Jews and those of sufficient Jewish descent to be eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return by country in proportion to the general population (per million people in each country, 2018)

The percentage of the eligible Jewish population that is living in each country (top 13, 2018)

   United States (51%)
   Israel (30%)
   France (3%)
   Canada (3%)
   Russia (3%)
   United Kingdom (2%)
   Argentina (1%)
   Germany (1%)
   Australia (1%)
   Brazil (1%)
   Mexico (1%)
   Ukraine (1%)
   Hungary (1%)
  Other (1%)

As of 2023, the world's core Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 15.7 million, 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population. Israel hosts the largest core Jewish population in the world with 7.2 million, followed by the United States with 6.3 million. Other countries with core Jewish populations above 100,000 include France (440,000), Canada (398,000), the United Kingdom (312,000), Argentina (171,000), Russia (132,000), Germany (125,000), and Australia (117,200). The number of Jews worldwide rises to 18 million with the addition of the "connected" Jewish population, including those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish backgrounds from at least one Jewish parent, and rises again to 21 million with the addition of the "enlarged" Jewish population, including those who say they have Jewish backgrounds but no Jewish parents and all non-Jewish household members who live with Jews. Counting all those who are eligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return, in addition to Israeli Jews, raised the total to 25.5 million.[1][2]

Two countries account for 81% of those recognised as Jews or of sufficient Jewish ancestry to be eligible for citizenship in Israel under its Law of Return: the United States with 51% and Israel with 30% (including the West Bank with 2%). An additional 16% is split between France (3%), Canada (3%), Russia (3%), the United Kingdom (2%), Argentina (1%), Germany (1%), Ukraine (1%), Brazil (1%), Australia (1%), and Hungary (1%), while the remaining 3% are spread around approximately 98 other countries and territories with less than 0.5% each. With over 7 million Jews, Israel is the only Jewish-majority country and the only explicitly Jewish state.[3]

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 17 million. Due to the murder of approximately six million Jews during the Holocaust, this number was reduced to 11 million by 1945.[4][5][6] The population grew to around 13 million by the 1970s and then recorded almost no growth until around 2005, due to low fertility rates and assimilation of Jews.[5] From 2005 to 2018, the world's Jewish population grew 0.63% annually on average, while world population overall grew 1.1% annually in the same period.[7] This increase primarily reflected the rapid growth of Haredi and some Orthodox sectors, who remain a growing proportion of Jews.[8]

Israel

Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in the Israeli Jewish population and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the diaspora). Jewish immigration to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 Tanzimat reforms; between 1840 and 1880, the Jewish population of Palestine rose from 9,000 to 23,000.[9] In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the population of the Palestine region.[10][11] Through the first five phases of Aliyah, the Jewish population rose to 630,000 by the inception of the state of Israel in 1948. By 2014 this had risen to 6,135,000,[12] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period.[13] Current Israeli Jewish demographics are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.[14] The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.[15] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.[13] Immigration trends also favour Israel ahead of diaspora countries. The Jewish state has a positive immigration balance (called aliyah in Hebrew). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s,[16] and immigration growth has been steady (in the low tens of thousands) since then.[17]

Rest of the world

In general, the modern English-speaking world has seen an increase in its share of the diaspora since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic diaspora Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.[18] France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, at around 500,000,[19][20] but has shown an increasingly negative trend. As a long-term trend, intermarriage has reduced its "core" Jewish population and increased its "connected" and "enlarged" Jewish populations. More recently, migration loss to Israel amongst French Jews reached the tens of thousands between 2014 and 2017, following a wave of anti-Semitic attacks.[21][22] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Jews around the world is expected to increase from 14.2 million in 2015 to 16.4 million in 2060.[23]

Debate over United States numbers

The number of Jews in the United States has been much debated because of questions over counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified their estimate with a concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.[24] Drawing on their work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their own estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.[25] These figures are in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio Della Pergola's number of 5,425,000, also in 2012.[26] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable” although he revised the United States Jewish number upward to 5.7 million in subsequent years.[27][26] This controversy followed a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a United States Jewish estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.[26] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting on the number of Jewish Americans.

