Language Endangerment Status
Extinct (EX)
  • Extinct (EX)
Endangered
  • Critically Endangered (CR)
  • Severely Endangered (SE)
  • Definitely Endangered (DE)
  • Vulnerable (VU)
  • (list)
  • (list)
  • (list)
  • (list)
Safe

Other categories

Related topics

UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger category
UNESCO Atlas of the World's
Languages in Danger categories

An extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes extinct upon the death of its last native speaker, the terminal speaker. A language like Latin is not extinct in this sense, because it evolved into the modern Romance languages; it is impossible to state when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum (compare synchronic continuum) between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one hand and descendants like Old French and Old Italian on the other; any cutoff date for distinguishing ancestor from descendant is arbitrary. For many languages which have become extinct in recent centuries, attestation of usage is datable in the historical record, and sometimes the terminal speaker is identifiable. In other cases, historians and historical linguists may infer an estimated date of extinction from other events in the history of the sprachraum.

List

21st century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionTerminal speakerNotes
2 May 2023 Columbia-Moses language Salishan Washington (state), US Pauline Stensgar[1]
5 October 2022 Mednyj Aleut Mixed AleutRussian Commander Islands, Russia Gennady Yakovlev[2]
16 February 2022 Yahgan Isolated Magallanes, Chile Cristina Calderón[3]
25 September 2021 Wukchumni dialect of Tule-Kaweah Yokuts Yok-Utian (proposed) California, United States Marie Wilcox[4]
27 August 2021 Yuchi Isolated Tennessee (formerly), Oklahoma, United States Maxine Wildcat Barnett[5]
7 March 2021 Bering AleutEskimo AleutKamchatka Krai, RussiaVera Timoshenko[6]
2 February 2021JumaKawahivaRondônia, BrazilAruka Juma[7]
2 December 2020 Tuscarora Iroquoian North Carolina, United States Kenneth Patterson[8]
4 April 2020Aka-CariGreat AndamaneseAndaman Islands, IndiaLicho[9]
23 March 2019NgandiArnhemNorthern Territory, AustraliaC. W. Daniels[10][11]
4 January 2019TehuelcheChonanPatagonia, ArgentinaDora Manchado[12][13]
9 December 2016MandanSiouanNorth Dakota, United StatesEdwin Benson[14]
30 August 2016WichitaCaddoanOklahoma, United StatesDoris McLemore[15]
29 July 2016Gugu ThaypanPama-NyunganQueensland, AustraliaTommy George[16]
11 February 2016Nuchatlaht dialect of Nuu-chah-nulthWakashanBritish Columbia, CanadaAlban Michael[17]
4 January 2016WhulshootseedSalishanWashington, United StatesEllen Williams[18][19]
4 February 2014KlallamSalishanWashington, United StatesHazel Sampson[20][21][notes 1]
By 2014DemushboPanoanAmazon Basin, Brazil
5 June 2013LivonianUralic > FinnicLatviaGrizelda Kristiņa[22][notes 2]Under a process of revival.[23]
26 March 2013YurokAlgicCalifornia, United StatesArchie Thompson[24]Under a process of revival.[25]
By 2013 Sabüm Mon–Khmer Perak, Malaysia 2013 extinction is based on ISO changing it from living to extinct in 2013
2 October 2012Cromarty dialect of ScotsGermanicNorthern Scotland, United KingdomBobby Hogg[26]
11 July 2012Upper ChinookChinookanOregon, United StatesGladys Thompson[27]
10 March 2012HolikachukNa-DeneAlaska, United StatesWilson "Tiny" Deacon[28]
c.2012DhungalooPama-NyunganQueensland, AustraliaRoy Hatfield[29]
c.2012NgasaNilo-SaharanTanzaniaMost speakers have shifted to Chaga
by 2012MardijkerPortuguese-based CreoleJakarta, IndonesiaOma Mimi Abrahams[30]
10 April 2011ApiakáTupianMato Grosso, BrazilPedrinho Kamassuri[31]
2011Lower ArrerntePama-NyunganNorthern Territory, AustraliaBrownie Doolan Perrurle[32]
by 2011AnsermaChocoanAntioquia Department, Colombia
24 October 2010PazehAustronesianTaiwanPan Jin-yu[33]
20 August 2010Cochin Indo-Portuguese CreolePortuguese-based CreoleSouthern IndiaWilliam Rozario[33]
26 January 2010Aka-BoAndamaneseAndaman Islands, IndiaBoa Sr.[34]
November 2009Aka-KoraAndamaneseAndaman Islands, IndiaMs. Boro[35]
22 February 2009Aka-JeruAndamaneseAndaman Islands, IndiaNao Jr.[36]
2009NyawaygiPama-NyunganQueensland, AustraliaWillie Seaton[37]
by 2009MuruwariPama-NyunganQueensland and New South Wales, Australia[38]
by 2009AgavotaguerraArawakanBrazil[39]
by 2009ArikemTupianBrazil[40]
by 2009KaripúnaTupianBrazil[41]
by 2009Pataxó Hã-Ha-HãeMacro-JêBrazil[42]
by 2009AribwatsaMalayo-PolynesianPapua New Guinea[43]
by 2009LelakMalayo-PolynesianSarawak, Malaysia
by 2009Papora-HoanyaAustronesianTaiwan[44]
by 2009WarluwaraPama-NyunganAustralia
30 July 2008 Tübatulabal Uto-Aztecan California, United States James Andreas [45]
after April 2008DuraSino-TibetanNepalSoma Devi Dura[46]
