Sects of Islam in Tajikistan (2003)[1]
Religions percent
Sunni Islam
 
 95%
Shia Islam
 
 5%

Sunni Islam is, by far, the most widely practiced religion in Tajikistan. Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school is the recognized religious tradition of Tajikistan since 2009.[2] According to a 2009 U.S. State Department release, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim, (approximately 95% Sunni and 3% Shia),[3] with some Sufi orders.

Demographics and early history

Islam, the predominant religion of all of Central Asia, was brought to the region by the Arabs in the seventh century. Since that time, Islam has become an integral part of Tajik culture. For instance, the Samanid state became a staunch patron of Islamic architecture and spread the Islamo-Persian culture deep into the heart of Central Asia. Also, Ismail Samani, who is considered the father of the Tajik nation, promoted Muslim missionary efforts around the region. The population within Central Asia began firmly accepting Islam in significant numbers, notably in Taraz, now in modern-day Kazakhstan. Hugo Rudolf von Stumm, a lieutenant in the Westphalian Hussars, who was observing Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann's Khivan campaign of 1873, noted that the Tajiks were "rather lax in the observance of the religious precepts of the prophet".[4] During the Soviet era, efforts to secularize society were largely unsuccessful and the post-Soviet era has seen a marked increase in religious practice. The number of Muslims who fast during the holy month of Ramadan is high; up to 99% of Muslims in the countryside and 70% in the cities fasted during the latest month of Ramadan (2004). Most Shia Muslims, particularly the Ismaili reside in the remote Gorno-Badakhshan region as well as certain districts of the southern Khatlon region and in Dushanbe. Among other religions, the Russian Orthodox faith is practiced only by the Russians living therein although the Russian community shrank significantly in the early 1990s. Some other small Christian groups now enjoy relative freedom of worship. There also is a very tiny Jewish community.

Shi'a Islam

The Sunni branch of Islam has a 1,200-year-old tradition among the sedentary population of Central Asia, including the Tajiks. A minority group, the Pamiris, are members of a much smaller denomination of Shia Islam, Nizari Ismailism, which first won adherents in Central Asia in the early tenth century. Despite persecution, Ismailism has survived in the remote Pamir Mountains and they are followers of the Aga Khan. According to the Pew Research Center 2009 census, there are over 400.000 Shia in Tajikistan, representing 7% from Tajikistan population[5]

Soviet era

The traditional veil in Tajikistan worn before modern times was the faranji but during the Hujum, the Soviet Communists gave women civil rights equal to men, and prohibited the wearing of "oppressive clothing" like veils.[6][7]

During the course of seven decades of political control, Soviet policy makers were unable to eradicate the Islamic tradition. The harshest of the Soviet anti-Islamic campaigns occurred from the late 1920s to the late 1930s as part of a unionwide drive against religion in general. In this period, many Muslim functionaries were killed, and religious instruction and observance were curtailed sharply. After the German attack of the Soviet Union in 1941, official policy toward Islam moderated. One of the changes that ensued was the establishment in 1943 of an officially sanctioned Islamic hierarchy for Central Asia, the Muslim Board of Central Asia. Together with three similar organizations for other regions of the Soviet Union having large Muslim populations, this administration was controlled by the Kremlin, which required loyalty from religious officials. Although its administrative personnel and structure were inadequate to serve the needs of the Muslim population of the region, the administration made possible the legal existence of some Islamic institutions, as well as the activities of religious functionaries, a small number of mosques, and religious instruction at two seminaries in Uzbekistan.

In the early 1960s, Nikita Khrushchev's rule escalated anti-Islamic propaganda. Then, on several occasions in the 1970s and 1980s, the Kremlin leadership called for renewed efforts to combat religion, including Islam. Typically, such campaigns included conversion of mosques to secular use; attempts to reidentify traditional Islamic-linked customs with nationalism rather than religion; and propaganda linking Islam to backwardness, superstition, and bigotry. Official hostility toward Islam grew in 1979 with Soviet military involvement in nearby Afghanistan and the increasing assertiveness of Islamic revivalists in several countries. From that time through the early post-Soviet era, some officials in Moscow and in Tajikistan warned of an extremist Islamic menace. Despite all these efforts, Islam remained an important part of the identity of the Tajiks and other Muslim peoples of Tajikistan through the end of the Soviet era and the first years of independence.

