Cosmetidae
Paecilaemula smaragdula Mello-Leitão, 1941, from Brazil.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Opiliones
Superfamily: Gonyleptoidea
Family: Cosmetidae
C. L. Koch, 1839
Subfamilies

Cosmetidae is a family of harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores. With over 700 species, it is one of the largest families in Opiliones. They are endemic of the New World with a Nearctic-Neotropical distribution where a large fraction of the diversity of Opiliones are represented by this single family. Cosmetidae have the northern extent of their range into the USA, where a small number species occur in the southern states. However, the family is especially diverse in Mexico, Central America and northern South America; especially the Andean realms. Their range also extends further south into Argentina and southern Brazil, but they are absent in Chile. Cosmetidae are prevalent in Amazonian region, but only relatively few also occur in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Several species are also found in the Caribbean.

Description

This family comprises members that may have elaborate white or yellow (but rarely also green/orange/red) markings such as stripes and spots on the dorsal body and peculiar pedipalps strongly compressed and applied on the chelicerae. Some aspects of diagnosis are as follows

  • Eye mound is very low, saddle shaped, placed on middle of cephalothorax, each ocular globe bears a crest of small pointed tubercles or is smooth. Ozopores slit-like, one opening partially covered by tubercle of coxa II. Scutal areas are often indistinct; sometimes the sulci can be distinguished by color pattern or absence of tubercles; scutum and tergites are typically weakly armed.
  • Genitalia. Penis are standard gonyleptoid and very conservative, with rectangular ventral plate, puffed sac-glans, well-developed thumb-like dorsal process.

See more details in Kury & Pinto-da-Rocha (2007).

Etymology

The family name is derived from the type genus Cosmetus, which is from the Greek kosmetós 'ornate'.

Taxonomy

As of 2006, there are 125 genera and 712 species described. Most species belong to Cynorta (153 spp), Paecilaema (102 spp), Flirtea and Erginulus (30 spp each). However, there is no reason to believe most of genera of cosmetids are natural groups, except for a few like Metavononoides, Cosmetus (Kury, 2003) and Roquettea (Ferreira & Kury 2010). Attempts to organize the family in supra-specific units are hindered by the poorly resolved basic taxonomy.

The family was divided into two subfamilies for many years as: Cosmetinae and Discosomaticinae.[1]

Relationships

Cosmetidae is the sister-group of Gonyleptidae and both are closely related to the Stygnidae and Cranaidae (Kury, 1992).

The family was subsequently divided into seven subfamilies as:
Cosmetinae Koch, 1839
Cynortinae Mello-Leitão, 1933
Discosomaticinae Roewer, 1923
Ferkeriinae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021
Flirteinae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021
Libitiinae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021
Metergininae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021
Taitoinae Medrano, Kury & Mendes, 2021


Below is a scheme of genera now placed into revised subfamilies:

Cosmetid genera by different authors (many genera absent)
Genus (see below)RoewerGoodnight & GoodnightMedrano & Kury
Cosmetus Perty, 1833 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: ? "Paecil."/"Cyno." Cosmetinae
Metavononoides Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Cosmetinae
Paecilaema Koch, 1839 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Paecil." Cosmetinae
Cynorta Koch, 1839 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Cynortinae
Cynortoides Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Cynortinae
Eucynorta Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Cynortinae
Holovonones Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Vono." Cynortinae
Metagryne Roewer, 1912 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Cynortinae
Vonones Simon, 1879 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Vono." Cynortinae
Gryne Simon, 1879 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae: (Roquetteini)
Marronia Simon, 1879 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae: (Discosomaticini)
Neokayania Yao & Xing, 2022 - - Discosomaticinae: (Discosomaticini)
Paraprotus Roewer, 1912 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae: (Discosomaticini)
Protus Simon, 1879 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae: (Discosomaticini)
Roquettea Mello-Leitão, 1931 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae: (Roquetteini)
Sibambea Roewer, 1917 Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae Discosomaticinae: (Discosomaticini)
Ferkeria Roewer, 1947 Cosmetinae ? Ferkeriinae
Metalibitia Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae ? Ferkeriinae
Platygyndes Roewer, 1943 Cosmetinae ? Ferkeriinae
Flirtea Koch, 1839 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Flirteinae
Paecilaemana Roewer, 1928 Cosmetinae y Flirteinae
Paecilaemella Roewer, 1925| Cosmetinae y Flirteinae
Ambatoiella Mello-Leitão, 1943 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Vono." Libitiinae
Libitia Simon, 1879 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Vono." Libitiinae
Oligovonones di Caporiacco, 1951 - - Libitiinae
Arucillus Šilhavý, 1971 - - Metergininae
Erginulus Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Metergininae
Meterginus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Paecil." Metergininae
Poecilaemula Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae  ? Metergininae
Rhaucoides Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae  ? Metergininae
Rhauculanus Roewer, 1928 Cosmetinae  ? Metergininae
Rhauculus Roewer, 1928 Cosmetinae  ? Metergininae
Rhaucus Simon, 1879 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Metergininae
Trinimontius Šilhavý, 1970 - - Metergininae
Acritas Sørensen, 1932 - - Taitoinae
Chinchipea Roewer, 1952 - - Taitoinae
Chirinosbius Roewer, 1952 - - Taitoinae
Chusgonobius Roewer, 1952 - - Taitoinae
Cynortoplus Roewer, 1925 - - Taitoinae
Cynortopyga Roewer, 1947 - - Taitoinae
Eucynortella Roewer, 1912 Cosmetinae Cosmetinae: "Cyno." Taitoinae
Pygocynorta Roewer, 1925 - - Taitoinae
Taito Kury & Barros, 2014 - - Taitoinae
Vononana Roewer, 1928 - - Taitoinae
Vononoides Roewer, 1912 - - Taitoinae

References

  1. García, A.F.; Kury, A.B. (2017-10-26). "Taxonomic revision of the Andean harvestman genus Rhaucus Simon, 1879 (Arachnida, Opiliones,Cosmetidae)". Zootaxa. 4338 (3): 401–440. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4338.3.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  • Ferreira, C.P. & Kury, A.B. (2010). A Review of Roquettea, with Description of Three New Brazilian Species and Notes on Gryne (Opiliones,Cosmetidae, Discosomaticinae). Zoological Sciences,, 27: 697 - 708.
  • Kury, A.B. (2003). Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, vol. especial monográfico, 1: 1-337.
  • Kury, A.B. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2007). Cosmetidae Koch, 1839. pp 182–185. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds.). Harvestmen: the biology of the Opiliones. Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London. x + 597 pages.
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