24 February 2008Plains ApacheNa-Dene > AthabaskanOklahoma, United StatesAlfred Chalepah Jr.
21 January 2008EyakNa-DeneAlaska, United StatesMarie Smith Jones[47]
Late 2000s Ruga Sino-Tibetan East Garo Hills district Most people who identify themselves as Ruga speak Garo.
2007Northeastern MaiduMaiduanCentral California Under process of revival
10 August 2007Gros VentreAlgic > AlgonquianMontana, United StatesTheresa Lamebull[48][49]
c.2007JavindoDutch-based creoleJava, Indonesia[50]
by 2007HpunSino-Tibetan > BurmishMyanmar[51]
by 2007HotiAustronesian > CEMPSeram, Indonesia
11 July 2006Wasco dialect of Upper ChinookChinookanOregon, United StatesMadeline Brunoe McInturff[52]
2006ZireMalayo-PolynesianNew Caledonia
2006Ludza dialect of EstonianFinnicLatviaNikolājs Nikonovs[53]
3 November 2005OsageSiouanOklahoma, United StatesLucille Roubedeaux[54]
2005Berbice Creole DutchDutch-based creoleGuyanaBertha Bell[55]
by 2005Barrow PointPama-NyunganQueensland, AustraliaUrwunjin Roger Hart[56]
20 September 2004Nüshu scriptunclassifiedHunan, ChinaYang Huanyi[57][58]
ca. 2004 (?) Duli Niger-Congo > Adamawa Cameroon [59]
29 December 2003Akkala SamiUralic > SamiKola Peninsula, RussiaMarja Sergina[60][61]
22 November 2003WintuWintuanCalifornia, United StatesFlora Jones[62]
14 September 2003Klamath-ModocPenutianOregon, United StatesNeva Eggsman[63][64]
September 2003Garig IlgarPama-NyunganNorthern Territory, Australia[65]
by 2003AlngithPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia
by 2003ArebaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[66]
by 2003AtampayaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[67]
by 2003UmbindhamuPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[68]
by 2003 Makolkol Unclassified New Britain, Papua New Guinea possible Papuan language
2003UmotínaMacro-JêMato Grosso, Brazil
4 November 2002SerranoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United StatesDorothy RamonA revitalization process is happening.
31 August 2002UnamiAlgic > AlgonquianDelaware, United StatesEdward Thompson[69][notes 3]
23 May 2002GaagudjuArnhem Land languagesNorthern Territory, AustraliaBig Bill Neidjie[70]
c. 2001Rennellese Sign LanguageUnclassifiedSolomon IslandsKagobai
by 2001AmanayéTupianBrazil[71]
c.2000ChiapanecOto-MangueanChiapas, Mexico
c.2000MapiaChuukicMapia Atoll, Indonesia
c.2000CholónHibito–CholonHuallaga River Valley
c.2000LapachuArawakanApolobambaIt is possible there are still a few very old speakers.
c.2000PoyanawaPanoanAcre, Brazil12 speakers were reported in 1992.
