "The Top 100: Navdeep Bains, the 'minister of everything'". The Hill Times. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Laura Jones on Twitter". Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2018 – via Twitter.
  53. ↑ "Laura Jones | CFIB". www.cfib-fcei.ca. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  54. ↑ "The 50 most powerful people in Canadian business". Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  55. ↑ "The 2018 Bay Street Bull Power 50 - Bay Street Bull". Bay Street Bull. June 13, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  56. ↑ "World's 100 Most Influential People in Digital Government". Apolitical. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  57. ↑ "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  58. ↑ "Election Night Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  59. ↑ The Conservative Party dropped Grewal after an editorial he wrote was criticized. His name will still appear on the ballot. Ditchburn, Jennifer (October 6, 2015). "Tories dump candidate who touts therapies to turn gay youth straight". CBC News. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Voter Information Service - Find your electoral district". elections.ca. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  61. ↑ "Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates". Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
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