In 2020, the Pew Research Center's Jewish Americans in 2020 study estimated there were 5.8 million adult Jews in the United States and 1.8 million children of at least one Jewish parent being raised as Jewish in some way, for a total of 7.5 million Jews, 2.5% of the national population.[28] According to Sergio Della Pergola's narrower definition, which count children and adult Jews without religious affiliation only if they have two Jewish parents, this corresponds to 4.8 million Jewish adults and 1.2 million Jewish children in 2020.[29] The American Jewish Population Project at Brandeis University, which synthesizes survey data from the 50 states and DC, estimates there are 7.63 million American Jews, 6 million adults and 1.6 million children.[30]

By country

United States 
12000
Israel 
6778
France 
750
Canada 
700
Russia 
600
West Bank 
413
United Kingdom 
410
Argentina 
350
Germany 
275
Ukraine 
200
Brazil 
180
Australia 
155
Hungary 
131
Other 
805

Total: 23747

 Eligible
Enlarged
Connected
Core
Jewish population by country (1,000s, 2020)[31]

Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country. All data below, except the last column, are from the Berman Jewish DataBank at Stanford University in the World Jewish Population (2020) report coordinated by Sergio DellaPergola at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[31] The Jewish DataBank figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis:

  • Core Jewish population refers to those who consider themselves Jews to the exclusion of all else.
  • Connected Jewish population includes the core Jewish population and additionally those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish background from at least one Jewish parent.
  • Enlarged Jewish population includes the Jewish connected population and those who say they have Jewish background but not a Jewish parent, and all non-Jews living in households with Jews.
  • Eligible Jewish population includes all those eligible for immigration to Israel under its Law of Return.
  • National official population is the Jewish population reported by a national source. Note that the "National" results may not be entirely accurate, as other sources may have conflicting accounts of Jewish populations in some countries.