By 2000Central PomoPomoan (Hokan?)Northern California
By 2000 Maku language of Auari Unclassified Roraima, Brazil Sinfrônio Magalhães (Kuluta)
2000sShirianaArawakanBrazil

20th century

DateLanguage
or dialect
Language familyRegionNotes
20th-21st century (?)AyabadhuPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[72]
20th-21st century (?)Aghu TharnggalaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[72]
20th-21st century (?)AdithinngithighPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia
20th-21st century (?)ArritinngithighPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia
20th-21st century (?)GurnaiPama-NyunganVictoria, Australianow being revived[72]
20th-21st centurySouthern KayapóMacro-JêMato Grosso, BrazilHypothesized to be the ancestor of Panará.
late 20th century (?)NganyaywanaPama-NyunganAustralia
late 20th century (?)NgaminiPama-NyunganSouth Australia
late 20th century (?)NilaAustronesianNila Island, IndonesiaSpeakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Nila[73]
late 20th century (?)SeruaAustronesianMount Serua, IndonesiaSpeakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Serua[73]
late 20th centuryNewfoundland IrishCelticNewfoundland, Canada[74]
late 20th centurySoyot-Tsaatan languageTurkicBuryatia, Khövsgöl ProvincePartly revitalized
late 20th centurySaravecaArawakanEastern lowlands Bolivia
From 1980 to 2000TepecanoUto-AztecanCentral MexicoLast known speaker Lino de la Rosa was alive in 1980
c.2000MesmesSemiticEthiopiawith the death of Abegaz[75][76]
c.2000KamarianAustronesianwest Seram Island, Indonesia
2000SowaMalayo-PolynesianPentecost Island, Vanuatuwith the death of Maurice Tabi[77]
late 1990sMunichiunclassifiedLoreto Region, Peruwith the death of Victoria Huancho Icahuate
1999NyulnyulPama-NyunganAustraliawith the death of Carmel Charles[78]
by 1999IneseñoChumashanCalifornia, United States[79]
1998YolaGermanicCounty Wexford, Ireland
1998MlahsôSemiticSyria; Turkeywith the death of Ibrahim Hanna[80]
by 1998Skepi Creole DutchDutch-based creoleGuyana[81]
after or in 1997Aribwatsa Lower Markham languages Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea Exact date of extinction is unknown although it's believed to be in 2000. Most descendants have switched to the Bukawa language.
1997-98NgarnkaPama-NyunganAustralia
January 1997Sireniki YupikEskimo–AleutChukotka Peninsula, Russiawith the death of Valentina Wye[82]
1997GuazacapánXincanSanta Rosa, Guatemala
1997JumaytepequeXincanBy Volcán Jumaytepeque, Guatemala
ca. 1996 (?) Malaryan Dravidian Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India [83]
16 December 1996Iowa-OtoSiouanOklahoma and Kansas, United Stateswith the death of Truman Washington Dailey[84]
1996ChiquimulillaXincanChiquimulilla, GuatemalaThe last semi-speaker Julian de la Cruz died in 1996.
by 1996KatabagaMalayo-PolynesianPhilippines[85]
by 1996PalumataAustronesianMaluku, Indonesia[86]
before 1996 Seru Malayo-Polynesian Sarawak, Malaysia [87]
5 November 1995KasabeNiger–CongoCameroonwith the death of Bogon[88]
6 August 1995MartuthuniraPama-NyunganWestern Australiawith the death of Algy Paterson[89]
8 January 1995Northern PomoPomoan (Hokan?)California, United States

with the death of Edna Campbell Guerrero

16 May 1994Luiseño languageUto-AztecanSouthern CaliforniaExtinct in 1994, with the death of Villiana Calac Hyde. A revitalization process is happening.
30 April 1994Sakhalin AinuAinu languagesJapanwith the death of Take Asai[90]
13 July 1993Eastern AbnakiAlgic > AlgonquianMaine, United Stateswith the death of Madeline Shay[91][92]
1993AndoaZaparoanPeru[93]
7 October 1992UbykhNorthwest CaucasianBalıkesir Province, Turkeywith the death of Tevfik Esenç[94]
23 February 1991Roncalese (Erronkariko) dialectBasque (language isolate)Spainwith the death of Fidela Bernat[95]
1991PánoboPanoanPeru[96]
30 July 1990WappoYuki–WappoCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Laura Fish Somersal[97]
1990ShastaShastanCalifornia, United States
Early 1990’sHermitMalayo-PolynesianManus Province, Papua New GuineaIt has been mostly replaced by Seimat.
