The Holy and Ancient Archdiocese of Jerusalem, All Palestine, and All the Near East or the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate in Jerusalem (Arabic: بطريركية الاقباط الأرثوذكس بالقدس [أبرشية أورشليم المقدسة وكل فلسطين وكل الشرق الأدنى] Baṭriyarkeyat al-Aqbāṭ al-Urtūdoks bi al-Quds; Hebrew: הפטריארכיה הקופטית האורתודוכסית של ירושלים; Coptic: ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲙⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲓⲗⲏⲙ ⲛⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ), is a Metropolitan Archdiocese of the Coptic Orthodox Church, which is part of the wider communion of the Oriental Orthodox Church. It is headed by the Coptic Orthodox Metropolitan Archbishop of Jerusalem, the incumbent being Metropolitan Archbishop Antonious of Jerusalem since 2016.[1] Its jurisdiction covers those Coptic Orthodox Christians living in the Near East; with churches and monasteries in the State of Israel, State of Palestine, the State of Kuwait, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the Lebanese Republic, the Syrian Arab Republic, and the Republic of Iraq. The adherents are largely of Coptic Egyptian descent, mainland Coptic migrants and their descendants. The archdiocese is based at St Anthony's Monastery, in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, beside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[2]

The Holy and Ancient Archdiocese of Jerusalem, All Palestine, and All the Near East
Archbishopric
Oriental Orthodox
Leaders of the Jerusalem church in 1922
Location
TerritoryPalestine, Israel, Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq
MetropolitanJerusalem
HeadquartersSaint Anthony Coptic Orthodox Monastery
Information
DenominationCoptic Orthodox
RiteAlexandrian
Established1236 A.D.
Current leadership
PopeTawadros II
Metropolitan ArchbishopAntonius
Website
copticj.com

History

During the high Middle Ages, trade routes connected Egypt with the Near East and many Coptic merchants ended up settling there. By the start of the 13th century, the Coptic Church had come to possess an altar adjacent to the Holy Sepulcher, the Monastery of Deir el-Sultan in Jerusalem, and a few churches in Jerusalem, Gaza, and Damascus.[3]

The Coptic possessions and congregants present within the near east – although they belonged to the Coptic Orthodox Church and the See of Alexandria – were seen to be present within the jurisdiction of the See of Antioch, and thus they were pastorally ministered to by the Syriac Orthodox Church. However, in later years, a tradition developed for the Coptic Bishop of Damietta to visit Jerusalem annually during the Feast of the Resurrection and to celebrate the feast with the Copts who lived there. This helped maintain a connection between these Coptic expatriates in Jerusalem and the Coptic Church in Egypt.[4] Following the departure of the Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem Ignatius Sahdo, a long period of vacancy began, in which there was no Syriac claimant to the throne of Jerusalem, and thus, no local Oriental Orthodox Bishop to shepherd the congregation.[5] This vacancy in Syriac succession would last for a majority of the 13th century, from c. 1210 – c. 1290.

At the start of his reign, Pope Cyril III "ibn Laqlaq", the 75th Patriarch of Alexandria, undertook sweeping reforms of the hierarchy of the Coptic Orthodox Church in order to consolidate papal power. These reforms included moving the Patriarchal throne to the Church of Archangel Michael on the Roda Island, re-delegating jurisdiction over all the monasteries to himself, and curtailing the influence of the diocesan bishops. After noticing the vacancy in the See of Jerusalem, he saw in it an opportunity to expand his jurisdiction, and decided to ordain a coptic bishop to the throne.[6] In 1236 A.D. he consecrated Metropolitan Archbishop Basil I to serve as the Metropolitan of Jerusalem and Archbishop of the Near East.[4]

Since the See of Jerusalem was under the jurisdiction of the See of Antioch, this ordination was seen by many within the Coptic Church as a break with tradition, and an overstepping of jurisdiction. Many of the leaders of the Coptic Church also objected, fearing that it would cause a division between the sister Churches of Antioch and Alexandria. When news of the appointment reached Patriarch Ignatius III David of Antioch, he was extremely angered and saddened, and a diplomatic crisis between the Coptic and Syriac Churches ensued.[6] This crisis was a very rare incident between the two churches, as in general they have maintained good relations through the centuries.[7]

Liturgical seniority

The Holy and Ancient Archdiocese of Jerusalem, All Palestine, and All the Near East, holds a special status of seniority of honor and precedence. This great archdiocesan metropolis is technically outside the Egyptian Province and is not considered to be within the jurisdiction of the See of Alexandria, but is simply a foreign possession of the Coptic Orthodox Church. For this reason, its primate is seen as second in rank to the Pope of Alexandria alone, and having seniority over all other hierarchs of the Church.[7]

