Fort Matanzas National Monument
View of fort's western and southern facades
Fort Matanzas National Monument is located in Florida
Fort Matanzas National Monument
Fort Matanzas National Monument is located in the United States
Fort Matanzas National Monument
LocationSt. Johns County, Florida, US
Nearest citySt. Augustine, Florida
Coordinates29°42′55″N 81°14′21″W / 29.71528°N 81.23917°W / 29.71528; -81.23917
Area227.76 acres (0.91 km²)
Built1740-42
Visitation1,002,444 (2005)
WebsiteFort Matanzas National Monument
NRHP reference No.66000098[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966
Designated NMONOctober 15, 1924

Fort Matanzas National Monument (Spanish: Fuerte Matanzas) was designated a United States National Monument on October 15, 1924.[2] The monument consists of a 1740 Spanish fort called Fort Matanzas, and about 100 acres (0.4 km2) of salt marsh and barrier islands along the Matanzas River on the northern Atlantic coast of Florida. It is operated by the National Park Service in conjunction with the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument in the city of St. Augustine.

History

Fort Matanzas was built by the Spanish in 1742 to guard Matanzas Inlet, the southern mouth of the Matanzas River, which could be used as a rear entrance to the city of St. Augustine. Such an approach avoided St. Augustine's primary defense system, centered at Castillo de San Marcos. In 1740, Gov. James Oglethorpe of Georgia used the inlet to blockade St. Augustine[3] and launch a thirty-nine-day siege. St. Augustine endured the siege, but the episode convinced the Spanish that protecting the inlet was necessary to the security of the town.[4] Under Gov. Manuel de Montiano's orders, construction of the fort began that year and was completed in 1742.[5] Engineer Pedro Ruiz de Olano, who had worked on additions to the Castillo de San Marcos,[6] designed the fortified observation tower.[7] Convicts, slaves, and troops from Cuba were used as labor to erect the structure, which was sited on present-day Rattlesnake Island[8] and had a commanding position over Matanzas Inlet.[9]

The fort, known to the Spanish as Torre de Matanzas (Matanzas Tower),[10][11] is a masonry structure made of coquina,[12] a common shellstone building material in the area.[13] The marshy terrain was stabilized by a foundation of pine pilings[7][14] to accommodate a building 50 feet (15 m) long on each side with a 30-foot (9.1 m) high tower. The standard garrison of the fort was one officer in charge, four infantrymen, and two gunners,[15] though more troops could be stationed if necessary. All soldiers at Fort Matanzas served on rotation from their regular duty in St. Augustine. Five cannon were placed at the fort—four six-pounders and one eighteen-pounder.[16] All guns could reach the inlet,[7] which at the time was less than half a mile away.

In 1742, as the fort was nearing completion, the British under Oglethorpe approached the inlet with twelve ships.[17] Cannon fire drove off the scouting boats, and the warships left without engaging the fort.[18] This brief encounter was the only time Fort Matanzas fired on an enemy. Spain lost control of Florida with the 1763 Treaty of Paris, and regained control with the 1783 Treaty of Paris. With the Spanish Empire falling apart, Spain spent little effort maintaining the fort after this time. When the United States took control of Florida in 1821,[19] the fort had deteriorated to the point where soldiers could not live inside.[20] The United States never used the fort and it became a ruin.

Fort Matanzas was named for the inlet, which acquired its name after the executions, or matanzas (Spanish: slaughters),[21] on its north shore, of Jean Ribault and his band of Huguenot Frenchmen, the last of the Fort Caroline colonists,[22] by the Spanish in 1565.[23][24]

Restoration and modern use

In 1916, the U.S Department of War began a major restoration of the badly deteriorated fort. By 1924, three vertical fissures in the wall were repaired and the structure was stabilized;[25] in the same year, National Monument status was proclaimed. Fort Matanzas was transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service on August 10, 1933. As a historic area under the Park Service, the National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

Headquarters and Visitor Center

Fort Matanzas NM Headquarters and Visitor Center
Location8635 A1A S.,
St. Augustine, Florida
Built1936
ArchitectNPS Eastern Div. of Plans & Design
Architectural styleNPS Rustic
MPSFlorida's New Deal Resources MPS
NRHP reference No.08001245[1]
Added to NRHPDecember 31, 2008

