Elizabeth line
An Elizabeth line train (British Rail Class 345) at Abbey Wood in May 2022
Overview
Service typeHybrid urban-suburban rail[1]
SystemNational Rail
Locale
PredecessorTfL Rail
First service24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)
Current operator(s)MTR Elizabeth line Limited[2]
Annual ridership204.296 million (2022/2023)[3] passenger journeys
Websitetfl.gov.uk/modes/elizabeth-line/
Route
TerminiWest: Heathrow Terminal 4, Heathrow Terminal 5 and Reading
East: Abbey Wood and Shenfield
Stops41
Distance travelled73 miles (117 km)[4]
Technical
Rolling stockClass 345[5]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC (overhead lines)
Operating speed
  • Crossrail: 60 mph (95 km/h)
  • GWML, Heathrow and GEML: 90 mph (145 km/h)
Track owner(s)

The Elizabeth line is a high-frequency hybrid urban–suburban rail service in London and its suburbs. It runs services on dedicated infrastructure in central London from the Great Western Main Line west of Paddington station to Abbey Wood and via Whitechapel to the Great Eastern Main Line near Stratford; along the Great Western Main Line to Reading and Heathrow Airport in the west; and along the Great Eastern Main Line to Shenfield in the east. The service is named after Queen Elizabeth II, who officially opened the line on 17 May 2022 during her Platinum Jubilee year; passenger services started on 24 May 2022. Despite being named under the same system as London Underground lines, and having sections which are underground, the Elizabeth line is not classified as a London Underground line.

Under the project name of Crossrail, the system was approved in 2007, and construction began in 2009. Originally planned to open in 2018, the project was repeatedly delayed, including for several months as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In May 2015, existing commuter services on a section of one of the eastern branches, between Liverpool Street and Shenfield, were transferred to TfL Rail; this precursor service also took control of Heathrow Connect in May 2018, and some local services on the Paddington to Reading line in December 2019. These services were augmented by a new central section in May 2022, and rebranded as the Elizabeth line. The outer services were connected to the central section in November 2022. Since May 2023, the central section has up to 24 nine-carriage Class 345 trains per hour in each direction. Elizabeth line services are operated by MTR Elizabeth line.

History

In 2001, Cross London Rail Links (CLRL), a 50/50 joint-venture between Transport for London (TfL) and the Department for Transport (DfT), was formed to develop and promote the Crossrail scheme,[6] and also a Wimbledon–Hackney scheme, Crossrail 2. In 2003 and 2004, over 50 days of exhibitions were held to explain the proposals at over 30 different locations.[7]

2005 route development

In 2005, ahead of Crossrail's hybrid bill submission, a number of feeder routes were considered by CLRL west of Paddington and east of Liverpool Street. It was viewed, given the 24 trains-per-hour (tph) core frequency, that two feeder routes, each of 12 tph, could be taken forward.[8]

In the west, a route to Maidenhead (later extended to Reading) and Heathrow Airport was selected. In the east, routes to Abbey Wood (curtailed from Ebbsfleet to avoid conflicts with the North Kent lines) and Shenfield were selected.

Approval

The Crossrail Act 2008 authorising the construction project received royal assent on 22 July 2008.[9][10] In December 2008, TfL and the DfT announced that they had signed the "Crossrail Sponsors' Agreement". This committed them to financing the project, then projected to cost £15.9 billion, with further contributions from Network Rail, BAA,[11] and the City of London.[12]

Construction

Construction of Crossrail at Tottenham Court Road in September 2011

Work began on 15 May 2009, when piling works started at the future Canary Wharf station.[13]

Boring of the railway tunnels was officially completed in June 2015.[14] Installation of the track was completed in September 2017.[15] The European Train Control System (ETCS) signalling was scheduled to be tested in the Heathrow tunnels over the winter of 2017–2018.[16]

At the end of August 2018, four months before the scheduled opening of the core section of the line, it was announced that completion was delayed and that the line would not open before autumn 2019.[17] After multiple delays, in August 2020 Crossrail announced that the central section would be ready to open "in the first half of 2022".[18]

In May 2021, trial running commenced.[19]

On 17 May 2022, the line was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in honour of her Platinum Jubilee. She was not scheduled to attend the event, but decided to attend with her son, Prince Edward, to unveil the plaque commemorating the official opening.[20]

