Myles Horton, the founder of Highlander Folk School.

The Highlander Research and Education Center, formerly known as the Highlander Folk School, is a social justice leadership training school and cultural center in New Market, Tennessee. Founded in 1932 by activist Myles Horton, educator Don West, and Methodist minister James A. Dombrowski, it was originally located in the community of Summerfield in Grundy County, Tennessee, between Monteagle and Tracy City. It was featured in the 1937 short film, People of the Cumberland, and the 1985 documentary film, You Got to Move. Much of the history was documented in the book Or We'll All Hang Separately: The Highlander Idea by Thomas Bledsoe.

Highlander provides training and education for emerging and existing movement leaders throughout the South, Appalachia, and the world. Some of Highlander's earliest contributions were during the labor movement in Appalachia and throughout the Southern United States. During the 1950s, it played a critical role in the American Civil Rights Movement. It trained civil rights leader Rosa Parks prior to her historic role in the Montgomery bus boycott, as well as providing training for many other movement activists, including members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Septima Clark, Anne Braden, Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Hollis Watkins, Bernard Lafayette, Ralph Abernathy and John Lewis in the mid- and-late 1950s. Backlash against the school's involvement with the Civil Rights Movement led to the school's closure by the state of Tennessee in 1961.

Staff reorganized and moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, where they rechartered Highlander under the name "Highlander Research and Education Center." Highlander has been in its current (and longest consecutive) home in New Market, Tennessee, since 1971. Highlander's archives reside at the Wisconsin Historical Society and the Louis Round Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

History

Early years

The Highlander Folk School was originally established in Grundy County, Tennessee, on land donated for this purpose by educator Lilian Wyckoff Johnson.[1] When Highlander was founded in 1932, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression. Workers in all parts of the country were met with major resistance by employers when they tried to organize labor unions, especially in the South. Against that backdrop, Horton, West and Dombrowski created the Highlander School "to provide an educational center in the South for the training of rural and industrial leaders, and for the conservation and enrichment of the indigenous cultural values of the mountains." Horton was influenced by observing rural adult education schools in Denmark started in the 19th century by Danish Lutheran Bishop N. F. S. Grundtvig.[2] During the 1930s and 1940s, the school's main focus was labor education and the training of labor organizers. In the 1930s, Myra Page taught here.[3]

Civil rights

In the 1950s, Highlander turned its energies to the rising issues of civil rights and desegregation. In addition to Myles Horton, Zilphia Horton, and others, a key figure during this period was John Beauchamp Thompson, a minister and educator who became one of the principal fund-raisers and speakers for the school. Highlander worked with Esau Jenkins of Johns Island to develop a literacy program for Blacks who were prevented from registering to vote by literacy requirements. The Citizenship Education Schools coordinated by Septima Clark with assistance from Bernice Robinson spread widely throughout the South and helped thousands of Blacks register to vote.[4] Later, the program was transferred to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), led by Martin Luther King Jr., because the state of Tennessee was threatening to close the school.

Civil rights activists, most notably King, Bevel, Bernard Lafayette, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, and Julian Bond, came to the Center at different times. Lewis revealed later that he had his first meal in an integrated setting at Highlander. "I was a young adult, but I had never eaten a meal in the company of Black and white diners," the congressman wrote. He continued, "Highlander was the place that Rosa Parks witnessed a demonstration of equality that helped inspire her to keep her seat on a Montgomery bus, just a few weeks after her first visit. She saw Septima Clark, a legendary black educator, teaching side-by-side with (Highlander founder Myles) Horton. For her it was revolutionary. She had never seen an integrated team of equals working together, and it inspired her."[5]

The civil rights anthem, "We Shall Overcome", was adapted from a gospel song, by Highlander music director Zilphia Horton, wife of Myles Horton, from the singing of striking tobacco factory workers from the 1945–1946 Charleston Cigar Factory strike. Shortly afterward, it was published by folksinger Pete Seeger in the People's Songs bulletin. It was revived at Highlander by Guy Carawan, who succeeded Zilphia Horton as Highlander's music director in 1959. Guy Carawan taught the song to SNCC at their first convening at Shaw University. The song has since spread and become one of the most recognizable movement songs in the world.[6]

Backlash

Highlander has been the target of violence and suppression many times since being founded as the Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tennessee, in 1932.