The esteem afforded to the primate of this See is also reflected in the process of his consecration. While the traditions of the Coptic Orthodox Church mandate that one must be consecrated as a Diocesan Bishop, and serve in this capacity for a time, prior to their elevation to the rank of Metropolitan Bishop, the primate of the Archdiocese of Jerusalem, All Palestine, and All the Near East, is consecrated as a Metropolitan Archbishop, without having to serve as a Diocesan Bishop first. This has been the case since Cyril III consecrated Metropolitan Archbishop Basil I as the first Coptic Orthodox Metropolitan Archbishop of Jerusalem and All the Near East.[4]

Jurisdiction

Modern jurisdiction

The modern jurisdiction of the Holy and Ancient Archdiocese of Jerusalem, All Palestine, and All the Near East includes:[3][8]

Possessions and institutions of the archdiocese

The Holy and Ancient Archdiocese of Jerusalem, All Palestine, and All the Near East currently maintains total or partial ownership of the following churches, monasteries, holy sites, and institutions:[9]

In Israel/Palestine

The following sites are fully in the possession the Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem:[10]

The following sites are in the possession of other Churches, but the Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem holds some minor rights to them:[13]

In Kuwait

  • St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church, Hawalli
  • St. Mary and St. Bishoy Coptic Orthodox Church, Ahmadi

In Jordan

  • St. Anthony Coptic Orthodox Monastery, Madaba
  • St. Mary and St. George Coptic Orthodox Church, Amman

In Syria

  • St. George Coptic Orthodox Monastery, Homs

In Lebanon

  • St. Mary and St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church, Madaba

In Iraq

Archbishops of Jerusalem and the Near East

The Holy and Ancient Archdiocese of Jerusalem, All Palestine, and All the Near East has had a total of 22 metropolitan archbishops since its founding in 1236:[12][15][16]

  1. Basil I (1236-1260)
  2. Peter I (1271-1306)
  3. Michael (1310-1324)
  4. John (1326-1340)
  5. Peter II (1341-1362)
  6. Zachariah (1575-1600)
  7. James I (1604-1628)
  8. Christodolus I (1630-1648)
  9. Gabriel (1680-1700)
  10. Christodolus II (1720-1724)
  11. Athanasius (1725-1766)
  12. Joseph (1770-1796)
  13. Christodolus III (1797-1819)
  14. Abraham I (1820-1854)
  15. Basil II "The Great" (1856-1899)
  16. Timothy (1899-1925)
  17. Basil III (1925-1935)
  18. Theophilus (1935-1945)
  19. James II (1946-1956)
  20. Basil IV (1959-1991)
  21. Abraham II (1991-2015)
  22. Antonius (2016–present)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Metropolitan Archbishops of the seat of Jerusalem". Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem Official Website (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  2. ↑ "St Abba Antonious Monastery". Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem Official Website (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  3. 1 2 ibn Masʿūd, Abu l-Makārim (1200). Bishop of Shebein al-Qanater, Samuel (ed.). The History of Abu l-Makārim Concerning the Churches in the 12th Century (PDF) (in Arabic). Vol. III. pp. 8–73.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Appointment of a Coptic Bishop for the Churches of the Holy Land and Jerusalem". Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  5. ↑ Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. p. 449.
  6. 1 2 Ibn Wahb, Yuhanna. History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria. Vol. IV, Part II. Translated by Khater, Antoine; O.H.E. KHS-Burmester. pp. 158–161. Archived from the original on 2021-10-09. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  7. 1 2 Abouna Menassa Elkomos Youhanna (1923). History of the Coptic Church.
  8. ↑ "Churches of the Patriarchate". Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  9. ↑ "List of Churches owned by the Patriarchate". Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem Official Website (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  10. ↑ "Coptic Possessions". Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Coptic Church in Jerusalem". Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. 1 2 "Deir Es-Sultan Monastery's mediation by Greek Church unsuccessful: Egypt Pope". Egypt Independent. 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  13. ↑ "Rights of the Copts to Shared Churches". Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  14. ↑ "Cross mounted over dome of first Coptic Orthodox church in Baghdad". Watani. 9 March 2019. the Coptic Orthodox church of the Holy Virgin and Anba Pola in Bagdad, the first Coptic Orthodox Church in Baghdad.
  15. ↑ "coptic jerusalem". copticj.com. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  16. ↑ "Archbishops of the see of Jerusalem".
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