| Judaeo-Portuguese | |
|---|---|
| Judeu-Português יהודי-פורטוגזית | |
| Native to | Portugal, Netherlands, Germany (Hamburg), England, North America, Brazil |
| Extinct | estimated early 19th century [1] fewer than 2,000 users in a limited liturgical context [1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Portuguese alphabet), Hebrew alphabet Arabic script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Judaeo-Portuguese, Jewish-Portuguese or Judaeo-Lusitanic, is an extinct Jewish language or a dialect of Galician-Portuguese written in the Hebrew alphabet that was used by the Jews of Portugal.[2]
Description
It was the vernacular of Sephardi Jews in Portugal before the 16th century and also in many places of the Portuguese Jewish diaspora. Its texts were written in the Hebrew script (aljamiado português) or the Latin alphabet.[3]
As Portuguese Jews intermarried with other expelled Sephardim, the language influenced the nearby Judeo-Spanish. Close similarity to Standard Portuguese made Judeo-Portuguese go extinct in Portugal, [2] Judeo-Portuguese influenced the Papiamento and Saramaccan languages.
History
The earliest known text containing Judeo-Portuguese text is a manuscript from 1262 about illuminating manuscripts called O livro de como se fazem as cores.[4] After the Jewish exodus from Portugal in 1497 many Portuguese Jews would flee to the Dutch Republic and Judeo-Portuguese would intake a lot of Dutch influence.[5] This same exodus would cause the language to spread to the Turkish Jewish community.[5] It would go extinct in the early 19th century, though since then has only been used liturgically.[4]
Literature
The oldest text containing Judeo-Portuguese is a manuscript from 1262 about illuminating manuscripts called O livro de como se fazem as cores.[4]During the 15th century several texts including one about medical astrology and a prayer book.[5] Even until today is it still used liturgically but only by a very small number of people.[4]
Decline
The decline of Judeo-Portuguese would begin with the introduction of public schooling. Eventually declining to home use before finally only being used liturgically.[5]
Characteristics
There existed several dialects of Judeo-Portuguese divided into 2 categories referred to as Peninsular Judeo-Portuguese and Emigre Judeo-Portuguese, though the differences between them are unclear.[5]
Portuguese archaisms
| Judaeo-Portuguese | Modern Portuguese | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| algũa/אלגומה | alguma | any |
| angora/אנגורהا | agora | now |
| dous/דוס | dois | two |
| hũa/הוא | uma | a, an, one |
Influences from Hebrew
| Judeo-Portuguese | Hebrew | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| קדוש/kadoš | קדוש/kadosh | holy |
| ישיבה/ješiva | ישיבה/yeshiva | Religious School |
| מַצָּה/macá | מַצָּה/matzah | ritual bread |
| מִצְוָה/micvá | מִצְוָה/mitzvah | commandments |
| ראש/roš | ראש/rosh | head |
| ראשים/rašim | ראשים/rashim | heads |
| ראש השנה/roš hašaná | ראש השנה/rosh hashanah | Jewish New Year |
| שבת/šabá | שבת/Shabbat | Saturday |
| צדקה/cedaká | צדקה/tzedakah | charity |
| קְהִלָה/kejlá | קְהִלָה/qehila | congregation |
| קידוש/kiduš | קידוש/kiddush | blessing over the wine |
| טבה/tevá | טבה/tevah | central platform in the synagogue |
Influences from Judaeo-Spanish/Ladino
| Judaeo-Portuguese | Portuguese | Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| aj | há | ay | there is |
| Dio | Deus (arch. Deo) | Dio | God |
| manim | mãos | manos | hands |
Influences from Greek
| Judeo-Portuguese | Greek | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| esnoga | συναγωγη/synagogē | synagogue |
Influence on Other Languages
Judeo-Portuguese would influence several languages. These include Balkan dialects of Ladino, and Portuguese.[6]
Sample Text
| Judeo Portuguese | Judeo Portuguese (transliterated) | English |
|---|---|---|
| או ליברו די מג׳יקה | O Livro De Magica | The Book of Magic |
| N/A | A todos nossos Irmãos, prezos pela Inqusição | To all our brethren confined by the Inquistion |
See also
References
- 1 2
- 1 2 "Significado de judeo-português". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
- ↑ Silva, Luiz Antônio da (org.) (2005). A língua que falamos: português, história, variação e discurso. Rio de Janeiro: Globo. p. 212.
- 1 2 3 4 Toledo, Selin (2018-10-27). "Ladino's Lost Sibling". Medium. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Judeo-Portuguese". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ↑ Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages. Wiesbaden. 2006. p. 466. ISBN 3-447-05404-2.
- Judaeo-Portuguese in Jewish Language Research Center
- Thesouro dos Dinim, a halakhic work (annotated transcription) Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- Thesouro dos Dinim, a halakhic work (partial facsimile)
- Menasseh Ben Israel de la fragilidad humana y inclinacion del hombre al peccado. Parte primera
- Strolovitch, Devon L. (2005) Old Portuguese in Hebrew Script: Convention, Contact, and Convivência. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.