Timeline

Though the main tunnels under central London had not yet been opened, passenger operations on the outer branches of the future Elizabeth line were transferred to TfL for inclusion in the concession – this took place over several stages beginning May 2015. During this initial phase of operation, services were operated by MTR under the TfL Rail brand. Following the practice adopted during the transfer of former Silverlink services to London Overground in 2007, TfL carried out a deep clean of stations and trains on the future Elizabeth line route, installed new ticket machines and barriers, introduced Oyster card and contactless payment, and ensured all stations were staffed. Existing rolling stock was rebranded with the TfL Rail identity.[21]

TfL Rail and Elizabeth line services
Stage Map Completion dates Notes
Schedule Actual Delay
0 Map of the first phase of Crossrail 2015 May 2015[22] 31 May 2015[23] — Existing "metro" service between Liverpool Street (main line station) and Shenfield transferred from Abellio Greater Anglia to TfL Rail
1 Map of the first phase of Crossrail 2015 May 2017[22] 22 Jun 2017[24] 1 month Class 345 trains start running between Liverpool Street and Shenfield in reduced length format[25]
2a[26] Map of the 2nd phase of Crossrail in 2018 May 2018[22] 20 May 2018[27] —
5a[28] Map of Crossrail with Reading section — 15 Dec 2019[29] —
  • Most stopping services between Paddington and Reading transferred from Great Western Railway to TfL Rail, operating up to 4 tph
  • The first TfL trains in public service to Reading ran on 25 November 2019 as a soft launch of the service.[30]
2b[26] Map of the 2nd phase of Crossrail in 2018 May 2018[22] 30 July 2020[31] 2 years and 2 months Class 345 trains start running between Paddington and Heathrow
4a[32] Map of the first phase of Crossrail 2015 — 26 May 2021[33] — Class 345 trains in full length format start running between Liverpool Street and Shenfield[33]
3 Map of the 3rd phase of Crossrail 2018 Dec 2018[22] 24 May 2022[34] 3 years and 5 months Services between Paddington and Abbey Wood begin; this section and existing TfL Rail routes rebranded as the Elizabeth line, up to 12 tph
4b/5b Map of the 5th phase of Crossrail 2019 — 6 Nov 2022[35] — Services begin between Paddington and Shenfield; and between Reading and Abbey Wood; and between Heathrow and Abbey Wood. The services are operated in parallel, sharing the central tunnel.
5c Map of the 5th phase of Crossrail 2019 Dec 2019[22] 21 May 2023 3 years and 5 months Full route opens, with services between Heathrow and both Abbey Wood and Shenfield; and between Reading and Abbey Wood.

Route

The Elizabeth line runs on an east–west axis across the London region, with branches terminating at Abbey Wood and Shenfield in the east, and at Heathrow Terminal 4, Heathrow Terminal 5 and Reading in the west. There are 41 stations. In the central section, there are interchanges with London Underground, National Rail, and Docklands Light Railway lines.[36]

The Elizabeth line in the London transport network
Geographical map of London rail and tube
Geographical map
Schematic map of London rail and tube
Schematic map (interactive)
Routes of the Elizabeth line (in purple, from middle of left edge to right edge), shown with London Underground and the Docklands Light Railway connections

Design and infrastructure

Elizabeth line roundel on a sign for Seven Kings station

Name and identity

Crossrail is the name of the construction project and of the limited company, wholly owned by TfL, that was formed to carry out construction works.[21][37]

The Elizabeth line is the name of the new service that is on signage throughout the stations. It is named in honour of Queen Elizabeth II.[38][39] The Elizabeth line roundel is coloured purple, with a superimposed blue bearing white text in the same style as for Underground lines. However, unlike Underground lines, the Elizabeth line roundel includes the word "line".

TfL Rail was an intermediate brand name which was introduced in May 2015 and discontinued in May 2022. It was used by TfL on services between Paddington and Heathrow Terminal 5 and Reading, as well as trains between Liverpool Street and Shenfield.[40]