ca. 1990sLumaete dialect of KayeliMalayo-Polynesiancentral Maluku, Indonesia[98]
ca. 1990sTaman variety of SakSino-TibetanMyanmar[99]
1990sUnggumiWorrorraAustraliawith the death of Morndi Munro[100]
1990s?BertiNilo-SaharanDafur and Kordofan, Sudan
20 September 1989KamassianUralic > SamoyedicSayan Mountains, Soviet Unionwith the death of Klavdiya Plotnikova
March 1989Leliali dialect of KayeliMalayo-Polynesiancentral Maluku, Indonesia[98][101]
ca. 1989HukuminaAustronesianMaluku, Indonesia[102]
1989Miami-IllinoisAlgic > Algonquianalong the Mississippi River, United States
1989KungarakanyGunwinyguanNorthern Territory, Australiawith the death of Madeline England[101][103]
16 September 1988AtsugewiPalaihnihanCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Medie Webster[104]
1988ǁXegwiTuuSouth Africawith the death of Jopi Mabinda[105]
ca. 1987BidyaraPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[106]
ca. 1987LauaTrans-New GuineaPapua New Guinea
4 February 1987CupeñoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Roscinda Nolasquez[107]
1987 Dyangadi Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia [108]
1987NegerhollandsDutch-based creoleU.S. Virgin Islandswith the death of Alice Stevens
by 1987Basa-GumnaNiger-Congo > Benue-CongoNiger State/Plateau State, Nigeria[109]
by 1987YugambalPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[110]
ca. 1986BikyaNiger-Congo > Benue-CongoCameroon
ca. 1986BishuoNiger-Congo > Benue-CongoCameroon
April 1986Jiwarli dialect, ManthartaPama-NyunganAustraliawith the death of Jack Butler[111]
1986MangalaPama-NyunganWestern Australia[112]
1986VolowAustronesianVanuatuwith the death of Wanhan[113]
late 1980s to early 1990sCahuaranoZaparoanAlong the Nanay River in Peru.
18 March 1984Deeside dialect, Scottish GaelicCelticScotlandwith the death of Jean Bain[114]
1984YaviteroArawakanVenezuela[101][115]
February 1983 Antrim Irish Celtic Ireland with the death of Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaig[116][117]
ca. 1983YangmanAustralianNorthern Territory, Australia[118]
June 1982 Kansa Siouan Oklahoma, United States with the death of Ralph Pepper
1982DagomanAustralianNorthern Territory, Australiawith the death of Martha Hart[119]
by 1982DyugunAustralianWestern Australia[120]
by 1982KatoNa-Dene > AthabaskanCalifornia, United States[121]
after 1981DirariPama-NyunganSouth Australia[122]
after 1981DyaberdyaberPama-NyunganWestern Australia[123][124]
after 1981ErreAustralianNorthern Territory, Australia[125]
after 1981UmbugarlaArnhem Land languages or
Darwin Region languages
Northern Territory, Australiawith the death of Butcher Knight
after 1981YawarawargaPama-NyunganQueensland and South Australia[126]
ca. 1981TernateñoPortuguese CreoleMaluku, Indonesia[127]
1 May 1981Pitta PittaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australiawith the deaths of Ivy Nardoo of Boulia[128]
1981 Warrungu Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia with the death of Alf Palmer[129][130]
by 1981 Bina Austronesian Central Province (Papua New Guinea)
1980TwanaSalishanWashington, United States[101][131]
1980YalarnngaPama-NyunganAustralia
late 1970s - 1980s[124]Flinders IslandPama-NyunganAustralialast known speaker was Johnny Flinders[129]
between 1971 and 1981KwadiKhoesouthwestern Angola[132]
1970s – 1980sChicomuceltecMayanMexico; Guatemala
22 February 1979 Barranbinja Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia with the death of Emily Margaret Horneville
3 November 1977ShuaditRomancesouthern Francewith the death of Armand Lunel[101][133]
24 August 1977NgawunPama-NyunganQueensland, Australiawith the death of Cherry O'Keefe[134]
13 July 1977NooksackSalishanWashington, United Stateswith the death of Sindick Jimmy[101]
ca. 1977NagumiNiger-Congo > Benue-CongoCameroon [135]
between 1976 and 1999Kw'adzaCushiticTanzania[136]
after 1976MuskumChadicwestern Chad[137]
1975YughYeniseiancentral Siberia, Soviet Union[101][138]
before 1975HomaBantusouthern Sudan[139]
27 December 1974ManxCelticIsle of Man, British islandswith the death of Ned Maddrell. Now being revived as a second language[140]
28 May 1974OnaChonTierra del Fuego, Argentinawith the death of Ángela Loij[notes 4]
1974MokselaMalayo-PolynesianMaluku, Indonesia[141]
before 1974CacaoperaMisumalpanEl Salvador[142]
after 1973Môa RemoPanoanAlong the Môa River of Amazonas, PeruA word list was created in 1973.
By 1974 Dicamay Agta Malayo-Polynesian Luzon, Philippines The Dicamay Agta were killed by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974.
