Khairy Jamaluddin
خيري جمال الدين‎
Khairy in 2020
13th Youth Chief of the
United Malays National Organisation
In office
26 March 2009 – 24 June 2018
PresidentNajib Razak
DeputyRazali Ibrahim (2009–2013)
Khairul Azwan Harun (2013–2018)
Preceded byHishammuddin Hussein
Succeeded byAsyraf Wajdi Dusuki
Minister of Health
In office
30 August 2021 – 24 November 2022
MonarchAbdullah
Prime MinisterIsmail Sabri Yaakob
DeputyNoor Azmi Ghazali
Aaron Ago Dagang
Preceded byAdham Baba
Succeeded byZaliha Mustafa
Coordinating Minister of the National Immunisation Programme
In office
4 February 2021 – 16 August 2021
MonarchAbdullah
Prime MinisterMuhyiddin Yassin
Preceded byPosition established
ConstituencyRembau
Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation
In office
10 March 2020 – 16 August 2021
MonarchAbdullah
Prime MinisterMuhyiddin Yassin
DeputyAhmad Amzad Hashim
Preceded byYeo Bee Yin as Minister of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change
Succeeded byAdham Baba
ConstituencyRembau
Minister of Youth and Sports
In office
16 May 2013 – 9 May 2018
MonarchsAbdul Halim
Muhammad V
Prime MinisterNajib Razak
DeputySaravanan Murugan
Preceded byAhmad Shabery Cheek
Succeeded bySyed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman
ConstituencyRembau
Member of the Malaysian Parliament
for Rembau
In office
8 March 2008 – 19 November 2022
Preceded byFirdaus Muhammad Rom Harun
(BN—UMNO)
Succeeded byMohamad Hasan
(BN—UMNO)
Majority5,746 (2008)
18,357 (2013)
4,368 (2018)
Personal details
Born
Khairy bin Jamaluddin

(1976-01-10) 10 January 1976
Kuwait City, Kuwait
CitizenshipMalaysian
Political partyIndependent (2023–present)
United Malay National Organisation (UMNO) (2000–2023)
Other political
affiliations		Barisan Nasional (BN) (2000–2023)
Muafakat Nasional (MN) (2019–2022)
Spouse
Nori Abdullah
​
(m. 2001)​
RelationsAbdullah Ahmad Badawi (father-in-law)
Shaziman Abu Mansor
(first cousin)
Children3
Parent(s)Jamaluddin bin Abu Bakar (father)
Rahmah binti Abdul Hamid (mother)
EducationUnited World College of South East Asia
Alma materSt Hugh's College, Oxford (BA)
University College London (MA)
OccupationPolitician, radio presenter, podcaster, political commentator
ProfessionJournalist
Signature
Websitewww.rembau.net.my www.kj.my
Military service
AllegianceMalaysia
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Branch/serviceMalaysian Army
Territorial Army Regiment
Years of service2010–2018
Rank Brigadier General
UnitRejimen AW 508
Sports career
CountryMalaysia
SportPolo
Medal record
Polo
Representing  Malaysia
Southeast Asian Games
Gold medal – first place 2017 Kuala LumpurTeam
Khairy Jamaluddin on Facebook
Khairy Jamaluddin on Parliament of Malaysia

Khairy Jamaluddin Abu Bakar[1] (Jawi: خيري جمال الدين, Malay pronunciation: [khairy]; born 10 January 1976) often referred to by his initials KJ, is a Malaysian politician, radio presenter and podcaster. Alongside being a radio presenter for Hot FM, he hosts Keluar Sekejap with Shahril Hamdan, a podcast in which they discuss Malaysian politics and current affairs with a variety of guests. Khairy is also one of the Members of the Board and Youth Advisor at JDT, as well as a visiting senior fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. He most recently served as Minister of Health in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under former Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob from August 2021 to November 2022.

A former member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Khairy was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rembau from March 2008 to November 2022. He was the Youth Chief of UMNO from March 2009 to June 2018. He served as Minister of Youth and Sports in the BN administration under former Prime Minister Najib Razak from May 2013 to May 2018. After the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, Khairy took on the role of Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation in the Perikatan Nasional (PN) administration under former Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin from March 2020 until August 2021, when the cabinet resigned. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, Khairy took on the role of Coordinating Minister of the COVID-19 National Immunization Program (PICK) from February 2021 to August 2021, and later was Minister of Health. Khairy lost his parliamentary seat in the 2022 general election where he was relocated to contest in Sungai Buloh, an urban Pakatan Harapan safe seat but managed to reduce the majority from 26,634 to 2,693.