Recent developments

A madrassa in Istarawshan.

In October 2005, Tajikistan's Ministry of Education banned female students from wearing Islamic headscarves in secular schools. Wearing the hijab, or head scarf traditionally worn by Muslim women, and other religious symbols "is unacceptable in secular schools and violates the constitution and a new law on education," Education Minister Abdudjabor Rahmonov said. He expressed concern that pupils spent too much time in mosques at the expense of their education. "Many spend evenings in mosques and do not do their homework," Rahmonov said, adding that during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan many did not attend classes after Friday prayers.

More recently, according to an unconfirmed report, the Tajik government has closed hundreds of unregistered Mosques drawing locals to believe that the crackdown is actually against the religion of Islam.[8] According to reports, some Mosques have been destroyed while others have been converted into beauty parlors.[8] Some have speculated that the crackdown is a result of governmental concerns of Mosques being "unsafe," or that the Imams may not act "responsible."[8]

Tajikistan marked 2009 as the year to commemorate the Sunni Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa, as the nation hosted an international symposium that drew scientific and religious leaders.[9] The construction of one of the largest mosques in the world, funded by Qatar, was announced in October 2009. The mosque is planned to be built in Dushanbe and construction was finished by 2014.[10] In 2010, Tajikistan hosted a session of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference with delegations from 56 members states gathering at Dushanbe.[11]

Mosques are not permitted to allow women in, only state controlled religious education is approved for children and long beards are banned in Tajikistan.[12][13]

In Tajikistan, Mosques are banned from allowing Friday Prayers for younger than 18 year old children.[14][15]

The government has shut down Mosques and forbids foreign religious education.[16] From the beginning of 2011 1,500 Mosques were shut down by the Tajik government, in addition to banning the hijab for children, banning the use of loudspeakers for the call of prayer, forbidding mosques from allowing women to enter, and monitoring Imams and students learning an Islamic education abroad, having sermons in the Mosque approved by the government and limiting the Mosque sermons to 15 minutes.[17] Muslims experienced the most negative effects from the "Religion Law" enacted by the government of Tajikistan, curtailing sermons by Imams during weddings, making the "Cathedral mosques" the only legal place for sermons to be given by Imams with sermons not being allowed in five-fold mosques, the five-fold mosques are small mosques and serve a limited number of people while the medium and big mosques are categorized as Cathedral mosques, girls who wore the hijab have been expelled from schools and hijabs and beards are not permitted on passport photos.[18] Mosques have been demolished and shut down by the Tajikistan government on the excuses that they were not registered and therefore not considered as mosques by the government.[19] Tajikistan has targeted religious groups like Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, Christians, and Muslims who try to evade control by the government, synagogue, churches, and Mosques have been shut down and destroyed, only a certain amount of mosques are allowed to operate and the state must approve all "religious activity", in which younger than 18 year old children are not allowed to join in.[20] Buildings for religious worship for Jehovah's Witnesses, Protestant Churches, the Jewish Synagogue, and Muslim mosques have been targeted, destroyed, and shut down and prayers are forbidden to take place in public halls, with severe restrictions placed on religion.[21] Tajikistan forced religious communities to re-register with the government and shut Mosques and Churches down which refused re-registration in 2009.[22] Churches, a synagogue, and mosques have been destroyed by the Tajikistan government.[23] Government approval is required for Tajiks seeking to engage in religious studies in foreign countries and religious activities of Muslims in particular are subjected to controls by the Tajikistan government.[24] State control has been implemented on Islamic madrasahs, Imams, and Mosques by Tajikistan.[25] A list of sermon "topics" for Imams has been created by the Tajikistan government.[26] Towns are only allowed to have a certain number of mosques and only religious buildings sanctioned by the government are allowed to host religious activities, schools have banned hijab, religious studies in private have been forbidden mosque religious services are not allowed to admit children and non registered mosques have been closed.[27][28][29] Religious matters are banned for under 18 year old children, public buildings do not allow beards, schools ban hijabs, unregistered mosques are shut down, and sermons are subjected to government authority.[30] Only if "provided the child expresses a desire to learn" can a family teach religion to their own children, while the Tajik government banned all non-family private education.[31] Islam and Muslims have been subjected to controls by the Tajikistan government, the states decides what sermons the Imams give, the government discharges the salaries of Imams and there is only a single madrasah in Tajikistan.[32]