Stations

Elizabeth line
All stations have step-free access
 Reading National Rail
 Twyford National Rail
 Maidenhead National Rail
North sign pointing rightward
River Thames
 Taplow
 Burnham
 Slough National Rail
Airport interchange Heathrow Express Piccadilly Line Heathrow T5
Langley
Airport interchange Heathrow T4
Iver
M25 motorway
Airport interchange Heathrow Express Heathrow T2&3
Greater London boundary
 West Drayton
Heathrow Rail Link
Great Western Main Line
 Hayes & Harlington
 Southall
River Brent
 Hanwell
 West Ealing National Rail
 Ealing Broadway Central line (London Underground) District Line
 Acton Main Line
National Rail Old Oak Common
(under construction)
Old Oak Common depot
Crossrail
Great Western Main Line
Royal Oak portal
National Rail Heathrow Express
Bakerloo Line Circle line (London Underground)
District Line Hammersmith & City Line
Paddington
enlarge…
 London Paddington
Central line (London Underground) Jubilee Line Bond Street
Central line (London Underground) Northern Line Tottenham Ct Rd
National Rail Circle line (London Underground) Hammersmith & City Line Metropolitan Line Farringdon
Barbican Circle line (London Underground) Hammersmith & City Line Metropolitan Line
 Moorgate Northern Line Northern City Line
National Rail Lea Valley lines
Central line (London Underground) Circle line (London Underground)
Hammersmith & City Line Metropolitan Line
Liverpool St
East London line District Line Hammersmith & City Line Whitechapel
Crossrail
Great Eastern Main Line
Pudding Mill Lane portal[41]
Canary Wharf tube station Canary Wharf DLR station Canary Wharf
Stratford National Rail North London line Central line (London Underground) Jubilee Line Docklands Light Railway
Victoria Dock portal
Maryland
Docklands Light Railway Custom House
Forest Gate Wanstead Park railway station
Connaught tunnel
under Royal Docks
Manor Park
River Thames
Ilford
Woolwich Arsenal station Woolwich Arsenal station Woolwich
Seven Kings
National Rail Abbey Wood
Goodmayes
Safeguarded route
to Gravesend
Chadwell Heath
Romford Control Centre
and depot
Romford National Rail Romford–Upminster line
 Gidea Park
 Harold Wood
Greater London boundary
M25 motorway
 Brentwood
 Shenfield National Rail
Elizabeth line station information
Station Image Line section TfL service began Interchanges
Reading
Reading branch 15 December 2019
Twyford
National Rail Great Western
Maidenhead
National Rail Great Western
Taplow
Burnham
Slough
National Rail Great Western
Langley
Iver
West Drayton
Heathrow Terminal 5
Heathrow Airport
Heathrow branch 9 May 2020
Heathrow Terminal 4
Heathrow Airport
20 May 2018
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3
Heathrow Airport
Heathrow Express Heathrow Express
Hayes & Harlington
Reading and Heathrow branches 20 May 2018
Southall
Hanwell
Heathrow branch[lower-alpha 1]
West Ealing
National Rail Great Western
Ealing Broadway
Reading and Heathrow branches
Acton Main Line
Heathrow branch[lower-alpha 1]
Paddington[lower-alpha 2]
Core 24 May 2022[lower-alpha 3]
Bond Street
24 October 2022
Tottenham Court Road
24 May 2022
Farringdon
Liverpool Street[lower-alpha 6]
24 May 2022[lower-alpha 7]
Whitechapel
24 May 2022
Canary Wharf
Abbey Wood branch 24 May 2022
Custom House
Docklands Light Railway Docklands Light Railway
Woolwich
Abbey Wood
Stratford
Shenfield branch 31 May 2015
Maryland
Forest Gate
London Overground Gospel Oak – Barking line[lower-alpha 13]
Manor Park
Ilford
Seven Kings
Goodmayes
Chadwell Heath
Romford
Gidea Park
Harold Wood
Brentwood
Shenfield
National Rail Greater Anglia
  1. 1 2 Reading branch services skip Hanwell, West Ealing, and Acton Main Line stations
  2. ↑ Some early-morning and late-night services instead use the National Rail terminal platforms
  3. ↑ Services using the National Rail terminal platforms commenced on 20 May 2018
  4. 1 2 3 From Paddington (Bakerloo, Circle, and District) tube station
  5. 1 2 From Paddingdon (Circle and Hammersmith & City) tube station
  6. ↑ Some early-morning, late-night, and peak-time services instead use the National Rail terminal platforms
  7. ↑ Services using the National Rail terminal platforms commenced on 31 May 2015
  8. 1 2 Only limited service
  9. 1 2 From Moorgate station
  10. ↑ From Canary Wharf tube station
  11. ↑ From Canary Wharf, Poplar, and West India Quay DLR stations
  12. 1 2 3 From Woolwich Arsenal station
  13. ↑ From Wanstead Park station
The new platforms at Farringdon