Early life and education

Khairy is the only son of a former diplomat, Dato' Jamaluddin Abu Bakar, a Malay of Minangkabau descent and Datin Dato' Rahmah Abdul Hamid, an ethnic Malay housewife of Kedahan ancestry.

His late father, Jamaluddin was a senior diplomatic officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, retiring as the Malaysian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Dato' Jamaluddin has since died of throat cancer. Khairy's mother, Rahmah Abdul Hamid, has been heavily involved in volunteer work throughout her life although she was a housewife and never had an employment history, whilst his late paternal grandfather, Abu Bakar, was a community leader in his hometown of Kampung Kota, Rembau.

Khairy was born in Kuwait City, Kuwait. He had his secondary education at the United World College of South East Asia in Singapore and furthered his tertiary studies at Oxford University and University College London (UCL) in the United Kingdom. While at Oxford, he studied at St Hugh's College, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE). In 1998, he completed his master's degree in Legal and Political Theory at UCL.

Early career

After leaving university, Khairy worked as a journalist for a period. He served as a presenter on the talkshow Dateline Malaysia. He also had a stint working for The Economist in 1999. Thereafter, Khairy became a Special Officer in the office of Abdullah Badawi, who was then the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia. He was Abdullah's Deputy Principal Private Secretary from 2003 to 2004.

He was selected as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. He has written for major publications including The Economist, Time and the Wall Street Journal.

He became closely involved in football during his pre-parliamentary career. He holds a number of high-profile positions in the Malaysian football scene, and is involved in a number of football-related associations. In 2006, Khairy teamed-up with radio DJ Jason Lo (with whom he attended high school in Singapore) to produce the football-based reality TV show MyTeam.[2]

On 9 September 2007, Khairy was chosen uncontested as the Vice-president of the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) during the 44th FAM Congress, to serve from 2007 to 2010, replacing Tengku Mahkota Pahang then, Tengku Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah.[3]

Political career

UMNO Youth and PMO officer

UMNO Youth Chief Khairy Jamaluddin during UMNO General Assembly.

Under the prime ministership of his father-in-law (2003–2009), Khairy rose to prominence within UMNO and Malaysian politics generally. He became the deputy chief of UMNO's youth wing and served as a close personal adviser to Abdullah. Khairy's perceived influence on Abdullah made both men a target for criticism, including from Abdullah's predecessor Mahathir Mohamad.[4] On this allegation, Khairy replied that "I am a pretty easy scapegoat. [But] the decisions Dr. Mahathir is unhappy with are entirely made by the Prime Minister and the cabinet."[4]

Election to parliament

In the 2008 general election, Khairy was elected to the federal Parliament for the seat of Rembau in the state of Negeri Sembilan. The following year he was elected as the Chief of UMNO Youth, defeating Khir Toyo and Mukhriz Mahathir.[5]

In his first term in parliament, Khairy involved himself in contentious policy debates. He expressed his view that Malaysia should repeal the Printing Presses and Publications Act, and abolish the annual Home Ministry licensing requirement, through the creation of an independent body which will enforce a self-regulatory mechanism of the system similar to the United Kingdom's Press Complaints Commission.[6] He also spoke against the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission's blocking of the popular and often anti-government website Malaysia Today, citing that the move was a "blatant and crude employment of state power" and "is inconsistent with the widening roads of democratic highways."[7] He also called for an end to the Mahathir-era policy of teaching science and maths in English.[8] In September 2008, Khairy called for the reversal of the policy, citing that the policy had failed and only caused burden to students.[9] He regularly debated non-government and opposition figures in public, including Ambiga Sreenevasan on the transparency of the Election Commission of Malaysia (EC),[10] and senior Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) leader, and close Anwar Ibrahim ally, Rafizi Ramli on higher education loans.[11]

Ministerial career

After retaining his parliamentary seat in the 2013 general election, Prime Minister Najib Razak elevated Khairy to the Cabinet as Minister for Youth and Sports.[12] Later in 2013, he was re-elected to the presidency of UMNO Youth.[13]

During his ministerial post, Malaysia successfully hosted the 2017 SEA Games and emerged as the overall gold medals tally winner.[14] Just before the 2018 general election (GE14), Khairy and his ministry was put in charge of Najib's launched Transformasi Nasional 2050 (TN50) concept but it had somehow fallen through due to the GE14 results, which saw the downfall of the BN federal government. Khairy also lost his cabinet position despite retaining his parliamentary seat.[15][16]