Jehovah's Witnesses have been declared illegal in Tajikistan.[33] Abundant Life Christian Centre, Ehyo Protestant Church, and Jehovah's witnesses have accused Tajikistan of lying about them not being declared illegal at a Warsaw OSCE conference for human rights.[34]

Among increasingly religious Tajiks, Islamic-Arabic names have become more popular over Tajik names.[35]

The Tajik government has used the word "prostitute" to label hijab wearing women and enforced shaving of beards, in addition to considering the outlawing of Arabic-Islamic names for children and making people use Tajik names even though Imam Ali (Emomali) is an Arabic name and is the first name of the Tajik President.[36][37][38][39][40] Tajik President Rakhmon (Rahmon) has said that the Persian epic Shahnameh should be used as a source for names, with his proposed law hinting that Muslim names would be forbidden after his anti hijab and anti beard laws.[41]

The black colored Islamic veil was attacked and criticized in public by Tajik President Emomali Rahmon.[7]

The Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan has been banned by the Tajik government and was labeled as a terrorist organization.[42][43][44] However, an Islamic Renaissance Party member subsequently visited Iran by the Iranian government, which was turned into an diplomatic protest by Tajikistan.[45]

Tajikistan's restrictions on Islam has resulted in a drastic decrease of big beards and hijabs.[46] Tajikistan bans Salafism under the name "Wahhabi", which is applied to forms of Islam not permitted by the government.[47] To promote a better secular state, 160 Islamic clothing stores were shuttered and 13,000 men were forcibly shaved by the Tajik police and Arabic names were banned by the parliament of Tajikistan as part of a secularist campaign by President Emomali Rajmon.[48][49][50][51][52]

In Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, women wore veils which covered their entire face and body like the Paranja and faranji. The traditional veil in Central Asia worn before modern times was the faranji but it was banned by the Soviet Communists[6] but the Tajikistan President Emomali has misleadingly tried to claim that veils were not part of Tajik culture.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Central Asia :: TAJIKISTAN". CIA The World Factbook. 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  2. ↑ "Все новости". Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  3. ↑ "Tajikistan". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  4. ↑ von Stumm, Hugo Rudolf [in German] (1876). Henvey, F. (ed.). The Russian Campaign Against Khiva in 1873. Part 1. Translated by Mosa, P. Calcutta: Foreign Department Press. pp. 267–270. Retrieved 4 January 2024 – via Google Books.
  5. ↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2009-10-07. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  6. 1 2 Kamoludin Abdullaev; Shahram Akbarzaheh (27 April 2010). Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan. Scarecrow Press. pp. 381–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6061-2. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 Pannier, Bruce (April 1, 2015). "Central Asia's Controversial Fashion Statements". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 "show/104470.html". Earth Times. Archived from the original on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  9. ↑ "Today marks 18th year of Tajik independence and success". TodaysZaman. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  10. ↑ Daniel Bardsley. "Qatar paying for giant mosque in Tajikistan". Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  11. ↑ "Top Islamic Body Holds Foreign Minister Meeting In Dushanbe". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  12. ↑ Morello, Carol (November 3, 2015). "Kerry pushes quirky, autocratic leader of Turkmenistan on human rights". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Kerry urges Tajikistan not to go overboard in its crackdown on Islam - Middle East - Stripes". www.stripes.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  14. ↑ "Tajikistan bans youth from mosques and churches". AFP. DUSHANBE. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  15. ↑ "Tajikistan moves to ban youth from mosques, churches". AFP. July 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Tajikistan: Authorities ban children and young people from entering mosques". Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich. 2011-06-29. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  17. ↑ Goble, Paul (June 2, 2011). "Tajik Officials Have Closed 1500 Mosques Since Start Of 2011". Eurasia Review. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011.
  18. ↑ Bayram, Mushfig (19 June 2009). "TAJIKISTAN: Religion Law's worst impact is on Muslims". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  19. ↑ Bayram, Mushfig (25 January 2011). "TAJIKISTAN: When is a mosque not a mosque?". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  20. ↑ Bayram, Mushfig; Kinahan, John (17 March 2011). "TAJIKISTAN: Religious freedom survey, March 2011". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  21. ↑ Bayram, Mushfig (20 January 2009). "TAJIKISTAN: "No rights to organise prayers"". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  22. ↑ Bayram, Mushfig (10 December 2009). "TAJIKISTAN: More than half of religious communities to be "illegal"?". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  23. ↑ Corley, Felix (10 October 2007). "TAJIKISTAN: Authorities demolish mosques, synagogue and churches under threat". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  24. ↑ Bayram, Mushfig (26 May 2011). "TAJIKISTAN: Ban on religious education abroad without state permission to be adopted soon?". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  25. ↑ Sodiqov, Alexander (March 1, 2011). "Mosques and Islamic Education Under Increasing Scrutiny in Tajikistan". Eurasia Daily Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation. 8 (41). Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  26. ↑ Najibullah, Farangis (January 10, 2011). "Tajik Government To Issue List Of Approved Sermon Topics". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  27. ↑ Freedom House (11 December 2014). Freedom in the World 2014: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 685–. ISBN 978-1-4422-4707-9. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  28. ↑ "Tajikistan". Freedom House. 2012. Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
  29. ↑ "Tajikistan". Freedom House. 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
  30. ↑ World Report 2015: Tajikistan Events of 2014. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2015. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Kathrin Lenz-Raymann (December 2014). Securitization of Islam: A Vicious Circle: Counter-Terrorism and Freedom of Religion in Central Asia. transcript Verlag. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-3-8394-2904-4. Archived from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  32. ↑ Bayram, Mushfig (3 March 2014). "TAJIKISTAN: State control of Islam increasing". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  33. ↑ Corley, Felix (18 October 2007). "TAJIKISTAN: Jehovah's Witnesses banned". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  34. ↑ Bayram, Mushfig (8 October 2008). "TAJIKISTAN: Four religious communities reject government claims to OSCE". Forum 18 News Service. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  35. ↑ Najibullah, Farangis; Navruzshoh, Zarangez (October 6, 2010). "In Tajikistan, Islamic Names Are The New Fashion". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  36. ↑ Trilling, David (8 May 2015). "Tajikistan debates ban on Arabic names as part of crackdown on Islam". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  37. ↑ Trilling, David (May 5, 2015). "Tajikistan Mulls Ban on Muslim Names". EurasiaNet.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  38. ↑ Putz, Catherine (May 9, 2015). "Tajikistan Considers Ban on Arabic Names". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  39. ↑ Web Desk (May 8, 2015). "After beards, hijabs, Tajikistan wants to ban 'Arabic-sounding' names". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
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  41. ↑ Orange, Richard (2011-06-03). "Tajik President warns parents of dangers of 'scary names'". The Telegraph. Almaty. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
  42. ↑ Pannier, Bruce (2015-11-09). "Witch Hunt In Tajikistan". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  43. ↑ RFE/RL's Tajik Service (2015-09-29). "Shuttered Tajik Islamic Party Branded As Terrorist Group". Rferl.org. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  44. ↑ "Tajikistan poised to slide back towards war". Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  45. ↑ "Tajiks Slam Banned Politician's Iran Invite". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
  46. ↑ Najibullah, Farangis (2015-12-01). "As Tajikistan Limits Islam, Does It Risk Destabilization?". Rferl.org. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  47. ↑ Paraszczuk, Joanna (2015-10-29). "Tajikistan's Crackdown On Islam 'Helps IS Recruiters'". Rferl.org. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  48. ↑ "Tajikistan shaves 13,000 men's beards to end radicalism". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  49. ↑ "The Beard-Busters and Scarf-Snatchers of Khatlon". Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
  50. ↑ "Tajikistan's battle against beards to 'fight radicalisation'". BBC News. 21 January 2016. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  51. ↑ "Tajikistan Shaved the Beards of 13,000 Men in 2015. Here's Why". 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  52. ↑ "Tajikistan Moves to Ban Arabic Names, Marriages Between First Cousins". Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-01-25.

Further reading

  • Karagiannis, Emmanuel (March 2006). "The challenge of radical Islam in Tajikistan: Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami". Nationalities Papers. 34 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/00905990500504806. S2CID 128834688.
  • Gorshunova, Olga, Tajik shamanism (Central Asia), in Shamanism. An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture, vol.1.Edited by Eva Jane Neumann Fridman and Mariko Namba Walter. Santa Barbara, CA.: ABC-CLIO, 2004. pp. 629–633.
  • Chopra, R.M., "SUFISM" (Origin, Growth, Eclipse, Resurgence), 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi, ISBN 978-93-85083-52-5.
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