Ten new stations have been built in the central and south east sections of the line, and 31 existing stations were upgraded and refurbished.[42] Nine of the ten new-build stations opened for revenue service on 24 May 2022; the remaining station – Bond Street – required additional finishing works before commissioning could proceed.[43][44] Trains passed through its platforms non-stop until it opened five months later on 24 October.[45][46] All stations are equipped with CCTV[47] and because of the length of trains, central stations have train indicators above the platform-edge doors.[48] All 41 stations are step-free, with 13 of these (the central and Heathrow stations) having level access between trains and platforms.[49]

Although the trains are 200 metres (660 feet) long, platforms at the new stations in the central core are built to enable 240-metre-long (790 ft) trains in case of possible future need. In the eastern section, Maryland and Manor Park have not had platform extensions, so trains use selective door opening instead.[50] At Maryland this is because of the prohibitive cost of extensions and the poor business case,[51] and at Manor Park it is due to the presence of a freight loop that would otherwise be cut off.[52]

Future stations

Station Image Line section Opening Interchanges
Old Oak Common — Core[53] c. 2030[54]

Rolling stock

Current rolling stock
Name Manufacturer Number built Entered service Currently owned Currently active
Class 345 Aventra Bombardier 70 2017 70 70
Retired rolling stock
Name Manufacturer Number built Entered service Retired Currently owned Replacement
Class 315 BREL 1972 British Rail Engineering Limited 61 1980 2022 1 preserved Class 345 Aventra
Class 345 unit at Shenfield in 2017

Services on the Elizabeth line are operated exclusively by a fleet of nine-car Class 345 trains that was procured especially for this purpose.[55][34] The service specifications called for approximately 60 trains, each 200 metres (660 feet) long and capable of carrying up to 1,500 passengers, of which 57 would be in service at any one time.[56][57] In March 2011, Crossrail indicated that five bidders had been shortlisted as potential suppliers of both the new fleet and its depot facilities; Alstom, CAF, Siemens Mobility, Hitachi Rail, and Bombardier Transportation – although Alstom withdrew four months later.[56][57] Crossrail issued invitations to negotiate to the remaining bidders in March 2012, with submission of tenders expected between June and August.[57] It was stipulated that bidders should offer a fleet based on technology that was "already developed", with the expectation that an "evolutionary, not revolutionary" product would help to ensure "value for money" and "[the] utmost reliability from day one".[56][57] Siemens withdrew their rolling stock bid in July 2013, citing an increase in other business and a need to protect their "ability to deliver ... current customer commitments", which included the £1.6 billion Class 700 order for Thameslink. Their contract to supply Crossrail's signalling and control systems was unaffected.[58]

In December 2013, the European Investment Bank (EIB) agreed to provide TfL loans of up to £500 million to fund the rolling stock procurement, following TfL's decision in March of that year to abandon plans to cover most of the cost with private financing.[59]

TfL and the Department for Transport announced in early February 2014 that Bombardier's bid had been successful. The 32-year contract for the supply and maintenance of the trains and depot was valued at £1 billion. It included a firm order for 65 units from Bombardier's new Aventra family, plus an option for a further 18.[5][60] The trains have air-conditioning and are designed to be as accessible as possible, including wide aisles and gangways, dedicated areas for wheelchairs, audio and visual announcements, CCTV, and passenger intercoms connected to the driver for use in the event of emergency.[61] They will run at up to 90 mph (140 km/h) on certain parts of the route.[62]

Due to limited platform lengths at both Liverpool Street and Paddington National Rail stations, most Class 345 units were initially delivered as seven-car formations, then later extended to the intended nine.[63] The first unit entered service on 22 June 2017, between Liverpool Street and Shenfield.[64][65] TfL exercised an option to acquire a further five units in July 2017, bringing the total number on order to 70.[66]

A number of Class 315 units that had been operating with TfL Rail remained in use on Elizabeth line services between Liverpool Street's terminal platforms and Shenfield alongside Class 345 units while the introduction of the new fleet – including the extension to nine-car formations – was completed.[67] The Class 315 units, which had been built for British Rail in 1980–1981, could not be used in the line's core section. The final four were withdrawn from service on 9 December 2022.[68]

Electrification and train protection

The Elizabeth line uses 25 kV, 50 Hz AC overhead lines, already in use on the Great Eastern and Great Western Main Lines.