When Najib's statement attributing BN’s loss in the GE14 to Pakatan Harapan’s false promises, Khairy wrote: “We lost because of 1MDB. The End”[17][18] On 19 November 2018, he said Umno members should accept the reality of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, as denials will continue to hurt the party.[19]

Return to cabinet

Khairy returned to Cabinet in March 2020 to serve as Minister of Science, Technology, and Innovation under new Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin's administration led by Perikatan Nasional (PN) following the Sheraton Move.[20][21] His appointment as Minister of MOSTI was during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. He has signed an agreement with China for Malaysia to be given priority access to COVID-19 vaccines developed in China.[22] In February 2021, Khairy was appointed as the Coordinating Minister for the National COVID-19 Immunisation Program. He led the Special Task Force to manage the implementation of the vaccination process.[23][24]

During the 2022 Malaysian general election, Khairy was sent by his UMNO party leaders to contest Sungai Buloh parliamentary seat, he lost to Parti Keadilan Rakyat candidate Ramanan Ramakrishnan by a narrow margin.[25][26]

Expulsion from UMNO

In the aftermath of the 2022 Malaysian general election, Khairy and several UMNO leaders called for party leader, deputy prime minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi to resign.[27] On 27 January 2023, he was sacked from the party by the UMNO supreme council.[28]

Post-political career

Following his expulsion from UMNO, Khairy debuted as a radio host for a local radio station, Hot FM, in its Bekpes Hot morning segment.[29] He also started producing a weekly political podcast, Keluar Sekejap with Shahril Hamdan. The podcast has featured a string of prominent local politicians including Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor, Amirudin Shari, Azmin Ali and Mahathir Mohamad.

Army reservist

In 2010, Khairy signed-up the Rejimen Askar Wataniah or Territorial Army as a reservist after completing one month of basics recruit training in Negeri Sembilan and Johor in May 2010.[30] He then completed a five-week basic static parachuting course conducted by the army's Special Warfare Centre with 78 others to earn his paratrooper jump wings in February 2011.[31] In January 2014, he was appointed as the Commander of the 508 Territorial Army Regiment located in Rasah, Negeri Sembilan.[32] On 26 October 2016, Khairy was elevated from the rank of 'Colonel' to 'Brigadier-General' effective 14 January 2015.[33] This makes him the first Cabinet minister to be a commissioned reserved military officer rank after going through various courses conducted by the Territorial Army, and he continues to lead the 508 Territorial Army Regiment until his resignation in 2018 after the GE14 quoting his presence was no longer welcomed.[34][35]

Controversies and issues

Relation with Abdullah Badawi

Khairy was alleged to be running the country government through his control of the ‘Fourth Floor Boys’ – a group of young professionals who manned the policy-making unit of the PM's office when his father-in-law Abdullah was Prime Minister between 2004 and 2009. Khairy amidst then was a political novice with no experience in government himself even held the posts of ‘special officer’ and Deputy Principal Private Secretary (2003-2004) in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO).[4][36]

After resigning from the PMO in 2004, Khairy joined a merchant bank, ECM Libra. In 2005, one year after Abdullah became prime minister, Khairy helped in the merger between ECM Libra Capital Bhd and the Malaysian government-owned Avenue Capital Resources Bhd. A year later in 2006, the three founding members of ECM Libra – Lim Kian Onn, Kalimullah Masheerul Hassan, and David Chua – announced that they were each selling 1% of the company shares they owned to Khairy. The deal was transacted at 71 cents per share for a total of approximately US$2.6 million where Khairy was able to finance it through a soft loan from the founders.[36]

Youth and Sports Ministry corruption scandal

In 2016, Khairy was slammed over his responsibility as he embroiled in the controversy surrounding the RM100 million corruption scandal plaguing the Youth and Sports Ministry he led when a senior official who had allegedly to have covertly siphoned off the ministry's funds and lived a lavish lifestyle over the past six years was arrested by Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC).[37][38][39]

Participation in 2017 SEA Games

Khairy controversially competed for the Malaysian polo team at the 2017 Kuala Lumpur SEA Games he was encharged as Minister for Youth and Sports himself albeit the team secured a gold medal in the men's team polo event winning over Thailand.[40][41] Somehow his credibility and contribution of the national polo team were questioned and had raised the dissatisfaction from Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar[42] who even challenged him to play against his Johor state polo team.[43][44] The event had led to Khairy seeking and granted an audience with the sultan at the palace to resolve the predicament caused immediately.[45]