9 October 1972TillamookSalishanOregon, United Stateswith the death of Minnie Scovell[101]
5 February 1972HanisPenutianOregon, United Stateswith the death of Martha Harney Johnson[143]
1972MbabaramPama-NyunganQueensland, Australiawith the death of Albert Bennett[144]
after 1968ParatioXukuruanPesqueira, Pernambuco, BrazilIt was spoken by a few people in Pesqueira in 1968. Loukotka (1968)
1968Welsh-RomaniRomaniWales, United Kingdomwith the death of Manfri Wood[145]
before 1968SenedBerberTunisia
after 1965BarngarlaPama-Nyungansouthern Australiawith the death of Moonie Davis[146]
24 July 1965BarbareñoChumashanCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Mary Yee[147][notes 5]
1965WakawakaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[148]
ca. 1964AariyaspuriousIndia[149]
10 August 1963GaliceNa-Dene > AthabaskanOregon, United Stateswith the death of Hoxie Simmons
10 January 1963Upper UmpquaNa-Dene > AthabaskanOregon, United Stateswith the death of Wolverton Orton
1963JoráTupiBolivia[101]
after 1962XukuruXukuruanPernambuco and Paraíba, BrazilKnown from a wordlist and sketch from Geraldo Lapenda (1962).
1962WiyotAlgicCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Delia Prince[150]
after 1961WyandotIroquoianOklahoma, United States; Quebec, Canada
after 1961PankararúunclassifiedPernambuco, Alagoas, BrazilOnly two people remembered the language in 1961.
after 1961XocóunclassifiedSergipe, Alagoas, BrazilOnly a few people remembered the language in 1961 It is not clear if this is a single language.
1961Northeastern PomoPomoan(Hokan?)California, United States
1960Oriel dialect, IrishCelticIrelandwith the death of Annie O'Hanlon[151][152]
1960SiuslawPenutianOregon, United Stateswith the death of Mary Barrett Elliott. Last speaker of Lower Umpqua dialect was Billy Dick[143]
ca. 1960sPirlatapaPama-NyunganSouth Australia[153]
1960sTimor PidginPortuguese creoleEast Timor[154]
1960s Cuitlatec isolate Guerrero, Mexico with the death of Juana Can.[155]
16 April 1959CatawbaSiouanSouth Carolina, United Stateswith the death of Chief Sam Blue[156]
22 September 1958MolalaPenutianOregon, United Stateswith the death of Fred Yelkes[143]
1958Salinanisolate (Hokan?)California, United States
1958OmuranoZaparoanPeru[101][157]
25 March 1957NatchezisolateMississippi, United States[158] with the death of Nancy Raven.[159] The Natchez people are attempting to revive this language.[160]
1952-1956AasáxCushiticTanzania[161]
after 1955Wotapuri-KatarqalaiIndo-AryanAfghanistan[162]
after 1954Tây BồiFrench-based PidginVietnam[163][164]
1954Central KalapuyaKalapuyanOregon, United Stateswith the death of John B. Hudson[143]
1954IfoMalayo-PolynesianErromanga Island, Vanuatuwith the death of James Nalig[165]
1952Martha's Vineyard Sign LanguageSign languageMassachusetts, United Stateswith the death of Katie West
1951AlseaPenutianOregon, United Stateswith the death of John Albert[143]
ca. 1950Bohemian Romanimixed languageCzechoslovakia, Central Europeafter World War II, due to extermination of most of its speakers in Nazi concentration camps.
1950KanietMalayo-PolynesianManus Province, Papua New Guinea[101][166]
ca. 1950sPijaounclassifiedTolima Department, Colombia[167]
1950sKepkiriwátTupianRondônia, Brazil
mid-20th centuryVentureñoChumashanCalifornia, United States
mid-20th centuryKawishanaArawakanBrazilpresumably extinct
mid-20th centuryBasayAustronesianTaiwan
mid-20th centurySidiBantuBantuKathiawar, India; also known as Habsi.
mid-20th centurySlovincianSlavicPomerania, Poland
mid-20th centurySouthern PameOto-MangueanSouthern Mexico
mid-20th centuryKipeaMacro-GêEastern Brazil
mid-20th centuryDzubukuaMacro-GêPernambuco, Brazil
mid-20th centuryTequiracaTequiraca–Canichana?Loreto, Peru
around mid-20th centuryTubarUto-AztecanNorthern Mexico
around mid-20th century?ChicoMaiduanCentral California
after 1949KunzaunclassifiedAtacama Desert, Chile/Peru
after 1949MikiraCahuapananLoreto, PeruA word list was made by Enrique Stanko Vráz in 1949.