The Heathrow branch started using the European Train Control System (ETCS) in 2020. The Automatic Warning System (AWS) and Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS) are used on the Great Western and Great Eastern Main Lines, with possible later upgrades to ETCS. Communications-based train control (CBTC) is installed in the central section and the Abbey Wood branch.[69][70][71]

Depots

The Elizabeth line has depots in west London at Old Oak Common TMD, in south-east London at Plumstead Depot, and in east London at Ilford EMU Depot.[72][73]

Service pattern

Previous service

Upon opening, the line ran as three physically separate services: between Reading or Heathrow Airport and Paddington in the west; from Paddington via Liverpool Street to Abbey Wood in the centre; and between Liverpool Street and Shenfield in the east. To connect between services, a walk between the separate stations at Paddington or Liverpool Street was required. Operating hours were limited, as well as the service running Monday to Saturday only - allowing for further testing and software updates to take place.[74] When through-running began in November 2022, there were two main service groups, overlapping through the core section: from Reading or Heathrow Airport to Abbey Wood; and from Paddington to Shenfield.

Current service

As of 21 May 2023, the off-peak weekday service is as follows:[75]

Elizabeth line off-peak weekday service
RoutetphCalling at
Reading to Abbey Wood2
Maidenhead to Abbey Wood2
  • Burnham
  • Slough
  • Langley
  • Iver
  • West Drayton
  • Hayes & Harlington
  • Southall
  • Ealing Broadway
  • Paddington
  • Bond Street
  • Tottenham Court Road
  • Farringdon
  • Liverpool Street
  • Whitechapel
  • Canary Wharf
  • Custom House
  • Woolwich
Heathrow Terminal 4 to Abbey Wood4
Heathrow Terminal 5 to Shenfield2
Paddington to Shenfield6
  • Bond Street
  • Tottenham Court Road
  • Farringdon
  • Liverpool Street
  • Whitechapel
  • Stratford
  • Maryland
  • Forest Gate
  • Manor Park
  • Ilford
  • Seven Kings
  • Goodmayes
  • Chadwell Heath
  • Romford
  • Gidea Park
  • Harold Wood
  • Brentwood

Some early morning and late night services run into Paddington mainline terminus instead of going through central London. Likewise, some early, peak-direction, and late trains run between Liverpool Street mainline terminus and Gidea Park, bypassing Whitechapel.

Future service

When Old Oak Common opens, all trains will serve Old Oak Common, with those not serving the Reading or Heathrow branches reversing there.[53]

Journey times

Minutes between stations[76]
Route Pre-Elizabeth line time Elizabeth line time
Paddington to Tottenham Court Road 20 4
Paddington to Canary Wharf 34 17
Bond Street to Paddington 15 3
Bond Street to Whitechapel 24 10
Canary Wharf to Liverpool Street 21 6
Canary Wharf to Heathrow 55 39
Whitechapel to Canary Wharf 13 3
Abbey Wood to Heathrow 93 52

Ticketing

Ticketing is integrated with the other London transport systems, but Oyster pay as you go is not accepted on the western section between West Drayton (the limit of London fare zone 6) and Reading, with only contactless cards valid there. The concessionary travel Freedom Pass is valid for the whole length of the route, including stations outside London.[77][78] The Elizabeth line is integrated with the London Underground, the wider Transport for London network and the National Rail networks; it is also included on the standard Tube map.[79]

Journeys to or from Heathrow Airport are priced at a premium due to using the rail tunnel between the airport and Hayes & Harlington. That stretch of line is not part of the Network Rail system but owned by Heathrow Airport Holdings, who charge TfL an additional fee for each train that uses it. Heathrow is nevertheless included within the Travelcard scheme and daily/weekly fare capping as a fare zone 6 station.[80]

Passenger numbers

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Elizabeth line was predicted to carry over 200 million passengers annually immediately after opening;[81] this was expected to relieve pressure on London Underground's lines, especially the Central line.[82] Farringdon is expected to become one of the busiest stations in the UK, due to it being the key interchange station with Thameslink services.[83] In a business plan for the line published in January 2020, Transport for London predicted total annual revenues from the line of nearly £500 million per year in 2022/23 (its first full year of operation) and over £1 billion per year in 2024/25.[81] By the time the line opened, TfL had reduced their passenger forecasts because passenger travelling habits changed during the pandemic; the estimate was between 130 and 170 million passengers by 2026.[84] However, the Elizabeth line carried 62.2 million passengers in the last quarter of 2022 alone. That was one-sixth of the UK's total rail journeys, and double the number the line carried during the same period one year earlier.[85] TFL later stated the line had carried over 150 million passenges in its first year of operation.[86]