Personal life

Khairy is the son-in-law of the fifth Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.[46] In October 2001, he married Nori Abdullah (born 1976), the daughter of Abdullah, and his first wife, Endon Mahmood (1940–2005).[47][48] The couple have three sons, Jibreil Ali (born 2007), Timor Abdullah (born 2008) and Raif Averroes (born 2015).[47][49] In April 2016 Khairy opened up about his second son, Timor who has Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).[50]

Election results

Parliament of Malaysia[51][52][53][54][55]
Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout
2008 P131 Rembau, Negeri Sembilan Khairy Jamaluddin (UMNO) 26,525 55.47% Badrul Hisham Shaharin (PKR) 20,779 43.46% 48,901 5,746 77.75%
2013 Khairy Jamaluddin (UMNO) 43,053 63.01% Radzali A. Ghani (PKR) 24,696 36.15% 69,538 18,357 87.29%
Abdul Aziz Hassan (IND) 325 0.48%
2018 Khairy Jamaluddin (UMNO) 36,096 48.87% Roseli Abdul Gani (PKR) 31,732 42.96% 73,856 4,368 83.58%
Mustafa Dolah (PAS) 6,028 8.16%
2022 P107 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Khairy Jamaluddin (UMNO) 48,250 37.22% Ramanan Ramakrishnan (PKR) 50,943 39.30% 129,639 2,693 82.00%
Mohd Ghazali Md Hamin (PAS) 29,060 22.42%
Mohd Akmal Mohd Yusoff (PEJUANG) 829 0.64%
Ahmad Zukri Faisal (PRM) 279 0.22%
Syed Razak Alsagoff (Independent) 165 0.13%
Nurhaslinda Basri (Independent) 113 0.09%

Filmography

Film

Year Title Role Notes
2013 Ikal Mayang Seller Special appearance

Television

Year Title Role TV channel Notes
2011 Beret Hijau (Green Beret) Himself TV1 Episode 11