Table

Countries Core population Connected population Enlarged population Eligible population National
official
Total pct pmp Total pct pmp Total pct pmp Total pct pmp
 Israel[lower-alpha 1] 6,340,60040 729,090 6,559,30036 754,238 6,778,00032 779,386 6,778,00028 779,386 7,200,000
[32](2024)
 United States 5,700,00036 17,320 8,000,00044 24,309 10,000,00048 30,386 12,000,00050 36,463 6,300,000
[33](2024)
 France[lower-alpha 2] 440,0002.8 6,910 550,0003.1 8,483 650,0003.1 10,026 750,0003.2 11,568 —
 West Bank[lower-alpha 3] 432,8002.8 140,280 437,8002.4 141,901 442,7002.1 143,489 442,7001.9 143,489 —
 Canada 393,0002.5 10,500 450,0002.5 12,023 550,0002.6 14,695 700,0002.9 18,702 398,000
[34](2024)
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 4] 292,0001.9 4,370 330,0001.8 4,939 370,0001.8 5,537 410,0001.7 6,136 312,000
[35][36][37](2024)
 Argentina 175,0001.1 3,990 260,0001.4 5,779 310,0001.5 6,891 360,0001.5 8,002 —
 Russia 155,0000.99 1,060 320,0001.8 2,188 460,0002.2 3,146 600,0002.5 4,103 157,673
[38](2010)
 Australia 118,0000.75 4,660 130,0000.72 5,134 145,0000.69 5,726 160,0000.67 6,319 91,022
(2016)[39]
 Germany 118,0000.75 1,420 150,0000.83 1,805 225,0001.1 2,708 275,0001.2 3,309 83,430
[40](2011)
 Brazil 92,0000.59 440 120,0000.67 574 150,0000.71 717 180,0000.76 861 107,329
[39](2011)
 South Africa 52,3000.33 890 65,0000.36 1,106 75,0000.36 1,276 85,0000.36 1,446 49,469
[41](2016)
 Hungary 47,2000.30 4,830 75,0000.42 7,675 100,0000.48 10,233 130,0000.55 13,303 10,965
[39](2011)
 Ukraine 45,0000.29 1,070 90,0000.50 2,140 140,0000.67 3,329 200,0000.84 4,756 103,878
[42](2001)
 Mexico 40,0000.25 320 45,0000.25 360 50,0000.24 400 65,0000.27 520 67,476
[39](2010)
 Netherlands 29,8000.19 1,250 43,0000.24 1,563 53,0000.25 2,188 63,0000.26 2,813 0.1%
[43](2016)
 Belgium 29,0000.18 2,530 35,0000.19 3,053 40,0000.19 3,490 45,0000.19 3,926 —
 Italy 27,0000.17 450 34,0000.19 560 41,0000.20 676 48,0000.20 791 —
 Switzerland 18,5000.12 2,160 22,0000.12 2,569 25,0000.12 2,919 28,0000.12 3,269 16,763
[39](2011)
 Uruguay 16,0000.10 4,690 20,0000.11 5,685 24,0000.11 6,822 28,0000.12 7,959 —
 Chile 16,0000.10 840 20,0000.11 1,050 24,0000.11 1,260 28,0000.12 1,470 14,976
[39](2002)
 Sweden 15,0000.096 1,460 20,0000.11 1,947 25,0000.12 2,433 30,0000.13 2,920 —
 Turkey 14,5000.092 180 19,0000.11 234 21,0000.100 259 23,0000.097 284 —
 Spain 13,0000.083 280 16,0000.089 345 19,0000.090 409 22,0000.092 474 —
 Austria 10,3000.066 1,160 14,0000.078 1,577 17,0000.081 1,915 20,0000.084 2,252 8,140
[39](2001)
 Panama 10,0000.064 2,370 11,0000.061 2,607 12,0000.057 2,844 13,0000.055 3,081 —
 Iran 9,5000.061 110 10,5000.058 122 12,0000.057 139 13,0000.055 151 9,826
[39](2016)
 Romania 8,9000.057 460 13,0000.072 672 17,0000.081 879 20,0000.084 1,034 3,519
[39](2011)
 Belarus 8,5000.054 900 17,0000.094 1,800 25,0000.12 2,647 33,0000.14 3,494 13,705
[44](2019)
 New Zealand 7,5000.048 1,510 8,5000.047 1,711 9,5000.045 1,913 10,5000.044 2,114 5,274
[39](2018)
 Azerbaijan 7,2000.046 720 10,5000.058 1,050 15,5000.074 1,550 20,5000.086 2,050 9,084
[44](2009)
 Venezuela 6,0000.038 210 10,0000.055 350 12,0000.057 420 14,0000.059 490 9,500
[45][46](2010)
 Denmark 6,4000.041 1,100 7,5000.042 1,289 8,5000.040 1,461 9,5000.040 1,633 —
 India 4,8000.031 3 6,0000.033 4 7,5000.036 5 9,0000.038 6 4,650
[47](2011)
 Latvia 4,5000.029 2,350 8,0000.044 4,178 12,0000.057 6,267 16,0000.067 8,356 8,210