6 December 1948TunicaisolateLouisiana, United Stateswith the death of Sesostrie Youchigant[168]
after 1947GafatSemiticalong the Abbay River, Ethiopia[169]
3 March 1940PentlatchSalishanVancouver Island, Canadawith the death of Joe Nimnim[101]
28 January 1940ChitimachaisolateLouisiana, United Stateswith the death of Delphine Ducloux[170]
ca. 1940EudeveUto-AztecanSonora, Mexico
ca. 1940sChemakumChimakuanWashington, United States
ca. 1940sOssory dialect of IrishCelticCounty Kilkenny, Ireland
ca. 1940sKitanemukUto-AztecanCalifornia, United Stateswith the deaths of Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran
22 May 1939RumsenPenutianCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Isabel Meadows[171]
9 May 1939MilukPenutianOregon, United Stateswith the death of Annie Miner Peterson[172]
by or after 1939Judaeo-PiedmonteseRomanceNorthwestern Italy
16 January 1937Northern KalapuyaKalapuyanOregon, United Stateswith the death of Louis Kenoyer
1937YoncallaKalapuyanOregon, United Stateswith the death of Laura Blackery Albertson[173]
1936NarunggaPama-NyunganSouth Australia, Australia[174]
8 January 1935BiloxiSiouanLouisiana, United Stateswith the death of Emma Jackson[175]
1934JuaneñoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United States
1934PuelcheChonArgentinawith the death of Trruúlmani
1934TakelmaisolateOregon, United Stateswith the death of Frances Johnson[176]
1933GabrielinoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United States
between 1931 and 1951Akar-BaleAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India[177]
between 1931 and 1951Aka-KedeAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India[177]
between 1931 and 1951A-PucikwarAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India[177]
after 1931TonkawaisolateOklahoma/Texas/New Mexico, United States
after 1931Jaquirana RemoPanoanAmazonas, BrazilA word list was made in 1931.
after 1931TuxinawaPanoanAcre, BrazilA word list was made in 1931.
by 1931Aka-BeaAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India[177]
by 1931Oko-JuwoiAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India[177]
after 1930SensiPanoanright bank of Ucayali River, PeruA word list was created by Günter Tessmann in 1930.
c.1930MattoleNa-Dene > AthabaskanCalifornia, United States
29 January 1930MutsunPenutianCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Ascencion Solorsano
c.1930sCayuseisolate/unclassifiedOregon, United States
c.1930sKathlametPenutianWashington/Oregon, United Stateswith the death of Charles Cultee[143]
c.1930sLower ChinookPenutianWashington/Oregon, United States
c.1930sMahicanAlgic > AlgonquianNew York, United States
c.1930sClackamas dialect of Upper ChinookPenutianWashington/Oregon, United States
c.1930sKitsaiCaddoanOklahoma, United Stateswith the death of Kai Kai[178]
c.1930sTapachultecMixe–ZoqueSouthern Mexico
before 1930sKwalhioquaNa-Dene > AthabaskanWashington, United States
by 1930Opata languageUto-AztecanNorthern Mexico
between 1920 and 1940AjawaChadicBauchi State, Nigeria[179]
25 December 1929KaurnaPama-NyunganSouth Australiawith the death of Ivaritji,[180] now being revived
c.1929Bear RiverNa-Dene > AthabaskanCalifornia, US
1928Ottoman TurkishTurkicTurkeyEvolved into Turkish in 1928.
after 1927Tarauacá KashinawaPanoanAmazonas, BrazilA word list was made in 1927.
after 1927Blanco River RemoPanoanLoreto Province, PeruA word list was made in 1927.
after 1925SubtiabaOto-Manguean or Subtiaba-TlapanecNicaragua
January 1922ChimarikoisolateCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Sally Noble[181][182]
after 1921ChagataiTurkicCentral Asia including TurkmenistanChagtai is still studied in Uzbekistan and Turkey.[183]
30 June 1921TataviamUto-AztecanCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Juan José Fustero
by 1921Aka-KolAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India[184]
After 1920SinacantánXincanSanta Rosa, GuatemalaA word list was created by Walther Lehmann in 1920.
ca. 1920MochicaChimuannorthwest Peru
ca. 1920sFergana KipchakTurkicFergana Valley
ca. 1920sChochenyoPenutianCalifornia, United States
ca. 1920sIsland CaribCaribanLesser Antilles, Caribbean SeaAn offshoot survives as Garifuna.