Radiography

Radio

Year Title Station
15 February 2023 – present Bekpes Hot Hot FM

Honours

See also

References

  1. ↑ "KenaliKJ". Khairy Jamaluddin. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  2. ↑ MyTeam Official Website Archived 21 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ "Khairy Antara Lima Muka Baru Terajui FAM" (in Malay). Bernama. 9 September 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2007.
  4. 1 2 3 Beech, Hannah (30 October 2006). Not the Retiring Type (page three). TIME.
  5. ↑ "Khairy Calls On Umno Youth To Close Ranks". Bernama. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  6. ↑ The Star. Umno Youth deputy chief all for repealing Press Act 11 May 2008.
  7. ↑ The Star. Khairy disagrees with blocking of news portal 31 August 2008.
  8. ↑ BERNAMA. 20 January 2006. Archived 14 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ TEACHING OF SCIENCE AND MATHS IN ENGLISH: It's high time we ditched this policy Archived 25 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine New Straits Times 9 September 2008.
  10. ↑ Free Malaysia Today Khairy vs Ambiga: a heated affair Archived 30 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 21 August 2012.
  11. ↑ The Star Online Khairy: Weak Umno bad for Barisan 21 August 2006.
  12. ↑ "Khairy Jamaluddin New Youth And Sports Minister". Bernama. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  13. ↑ "Winners and losers in Umno polls". The Malaysian Insider. 20 October 2013. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  14. ↑ "Malaysia creates history, records achievements in KL Sea Games - Salleh". Bernama. New Straits Times. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  15. ↑ "TN50 a good long-term plan". The Star Online. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  16. ↑ KAMLES KUMAR (8 June 2017). "Khairy: My own TN50 aspiration is a future-proof Malaysia". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  17. ↑ "We lost because of 1MDB: Khairy". New Straits Times. 3 November 2018.
  18. ↑ "As Najib ignores 1MDB, Khairy forces it to the surface". Malaysiakini. 3 November 2018.
  19. ↑ "Malaysia's Khairy says Umno members must get over denials on 1MDB scandal". The Straits Times. 19 November 2018. ISSN 0585-3923.
  20. ↑ Shannon Teoh, Hazlin Hassan (9 March 2020). "Malaysia's PM Muhyiddin unveils Cabinet line-up, four senior ministers named". The Straits Times. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Arjun (10 March 2020). "It takes three men to handle Yeo Bee Yin's portfolio". The Sun Daily. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  22. ↑ Babulal, Veena (18 November 2020). "Malaysia, China ink agreement for vaccine access". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Azman, Fareez (4 February 2021). "Khairy dilantik sebagai Menteri Penyelaras Program Imunisasi COVID-19 Kebangsaan - Muhyiddin". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  24. ↑ Fareez Azman (4 February 2021). "Khairy appointed coordinating minister for National COVID-19 Immunisation Program - Muhyiddin". Astro Awani. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  25. ↑ Zahiid, Syed Jaymal (20 November 2022). "After narrow loss to Pakatan in Sungai Buloh, 'exhausted' Khairy says will take time to reflect". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  26. ↑ "It's not the end of the road, vows KJ after GE15 defeat". Free Malaysia Today. 20 November 2022. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  27. ↑ Mohamed Basyir (20 November 2022). "Khairy: Zahid must resign now as Umno's reform cannot be delayed anymore".
  28. ↑ "Umno confirms sacking of Khairy along with Noh, Hishammuddin and Shahril suspended in Zahid's purge". malaysia.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  29. ↑ Monihuldin, Mahadhir (15 February 2023). "Khairy debuts in new career as radio host". The Star. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  30. ↑ The Malaysian Insider.Khairy signs up as Territorial Army reservist Archived 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine 25 May 2010.
  31. ↑ "Khairy earns his paratrooper jump wings". The New Straits Times. 18 February 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  32. ↑ Khairy Komander Rejimen 508 Askar Wataniah Yang Baharu Bernama 16 February 2014
  33. ↑ Astro Awani Khairy Jamaluddin made Askar Wataniah Brigadier General 26 October 2016
  34. ↑ Ahmad Suhael Adnan (15 August 2018). "Khairy resigns as commander of Territorial Army's 508 Regiment". New Straits Times. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  35. ↑ Ahmad Suhael Adnan (15 August 2018). "Lebih baik saya undur diri - KJ". Dailymotion (in Malay). MSN. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  36. 1 2 Greg Lopez (October 2015). "'Mr Clean': Just how honest was Malaysia's 'ethical leader'?". Asian Correspondent. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  37. ↑ KAMLES KUMAR (22 March 2016). "Khairy accepts full responsibility for RM100m graft scandal". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  38. ↑ "Khairy takes full responsibility for RM100m scandal". Free Malaysia Today. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  39. ↑ "Luxury cars and handbags: Scandal ensnares Malaysia's Sports Ministry". Asian Correspondent. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  40. ↑ "Khairy says deputy's remarks led to Sea Games polo win". The Star. 22 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  41. ↑ "Malaysia wins gold in polo, with Khairy part of team". The Malay Mail. Bernama. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  42. ↑ "Johor Sultan slams Khairy, calls for polo match". The Malay Mail. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  43. ↑ "'If you're a man, play against Johor team' – Sultan's polo dare". Malaysiakini. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  44. ↑ "SEA Games: Put up or shut up! Johor Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar issues polo challenge to Khairy Jamaluddin and team". AFP. The Straits Times. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  45. ↑ "Johor sultan grants audience to KJ a day after polo dare". Malaysiakini. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  46. ↑ "Perdana Menteri Malaysia" [Prime Minister of Malaysia]. Bahagian Kabinet, Perlembagaan dan Perhubungan Antara Kerajaan, Jabatan Perdana Menteri (in Malay). Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  47. 1 2 "Khairy, Nori sambut kelahiran anak ketiga" [Khairy, Nori celebrate the birth of their third child]. Berita Harian (in Malay). 23 March 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  48. ↑ M. Jegathesan (20 October 2005). "Nation mourns death of PM's wife". MalaysiaKini. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  49. ↑ Nor Azihan Md Ghazali (19 March 2019). "Selebriti dan anak istimewa mereka" [Celebrities and their special children]. Sinar Harian (in Malay). Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  50. ↑ "Overwhelmed with emotion, Khairy opens up about son, Timor Abdullah". New Straits Times. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  51. ↑ "P131: Rembau". Utusan. Retrieved 24 October 2014. Percentages are votes received as a percentage of total turnout. Votes for independent and third party candidates are not listed.
  52. ↑ "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Percentage figures based on total turnout.
  53. ↑ "Malaysia General Election". undiinfo Malaysian Election Data. Malaysiakini. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Results only available from the 2004 election.
  54. ↑ "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13". Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  55. ↑ "Federal Government Gazette, Results of Contested Election Parliamentary Constituencies for the State of Negeri Sembilan" (PDF). Election Commission. Retrieved 15 June 2018. Percentage figures based on total turnout.
  56. ↑ Yang DiPertuan Agong Kurnia 250 Pingat Darjah Kepahlawanan ATM
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