[48](2019)
 Poland 4,5000.029 120 7,0000.039 187 10,0000.048 267 13,0000.055 347 2,488
[49](2011)
 Greece 4,1000.026 380 5,2000.029 482 6,0000.029 556 7,0000.029 649 —
 Czech Republic 3,9000.025 370 5,0000.028 474 6,5000.031 617 8,0000.034 759 1,427
[50](2021)
 Portugal 3,1000.020 300 3,5000.019 339 4,0000.019 387 5,0000.021 484 3,061
[39](2011)
 China[lower-alpha 5] 3,0000.019 2 3,2000.018 2 3,4000.016 2 3,6000.015 3 —
 Uzbekistan 2,9000.018 90 6,0000.033 186 8,0000.038 248 10,0000.042 310 94,689
[51](1989)
 Ireland 2,7000.017 550 3,6000.020 733 5,0000.024 1,019 6,5000.027 1,324 1,921
[52](2016)
 Slovakia 2,6000.017 480 3,6000.020 665 4,6000.022 849 6,0000.025 1,108 601
[53](2019)
 Kazakhstan 2,5000.016 140 4,8000.027 269 6,5000.031 364 9,5000.040 532 5,281
[39](2009)
 Costa Rica 2,5000.016 490 2,8000.016 549 3,1000.015 608 3,4000.014 666 —
 Lithuania 2,4000.015 860 4,7000.026 1,684 7,5000.036 2,688 10,5000.044 3,763 1,229
[39](2011)
 Colombia 2,1000.013 40 2,8000.016 53 3,5000.017 67 4,5000.019 86 —
 Morocco 2,1000.013 60 2,5000.014 71 2,8000.013 80 3,1000.013 89 —
 Bulgaria 2,0000.013 290 4,0000.022 580 6,0000.029 870 8,0000.034 1,160 1,162
[54](2011)
 Moldova 1,9000.012 540 3,8000.021 1,080 7,5000.036 2,132 10,0000.042 2,842 1,601
[39](2014)
 Estonia 1,9000.012 1,430 2,7000.015 2,032 3,5000.017 2,634 4,5000.019 3,387 1,921
[55](2019)
 Peru 1,9000.012 60 2,4000.013 76 3,0000.014 95 3,5000.015 111 —
 Croatia 1,7000.011 420 2,4000.013 593 3,1000.015 766 3,8000.016 939 536
[39](2011)
 Georgia 1,5000.0096 380 3,0000.017 760 5,0000.024 1,267 7,5000.032 1,900 1,417
[39](2014)
 Puerto Rico 1,5000.0096 490 2,0000.011 653 2,5000.012 817 3,0000.013 980 —
 Serbia 1,4000.0089 200 2,1000.012 300 2,8000.013 400 3,5000.015 500 578
[39](2011)
 Finland 1,3000.0083 240 1,6000.0089 295 1,9000.0090 351 2,2000.0092 406 1,093
[56](2017)
 Norway 1,3000.0083 240 1,6000.0089 295 2,0000.0095 369 2,5000.011 462 761
[57](2021)
 Tunisia 1,0000.0064 90 1,2000.0067 108 1,4000.0067 126 1,6000.0067 144 —
 Japan 1,0000.0064 10 1,2000.0067 12 1,4000.0067 14 1,6000.0067 16 —
 Paraguay 1,1000.0070 150 1,3000.0072 177 1,6000.0076 218 1,9000.0080 259 1,100
[39](2002)
 Guatemala 9000.0057 50 1,2000.0067 67 1,5000.0071 83 1,8000.0076 100 —
 Singapore 9000.0057 160 1,0000.0055 178 1,2000.0057 213 1,4000.0059 249 —
 Ecuador 6000.0038 30 8000.0044 40 1,0000.0048 50 1,2000.0050 60 —
 Gibraltar 8000.0051 22,860 9000.0050 25,718 1,0000.0048 28,575 1,1000.0046 31,433 763
[39](2012)
 Luxembourg 7000.0045 1,130 9000.0050 1,453 1,1000.0052 1,776 1,3000.0055 2,099 —
 Bolivia 5000.0032 40 7000.0039 56 9000.0043 72 1,1000.0046 88 —
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5000.0032 140 8000.0044 224 1,1000.0052 308 1,4000.0059 392 262
[58](2013)
 Cuba 5000.0032 40 1,0000.0055 80 1,5000.0071 120 2,0000.0084 160 —
 U.S. Virgin Islands 5000.0032 3,810 6000.0033 5,715 7000.0033 6,668 8000.0034 7,620 —
 Kyrgyzstan 4000.0025 60 7000.0039 105 1,0000.0048 150 1,5000.0063 225 455
[59](2018)
 Nicaragua 2500.0016 36 2500.0014 36 2500.0012 36 2500.0011 36 181
[60](2017)
 Bahamas 2000.0013 510 5000.0028 1,275 7000.0033 1,785 9000.0038 2,295 191
[39](2010)
 Kenya 3000.0019 10 5000.0028 17 7000.0033 23 9000.0038 30 —
 Netherlands Antilles 4000.0025 1,250 5000.0028 1,563 7000.0033 2,188 9000.0038 2,813 —
 Jamaica 5000.0032 180 3000.0017 108 4000.0019 144 5000.0021 180 506