around the 1920sOtukeMacro-JêMato Grosso, Santa Cruz
by 1920YupiltepequeXincanGuatemala[185]
after 1917PochutecUto-AztecanOaxaca, Mexico
15 June 1917ObispeñoChumashanSouthern California, United Stateswith the death of Rosario Cooper[186]
25 March 1916Yahiisolate (Hokan?)California, United Stateswith the death of Ishi[187][notes 6]
1915Yamhill dialect of Northern KalapuyaKalapuyanOregon, United States
1910sǀXamTuuSouth Africa
after 1908SirayaAustronesiansouthwestern Taiwan[188]
18 July 1908Mohegan-PequotAlgic > Algonquiansouthern New England, United Stateswith the death of Fidelia Fielding[189]
24 February 1905TasmanianunclassifiedTasmania, Australiawith the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith[190][191][notes 7]
after 1906ArazairePanoanCusco Province, PeruA word list was done in 1906.
after 1904AtsawakaPanoanPuno Province, PeruThere were 20 speakers in 1904.
after 1902DyirringanyPama–NyunganNew South Wales, Australia
between 1900 and 1920JangilOnganAndaman Islands, India[192]
ca. 1900Henniker Sign LanguageVillage signNew Hampshire, United States
ca. 1900Tongva languageUto-AztecanSouthern California, United StatesA revitalization process is happening.
ca. 1900Payagua languageMataco–Guaicuru?Alto Paraguay, Paraguay
ca. 1900MoranSino-TibetanAssam, India[193]
1900WulguruPama-NyunganAustralia
by 1900Classical MandaicSemiticIran; Iraq[194]
by 1900Piro PuebloTanoanNew Mexico, United States
early 20th centuryAtakapaisolateLouisiana/Texas, United States
early 20th centuryKamakãMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
early 20th centuryJersey DutchDutch-based creoleNew Jersey, United States
early 20th centuryKazukuruMalayo-PolynesianNew Georgia, Solomon Islands
early 20th centuryKyakhta Russian–Chinese PidginChinese/Russian-based contact language
early 20th centuryChanáCharruanUruguay
early 20th centuryMarawánArawakanBrazil
early 20th century East Leinster dialect, Irish Celtic Ireland [195]
early 20th centuryIngainMacro-JêSanta Catarina, Brazil

19th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
19th-20th centuryYuriTicuna-YuriAlong the Caquetá River.
late 19th centuryAdaiisolateLouisiana, United States
late 19th centuryPuríMacro-Jêsoutheastern Brazil
late 19th centuryCoroado PuríMacro-Jêsoutheastern Brazil
late 19th centuryIstrian AlbanianAlbanianCroatia
late 19th centuryShebayaArawakanTrinidad
later 19th century (?)MbaraPama-NyunganAustralia[196]
May 1900MorioriMalayo-PolynesianChatham Island, New Zealandwith the death of Hirawanu Tapu[197]
ca. 1899NawathinehenaAlgic > AlgonquianOklahoma and Wyoming, United States[198]
by 1899AhomTaiIndia
by 1899 Waling Sino-Tibetan Nepal [199]
10 June 1898DalmatianRomanceCroatia; Montenegrowith the death of Tuone Udaina[200][201]
after 1894TsetsautNa-Dene > AthabaskanBritish Columbia, Canada
after 1892AwabakalPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia
after 1886MaritsauáTupianMato Grosso, BrazilWord list was made in 1884 during the Shingú river expedition.
after 1886Solteco ZapotecOto-MangueanOaxaca, Mexico
after 1886ComecrudoComecrudanMexico; Texas, United States
after 1886CotonameisolateMexico; Texas, United States
after 1884YaquinaPenutianOregon, United States
after 1880Kenaboiunclassified (Language isolate?)Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
ca. 1880AuregnaisRomanceAlderney, United Kingdom
1877AruáArauanBrazil
after 1871DuitChibchaBoyacá, ColombiaOne fragment analysed by scholar Ezequiel Uricoechea in 1871.
8 May 1876Bruny IslandTasmanianTasmania, Australiawith the death of Truganini[notes 8]
mid-1870sYolaGermanicWexford, Ireland[203]
21 February 1871TuteloSiouanVirginia, United Stateswith the death of Nikonha[204][notes 9]
1870ClatskanieNa-Dene > AthabaskanWashington (state), United States
after 1867AndoqueroWitotoanColombia[205]
1864XakriabáMacro-JêMinas Gerais state, Brazil
1862CaquetioArawakanArubawith the death of Nicolaas Pyclas[206]
1858KarankawaunclassifiedTexas, United Statesconcurrent with the extermination of the tribe at the hands of Juan Cortina
ca. 1857WoiwurrungPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
26 December 1856NanticokeAlgic > AlgonquianDelaware and Maryland, United Stateswith the death of Lydia Clark[207]
12 January 1855WampanoagAlgic > AlgonquianMassachusetts, United StatesNantucket Wampanoag disappeared with the death of Dorcas Honorable[208]
after 1853 Samaritan Semitic West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Palestinian territories Still used as a liturgical language[209]
19 October 1853NicoleñoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Juana Maria[210]
after 1851Wainumá-MariatéArawakanAmazonas, ColombiaA word list was collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1851.