The Fort Matanzas National Monument Headquarters and Visitor Center, located at 8635 A1A about 15 miles (24 km) south of St. Augustine, Florida, was built in 1936. Located on Anastasia Island, it services the Fort Matanzas National Monument, a five-minute boat ride away. It was designed by the National Park Service's Eastern Div. of Plans & Design in what is called National Park Service Rustic architectural style, and includes a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. The listing included two contributing buildings and one contributing site on 17.3 acres (7.0 ha).[1][26]

The main building is a two-story building with an arched walk-through breezeway that serves as the visitor center and includes a ranger residence as well. The walls of its first floor are made of coquina block masonry, and the second floor is wood framed with wood siding. It has a hipped roof.[26]

The one-story second building, 50 feet (15 m) to the north, is also hip-roofed and has coquina walls. It is a utility building that now serves as a ranger office.[26]

Visitors wait at the center to take a five-minute boat ride to the historic Fort Matanzas, which is located across Matanzas Inlet on Rattlesnake Island.[26]

The buildings and the surrounding landscaping was designed by architects of the Eastern Division Branch of Plans and Design of the National Park Service.[26]

Additional designed features include flagstone walkways and sidewalks, an exterior staircase, a retaining wall, parking areas and roads and curbs.[26]

See also

References

  • National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Fort Matanzas - Official Map and Guide. 2002.
  1. 1 2 3 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. ↑ Luis R. Arana; Jean Parker Waterbury (1999). Defenses and Defenders at St. Augustine: A Collection of Writings. St. Augustine Historical Society. p. 145. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  3. ↑ Albert C. Manucy (1945). The History of Castillo de San Marcos & Fort Matanzas: From Contemporary Narratives and Letters. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 22. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  4. ↑ A. M. De Quesada (30 August 2006). A History of Florida Forts: Florida's Lonely Outposts. The History Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-59629-104-1. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  5. ↑ Richard R. Henderson; International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee; United States. National Park Service (March 1989). A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987. United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 88. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  6. ↑ James D. Kornwolf (2002). Architecture and town planning in colonial North America. JHU Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-8018-5986-1. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 Harvey H. Kaiser (20 March 2008). The National Park Architecture Sourcebook. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 338. ISBN 978-1-56898-742-2. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  8. ↑ United States. National Park Service (1968). Explorers and settlers: historic places commemorating the early exploration and settlement of the United States. United States Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 152. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  9. ↑ Verne Elmo Chatelain (1941). The defenses of Spanish Florida, 1565 to 1763. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 167. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  10. ↑ Arana Waterbury 1999, p. 134.
  11. ↑ "Fort Marion and Fort Matanzas NM: Guidebook (1940)". National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  12. ↑ Alejandro de Quesada; Stephen Walsh (20 April 2010). Spanish Colonial Fortifications in North America 1565-1822. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-84603-507-4. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  13. ↑ Geological Survey (U.S.) (1897). Bulletin - United States Geological Survey. The Survey. pp. 121–122. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  14. ↑ Arana Waterbury 1999, p. 95.
  15. ↑ "Fort Matanzas National Monument Florida". National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  16. ↑ "Fort Matanzas -" (PDF). National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  17. ↑ David Marley (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-59884-100-8. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  18. ↑ Larry E. Ivers (1974). British Drums on the Southern Frontier: The Military Colonization of Georgia, 1733-1749. University of North Carolina Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8078-1211-2. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  19. ↑ Philip Coolidge Brooks (1939). Diplomacy and the Borderlands: The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. University of California Press. p. 205. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  20. ↑ Arana Waterbury 1999, p. 110.
  21. ↑ Richard R. Henderson; International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee; United States. National Park Service (March 1989). A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987. United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 87.
  22. ↑ United States. Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation; Luis R. Arana (1967). Castillo de San Marcos National Monument ... and Fort Matanzas National Monument ...: historical research management plan. p. 24. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  23. ↑ Woodbury Lowery (1959). The Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United States. Russell & Russell. p. 195. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  24. ↑ David J. Weber (17 March 2009). Spanish Frontier in North America: The Brief Edition. Yale University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-300-15621-8. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  25. ↑ Richard R. Henderson; International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee; United States. National Park Service (March 1989). A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987. United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 87. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cynthia Walton (June 16, 2008). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Fort Matanzas NM Headquarters and Visitors Center (HQ/VC)". National Park Service. Retrieved October 2, 2016. with 12 photos from 2008
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