Further proposals

New stations have been proposed to serve London City Airport, and extensions have been put forward to Ebbsfleet in the south east, Milton Keynes in the north west, Staines in the south west, and Southend Airport in the east.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "TfL Rail: What we do". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  2. ↑ "MTR selected to operate Crossrail services". Railway Gazette International. London. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  3. ↑ "Passenger journeys by operator". Office of Rail and Road. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  4. ↑ Moore, Rowan (13 March 2022). "A megalopolis of engineering: the verdict on London's £18bn new Elizabeth line". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  5. 1 2 "Bombardier wins Crossrail train contract". Railway Gazette International. Sutton: DVV Media International. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "Sponsors and Partners". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2017. Crossrail Limited is the company charged with delivering Crossrail. Formerly known as Cross London Rail Links (CLRL), it was created in 2001 [..] Established as a 50/50 joint venture company between Transport for London and the Department for Transport, Crossrail Limited became a wholly owned subsidiary of TfL on 5 December 2008
  7. ↑ "History of Crossrail". Crossrail. n.d. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009.
  8. ↑ "Crossrail Information Paper: Development of the Crossrail Route" (PDF). Crossrail. 26 September 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  9. ↑ "Crossrail Bill 2005". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
  10. ↑ "Soho shops make way for Crossrail". BBC News. 13 November 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  11. ↑ "Crossrail gets £230m BAA funding". BBC News. 4 November 2008. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  12. ↑ "Why the City of London Corporation supported Crossrail". BBC News. 18 November 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  13. ↑ Gerrard, Neil (15 May 2009). "Work officially starts on Crossrail". Contract Journal. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009.
  14. ↑ MacLennan, Peter (4 June 2015). "Prime Minister and Mayor of London celebrate completion of Crossrail's tunnelling marathon" (Press release). Crossrail. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  15. ↑ "Elizabeth line permanent track installation is complete". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  16. ↑ "Elizabeth Line Operational Readiness and Integration" (PDF). Transport for London. 12 December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  17. ↑ "Crossrail to miss December opening date". BBC News. 31 August 2018. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  18. ↑ "Crossrail needs extra £450m and delayed until 2022". BBC News. 21 August 2020. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  19. ↑ "Trial Running Explained". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Ward, Victoria (17 May 2022). "'One ticket for the Elizabeth line please': Queen opens Crossrail and gets an Oyster card". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  21. 1 2 Rail and Underground Panel (12 February 2015). "Crossrail – Moving to the Operating Railway" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Transport for London - Rail and Underground Panel 12 February 2015 - Item 9 : Crossrail – Moving to the Operating Railway" (PDF). Transport for London. 12 February 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  23. ↑ "Passengers set to benefit as key commuter rail services transfer to TfL". Transport for London. 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  24. ↑ "First Class 345 EMU enters passenger service in London". Railway Gazette International. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  25. ↑ Clinnick, Richard (31 May 2017). "Delayed start for first Crossrail Aventra". Rail Magazine. Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  26. 1 2 Pedantic of Purley (7 August 2020). "Crossrail (finally) reaches Stage 2 of opening". London Reconnections. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
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  30. ↑ Gantzer, Olivia (28 November 2019). "TfL trials Crossrail with trains coming to Reading". Reading Chronicle. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  31. ↑ "Crossrail's nine-car Class 345s back in traffic". www.railmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  32. ↑ Elizabeth Line Committee, Elizabeth Line Readiness Archived 12 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  33. 1 2 TFL Board Papers, Elizabeth Line Operational Readiness and Crossrail Update Archived 15 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  34. 1 2 Lydall, Ross (4 May 2022). "Crossrail opening date finally announced". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  35. ↑ "Elizabeth Line set to further transform travel with direct links to central London". Crossrail. 23 August 2022. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
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  37. ↑ "About Crossrail Ltd". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  38. ↑ Jobson, Robert (23 February 2016). "Crossrail named the Elizabeth line: Royal title unveiled as the Queen visits Bond Street station". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  39. ↑ "Crossrail to be named Elizabeth line in honour of the Queen". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  40. ↑ "Elizabeth line Design Idiom" (PDF). Transport for London. 6 December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  41. ↑ "Rail Networks Connection Agreement in respect of a connection between the Network Rail Network and the Crossrail Central Operating Section at Pudding Mill Lane Junction" (PDF). Office of Rail and Road. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  42. ↑ "Crossrail in numbers". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  43. ↑ Hakimian, Rob (9 February 2022). "Crossrail: Bond Street to miss Elizabeth line opening, TfL boss confirms". New Civil Engineer. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  44. ↑ Kennedy, Catherine (11 February 2022). "Bond Street: The story behind Crossrail's problem station". New Civil Engineer. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
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