Lakon
Lakona, Vure
Pronunciation[laˈkɔn]
Native toVanuatu
RegionGaua
Native speakers
800 (2012)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3lkn
Glottologlako1245
ELPLakon
Lakon is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Lakon is an Oceanic language, spoken on the west coast of Gaua island in Vanuatu.

Names

The language name Lakon [laˈkɔn] refers originally to the area where it is spoken ‒ namely Lakona Bay, corresponding to the west coast of Gaua. The alternative name Lakona [lakona] is from the Mota language. These names are derived from a Proto-Torres-Banks form *laᵑgona, of unknown meaning.

Lakon had four dialects, named Qatareu (Qätärew [k​͡pʷætæˈrɛw]), Vure (Vurē [βuˈrɪ]), Toglatareu, and Togla.

Phonology

Consonants

Lakon has 16 phonemic consonants.[2]

Lakon consonants
Labiovelar Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Dorsal Glottal
Plosive k͡pʷ ⟨q⟩ p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ tʃ ⟨j⟩ k ⟨k⟩
Nasal ŋ͡mʷ ⟨m̄⟩ m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ŋ ⟨n̄⟩
Fricative β ~ ɸ ⟨v⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ɣ ⟨g⟩ h ⟨h⟩
Rhotic r ⟨r⟩
Lateral l ⟨l⟩
Approximant w ⟨w⟩

The glottal stop [ʔ] only occurs before vowels in syllable-initial position. While non-phonemic, it is sometimes noted in the orthography, using a ⟨’⟩ mark.

Vowels

Lakon has 16 phonemic vowels. These include 8 short /i ɪ ɛ æ a ɔ ʊ u/ and 8 long vowels /iː ɪː ɛː æː aː ɔː ʊː uː/.[2] [3]

Lakon vowels
 FrontBack
Near-close i ⟨i⟩ ∙ iː ⟨ii⟩u ⟨u⟩ ∙ uː ⟨uu⟩
Close-mid ɪ ⟨ē⟩ ∙ ɪː ⟨ēē⟩ʊ ⟨ō⟩ ∙ ʊː ⟨ōō⟩
Open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ∙ ɛː ⟨ee⟩ɔ ⟨o⟩ ∙ ɔː ⟨oo⟩
Near-open æ ⟨ä⟩ ∙ æː ⟨ää⟩ 
Open a ⟨a⟩ ∙ aː ⟨aa⟩

Historically, the phonemicisation of vowel length originates in the compensatory lengthening of short vowels when the alveolar trill /r/ was lost syllable-finally. This is considered to be a very recent change, perhaps within the last century, as Codrington still indicates the trill syllable-finally.[4] However, the 1897 Book of Common Prayer in Lakon shows loss of the trill, as evidenced by tataa [taˈtaː] "prayer" (spelled as tata) for Mota tataro.

Grammar

The system of personal pronouns in Lakon contrasts clusivity, and distinguishes four numbers (singular, dual, trial, plural).[5]

Spatial reference in Lakon is based on a system of geocentric (absolute) directionals, which is typical of Oceanic languages.[6]

References

  1. ↑ François (2012:88).
  2. 1 2 François (2022).
  3. ↑ François (2005:445), François (2011:194).
  4. ↑ François (2005:461).
  5. ↑ François (2016).
  6. ↑ François (2015).

Bibliography

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