[39](2011)
 Suriname 2000.0013 330 4000.0022 660 6000.0029 990 8000.0034 1,320 181
[61](2012)
 Thailand 2000.0013 3 3000.0017 4 4000.0019 6 5000.0021 7 —
 Turkmenistan 2000.0013 30 4000.0022 60 6000.0029 90 8000.0034 120 1,537
[62](1995)
 Zimbabwe 2000.0013 10 4000.0022 20 6000.0029 30 8000.0034 40 —
 Armenia 1000.00064 30 3000.0017 90 5000.0024 150 7000.0029 210 127
[63](2011)
 Bermuda 1000.00064 1,540 2000.0011 3,080 3000.0014 4,620 4000.0017 6,160 135
[39](2010)
 Botswana 1000.00064 40 2000.0011 80 3000.0014 120 4000.0017 160 —
 DR Congo 1000.00064 1 2000.0011 2 3000.0014 3 4000.0017 4 —
 Cyprus 5000.0032 240 4000.0022 320 5000.0024 400 6000.0025 480 —
 Barbados 1000.00064 350 2000.0011 700 3000.0014 1,050 4000.0017 1,400 103
[39](2011)
 Dominican Republic 1000.00064 10 2000.0011 20 3000.0014 30 4000.0017 40 —
 Egypt 1000.00064 1 2000.0011 2 3000.0014 3 4000.0017 4 —
 El Salvador 1000.00064 20 2000.0011 40 3000.0014 60 4000.0017 80 —
 Ethiopia 1000.00064 1 5000.0028 4 1,0000.0048 8 2,5000.011 20 —
 Indonesia 1000.00064 0 2000.0011 1 3000.0014 1 4000.0017 1 —
 Malta 5000.0032 200 2000.0011 400 3000.0014 600 4000.0017 800 —
 Namibia 1000.00064 40 2000.0011 80 3000.0014 120 4000.0017 160 —
 Nigeria 1000.00064 0 2000.0011 1 3000.0014 1 4000.0017 2 —
 North Macedonia 1000.00064 50 2000.0011 100 3000.0014 150 4000.0017 200 66
[64](2021)
 Madagascar 1000.00064 3 2000.0011 7 3000.0014 10 4000.0017 14 —
 Philippines 1000.00064 1 2000.0011 2 3000.0014 3 4000.0017 3 —
 Slovenia 1000.00064 50 2000.0011 100 3000.0014 150 4000.0017 200 99
[39](2001)
 South Korea 1000.00064 2 2000.0011 4 3000.0014 6 4000.0017 8 —
 Syria[lower-alpha 6] 1000.00064 5 2000.0011 9 3000.0014 14 4000.0017 18 —
 Taiwan 1000.00064 4 2000.0011 8 3000.0014 13 4000.0017 17 —
 Uganda — —— —— —— —— — — — 7,189
[65](2014)
 Aruba — —— —— —— —— — — — 354
[39](2018)
 Mauritius — —— —— —— —— — — — 43
[39](2018)
 Tajikistan — —— —— —— —— — — — 38
[44][66](2020)
 Anguilla — —— —— —— —— — — — 16
[39](2018)
 Faroe Islands — —— —— —— —— — — — 12
[67](2020)
 Iceland — —— —— —— —— — — — 55
[68](2020)
 Montenegro — —— —— —— —— — — — 12
[39](2018)
 British Virgin Islands — —— —— —— —— — — — 11
[39](2018)
 Liechtenstein — —— —— —— —— — — — 26
[69](2020)
 Falkland Islands — — — — — — — — — — — — 1
[39](2018)
 World 15,700,000 100 1,920 18,030,900 100 2,341 21,005,700 100 2,727 23,809,100 100 3,091 —
pct = percent of total world population
pmp = per million people in country
  1. ↑ Including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, not including the Judea & Samaria.
  2. ↑ Figures includes France and Monaco. See: History of the Jews in France and History of the Jews in Monaco.
  3. ↑ West Bank total population (without East Jerusalem): 2,548,700; Gaza: 1,839,900; Total: 4,388,600. The West Bank also includes 404,600 Jews and 8,600 non-Jewish Israelis, for a total of 413,200 Jews and others. The Jewish population of the West Bank consists of Israeli citizens living in Israeli settlements who are treated as residents of Israel under Israeli law. The reported West Bank total of 2,961,900 includes Palestinian, Jewish and other residents.
  4. ↑ Including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
  5. ↑ Figures include mainland China and Hong Kong SAR. See: History of the Jews in China and History of the Jews in Hong Kong.
  6. ↑ Includes Lebanon.