In reaction to the school's work, during the late 1950s, Southern newspapers attacked Highlander for supposedly creating racial strife.[7] In 1957, the Georgia Commission on Education published a pamphlet titled "Highlander Folk School: Communist Training School, Monteagle, Tennessee".[8] A controversial photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. with writer, trade union organizer, civil rights activist and co-founder of the Highlander School Donald Lee West, was published. According to information obtained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, West was the District Director of the Communist Party in North Carolina,[9] though West denied he had ever been a member of the Communist Party.[10] In 1961, the state of Tennessee revoked Highlander's charter, and confiscated and auctioned the school's land and property.[11] According to Septima Clark's autobiography, Echo In My Soul (page 225), the Highlander Folk School was closed, because it engaged in commercial activities in violation its charter. The Highlander Folk School was chartered by the State of Tennessee as a non-profit corporation without stockholders or owners. Once the State revoked its charter, no one could make a legal claim on any of the property. In 1961, the Highlander staff reincorporated as the Highlander Research and Education Center and moved to Knoxville. In 1971, it relocated to New Market, Tennessee.

Appalachian issues

In the 1960s and 1970s, Highlander focused on worker health and safety in the coalfields of Appalachia. Its leaders, including its former president Mike Clark, played a role in the emergence of the region's environmental justice movement.[12] It helped start the Southern Appalachian Leadership Training (SALT) program, and coordinated a survey of land ownership in Appalachia. In the 1980s and 1990s, Highlander broadened their base into broader regional, national, and international environmentalism; struggles against the negative effects of globalization; grassroots leadership development in under-resourced communities. Beginning in the 1990s, became involved in LGBT issues, both in the U.S. and internationally. Youth-focused organizing is another aspect of Highlander's work.[13]

Community-based and participatory research

Highlander programming oftentimes incorporates community-led or participatory research projects. This approach can be traced back to Myles Horton and other founding figures in their mission to encourage communities to trust in and learn from their own experiences.[14] In the 1970s, Highlander staff began to plan and facilitate participatory projects surrounding topics that are often complex for non-expert audiences such as environmental risk and corporate land ownership.[15] This work has continued through collaborations that prioritize building relationships and networks so that people with shared stakes can find themselves in conversation with one another.[16]

In line with its stated mission of "supporting [peoples'] efforts to take collective action to shape their own destiny,"[17] many Highlander projects incorporate popular education strategies. Popular education, which draws on the experiences and knowledges of a group of people, is often linked to participatory research initiatives. Highlander uses popular education tactics to develop shared leadership and to emphasize the expertise of lived experiences.[18]

Since 2000

Current focuses of Highlander include issues of democratic participation and economic justice, with a particular focus on youth, immigrants to the U.S. from Latin America, African Americans, LGBT, and poor white people. Highlander's work with immigrants focuses on uplifting immigrant and refugee leaders at local, state, and national levels. Their work with immigrant rights focuses on highlighting intersectionality with other social movements and increasing the presence of the US South in the movement.[19]

In 2014, the Tennessee Preservation Trust placed the original Grundy County school building on its list of the ten most "endangered" historic sites in Tennessee.[20]

On March 29, 2019, a fire destroyed a building that housed executive offices at the Highlander Center. Nobody was inside the building, but many items were lost, including decades of historic documents, speeches, artifacts, and memorabilia.[21] White supremacist graffiti, in the form of the Iron Guard symbol, was found at the site, and the county and state are both investigating whether arson was committed.[22]

Directors

The directors of Highlander have been:

  • Myles Horton, 1932–1969
  • Frank T. Adams, 1970–1973
  • Mike Clark, 1973–1978
  • Helen Matthews Lewis, 1978–79
  • Mike Clark, 1979–1984
  • Hubert E. Sapp, 1984–1993
  • John Gaventa, 1993–1996
  • Jim Sessions, 1996–1999
  • Suzanne Pharr, 1999–2003
  • Mónica Hernández and Tami Newman, interim co-directors 2004–2005
  • Pam McMichael, interim director, 2005; director 2006–2016
  • Ash-Lee Woodard Henderson and Allyn Maxfield Steele, co-directors since 2016[23]

Tennessee Historical Commission Marker

A Tennessee Historical Commission Marker is present near Highlander's original location outside of Monteagle, Tennessee. The text of the marker reads:

2E 75
HIGHLANDER FOLK SCHOOL
1932-1962
In 1932, Myles Horton and Don West founded Highlander Folk School, located ½ mile north of this site. It quickly became one of the few schools in the South committed to the cause of organized labor, economic justice, and an end to racial segregation. Courses included labor issues, literacy, leadership, and non-violent desegregation strategies, with workshops led by Septima Clark. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, John Lewis, and Eleanor Roosevelt found inspiration for the modern civil rights movement there. Opponents of its causes tried to close the school.
Continued
(Back)
Following a 1959–1960 trial in Grundy County, the State of Tennessee revoked the school's charter. It was adjudged to have violated segregation laws, sold beer without a license, and conveyed property to Myles Horton for his home. When the sheriff padlocked the school, Horton proclaimed Highlander to be an idea rather than simply a group of buildings, adding "You can't padlock an idea." In a 1979 Ford Foundation Report, Highlander was singled out as the most notable American experiment in adult education for social change.
Tennessee Historical Commission

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Preskill Stephen. 2021. Education in Black and White: Myles Horton and the Highlander Center's Vision for Social Justice. Oakland California: University of California Press.
  2. ↑ Donald N. Roberson, Jr., 2002, The Seeds of Social Change from Denmark
  3. ↑ M. Keith Booker, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 543–544. ISBN 9780313329401. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  4. ↑ Slate, Nico (May 2022). ""The Answers Come from The People": The Highlander Folk School and the Pedagogies of the Civil Rights Movement". History of Education Quarterly. 62 (2): 191–210. doi:10.1017/heq.2022.4. S2CID 248406680.
  5. ↑ Knoxville News Sentinel, July 18, 2020, "Knoville desegregation leader recalls friendship with civil rights icon John Lewis
  6. ↑ Kennedy Center https://www.kennedy-center.org/education/resources-for-educators/classroom-resources/media-and-interactives/media/music/story-behind-the-song/the-story-behind-the-song/we-shall-overcome/
  7. ↑ "Tennessee Encyclopedia"
  8. ↑ "Labor Day Weekend at Communist Training School," broadside published by Georgia Commission on Education, 1957, Series I., Subseries A, S. Ernest Vandiver collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.
  9. ↑ Federal Bureau of Investigation, Highlander Folk School
  10. ↑ Interview with Don West, January 22, 1975. Interview E-0016. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007), Documenting the American South (DocSouth), University Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Jacquelyn Hall and Ray Faherty, interviewers.
  11. ↑ John M. Glen, Highlander: No Ordinary School, The University Press of Kentucky, 1988, pp. 184–209.
  12. ↑ Anne Cattrell https://mountainjournal.org/prominent-western-conservationist-mike-clark-awarded-honorary-doctorate
  13. ↑ "Children's Justice Camp – Highlander Research and Education Center". Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  14. ↑ Glowacki-Dudka, Michelle (2012). "Popular Education, Participatory Research, and Local Foods at Highlander Research and Education Center" (PDF). PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning. 21: 73–86.
  15. ↑ Reason, Peter; Bradbury, Hilary (2005-12-13). Handbook of Action Research: Concise Paperback Edition. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4462-0419-1.
  16. ↑ Williams, Susan; Mullett, Cathy (August 2016). "Creating Highlander Wherever You Are". Adult Learning. 27 (3): 98–104. doi:10.1177/1045159516651591. ISSN 1045-1595. S2CID 148054778.
  17. ↑ "Mission & Methodologies – Highlander Research and Education Center". Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  18. ↑ Glowacki-Dudka, Michelle; Griswold, Wendy (2016). [DOI: 10.1177/1045159516651610 "Embodying Authentic Leadership Through Popular Education at Highlander Research and Education Center"]. Adult Learning. 27 (3): 98–104. doi:10.1177/1045159516651591. ISSN 1045-1595. S2CID 148054778. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  19. ↑ Highlander Research and Education Center https://highlandercenter.org/programs/strategic-convenings/
  20. ↑ "Nashville — all of it — named to 'endangered' list". Tennessean.com. October 29, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Fire destroys a building at Highlander Center, burning 'decades of archives'". knoxnews.com. March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  22. ↑ Hickman, Hayes (April 2, 2019). "Highlander Center: 'White-power' graffiti found spray-painted at scene of massive fire". Knoxville News. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  23. ↑ Our Staff – Highlander Research and Education Center

References

35°15′18″N 85°48′31″W / 35.2551°N 85.8087°W / 35.2551; -85.8087

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