Remnant and vanished populations

The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, particularly in the Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the persecution of Jews in nearly all Muslim lands; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a Jewish community of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.[70] Despite a 2,000-year history of Jewish presence, there are no longer any known Jews living in Afghanistan, as its last Jewish residents Zablon Simintov and Tova Moradi, fled the country in September[71] and October 2021,[72][73] respectively.

In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.[74] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.[75][76] In Yemen due to the ongoing civil war, the Yemenite Jews have faced persecution by the Houthis, who have demanded they convert to Islam or face mandatory expulsion from the country. The Israeli military has conducted operations evacuating the population and moving them to Israel.[77] On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elderly Jews in Yemen.[78][79] According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman, her brother, three others, and Levi Salem Marahbi (who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).[80]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Jewish Population Rises to 15.7 Million Worldwide | The Jewish Agency". www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  2. ↑ "Global Jewish population hits 15,7 million ahead of new year, 46% of them in Israel". The Times of Israel.
  3. ↑ "Israel's Population Crosses 9 Million Mark!". United With Israel. 10 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  4. ↑ "World Jewish Population - Latest Statistics". Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  5. 1 2 "The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population". 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  6. ↑ "Chart: The decline of Europe's Jewish population". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  7. ↑ DellaPergola, Sergio (2019). "World Jewish Population, 2018". American Jewish Year Book 2018. Vol. 118. pp. 361–449. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03907-3_8. ISBN 978-3-030-03906-6. S2CID 146549764.
  8. ↑ "Haredi Orthodox account for bulk of Jewish population growth in New York City - Nation". Jewish Journal. 22 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  9. ↑ Salmon, Yosef (1978). "Ideology and Reality in the Bilu "Aliyah"". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. [President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]. 2 (4): 431. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41035804. Retrieved 3 February 2023. Jewish influx into Palestine. Between 1880 and 1907, the number of Jews in Palestine grew from 23,000 to 80,000. Most of the community resided in Jerusalem, which already had a Jewish majority at the beginning of the influx. [Footnote: Mordecai Elia, Ahavar Tziyon ve-Kolel Hod (Tel Aviv, 1971), appendix A. Between 1840 and 1880 the Jewish settlement in Palestine grew in numbers from 9,000 to 23,000.] The First Aliyah accounted for only a few thousand of the new-comers, and the number of the Biluim among them was no more than a few dozen. Jewish immigration to Palestine had begun to swell in the 1840s, following the liberalization of Ottoman domestic policy (the Tanzimat Reforms) and as a result of the protection extended to immigrants by the European consulates set up at the time in Jerusalem and Jaffa. The majority of immigrants came from Eastern and Central Europe - the Russian Empire, Romania, and Hungary - and were not inspired by modern Zionist ideology. Many were motivated by a blend of traditional ideology (e.g., belief in the sanctity of the land of Israel and in the redemption of the Jewish people through the return to Zion) and practical considerations (e.g., desire to escape the worsening conditions in their lands of origin and to improve their lot in Palestine). The proto-Zionist ideas which had already crystallized in Western Europe during the late 1850s and early 1860s were gaining currency in Eastern Europe.
  10. ↑ The estimated 24,000 Jews in Palestine in 1882 represented just 0.3% of the world's Jewish population: see On, Raphael R. Bar. "ISRAEL'S NEXT CENSUS OF POPULATION AS A SOURCE OF DATA ON JEWS." Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies / דברי הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות ה (1969): 31*-41*. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23524099.
  11. ↑ Mendel, Yonatan (5 October 2014). The Creation of Israeli Arabic: Security and Politics in Arabic Studies in Israel. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-137-33737-5. Note 28: The exact percentage of Jews in Palestine prior to the rise of Zionism is unknown. However, it probably ranged from 2 to 5 per cent. According to Ottoman records, a total population of 462,465 resided in 1878 in what is today Israel/Palestine. Of this number, 403,795 (87 per cent) were Muslim, 43,659 (10 per cent) were Christian and 15,011 (3 per cent) were Jewish (quoted in Alan Dowty, Israel/Palestine, Cambridge: Polity, 2008, p. 13). See also Mark Tessler, A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 43 and 124.
  12. ↑ Yaakov Levi. "Israel Population Now 8.3 Million - 75% Are Jewish". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  13. 1 2 DellaPergola, Sergio (2016), "World Jewish Population, 2015", in Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.), American Jewish Year Book 2015, vol. 115, Springer International Publishing, pp. 273–364, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24505-8_7, ISBN 9783319245034
  14. ↑ "Fertility Rates, by Age and Religion". Statistical Abstract of Israel. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  15. ↑ "Data: Arab Growth Slows, Still Higher than Jewish Rate". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  16. ↑ Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine - Mark Tolts.
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