after 1850HibitoHibito–CholonBobonaje River ValleyThere were 500 Speakers in 1850.
ca. 1850NornNorth GermanicNorthern Isles, United Kingdomwith the death of Walter Sutherland[211][212]
mid-19th centuryShinnecockAlgic > AlgonquianNew York, United States
mid-19th centuryBetoiBetoi-Saliban?Orinoco Llanos
ca. 1850sKottYeniseiancentral Siberia, Russia[138]
after or during 1840sBororo of CabaçalMacro-Jê languagesMato Grosso, Brazil
ca. 1840sMatorUralic > SamoyedicSayan Mountains, Russia
after 1839GulidjanPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
1838NottowayIroquoianVirginia, United Stateswith the death of Edith Turner
after 1836WathawurrungPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
after 1835 Pali Indo-Aryan India; Myanmar [213]
after 1833Esselenisolate (Hokan?)California, United States
after 1833CararíArawakanMucuim River, Amazonas, BrazilA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1833.
after 1832 Charrúa language Charruan languages Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay
after 1832 Guenoa language Charruan languages Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay
after 1832AroaquiArawakanLower Rio Negro BrazilA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
after 1832ParawanaArawakanLower Branco River BrazilA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
after 1831MepuriArawakanAmazonas, BrazilA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831.
after 1831MainatariArawakanSiapa River (Orinoco basin) VenezuelaA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831.
6 June 1829BeothukAlgic (disputed)Newfoundland, Canadawith the death of Shanawdithit[214]
after 1828GarzaComecrudanMexico
after 1828MamuliqueComecrudanNuevo León, Mexico
1821KarkinPenutianCalifornia, United States
1820s-1830sAcroáMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
after 1819PeerapperTasmanianTasmania, Australia
10 April 1815Tamboraunclassified (Papuan)Sumbawafollowing the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora[215]
after 1808NuennoneTasmanianTasmania, Australia
ca. 1803BunwurrungPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
ca. 1800PallanganmiddangPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
ca. 19th centuryCopticAfroasiaticEgyptapparently only in scattered places since the 17th century;[216] still in use as a liturgical language
ca. 19th centuryCrimean GothicGermanicCrimea, Ukraine
ca. 19th centuryAssanYeniseiancentral Siberia, Russia[138]
ca. 19th centuryMangueOto-MangueanCentral America
ca. 19th centurySandy River Valley Sign LanguageMartha's Vineyard Sign Language or isolateMaine, United States
19th centuryMediterranean Lingua FrancaRomance-based PidginTunisia; Greece; Cyprus[217]
19th centuryChorotegaOto-MangueanCosta Rica; Nicaragua[218]
19th centuryMatagalpaMisumalpanNicaragua
19th centuryRamaytushPenutianCalifornia, United States
19th centuryKemi SamiUralic > SamiLapland, Finland[219]
19th centuryJaikóMacro-Jêsoutheastern Piauí
early 19th centuryCochimíYuman-Cochimi (Hokan?)Baja California, Mexico
early 19th centuryYuratsSamoyediccentral Siberia, Russia
early 19th centuryWila'AustroasiaticSeberang Perai, Malaysia
early 19th centuryPumpokolYeniseiancentral Siberia, Russia[138]

18th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
late 18th centuryEsumaKwasouthern Côte d'Ivoire[220]
late 18th centuryMaipureArawakanUpper Orinoco region
after the late 1790sChiribaPanoanMoxos Province, BoliviaAll that was recorded of it was a list of seven words in the late 1790s.
after 1794MagianaArawakanBoliviaMagiana, an extinct Bolivia-Parana Arawakan language of Bolivia attested only with the wordlist in Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz 1989 [1794].
after 1791EoraPama-NyunganQueensland and New South Wales, Australia[221]
after 1791QuiripiAlgic > AlgonquianConnecticut/New York/New Jersey, United States[222]
ca. 1790sPowhatanAlgic > Algonquianeastern Virginia, United States
ca. 1790sRamanosUnclassifiedMoxos Province, Bolivia
after 1788GundungurraPama-NyunganNew South Wales, Australia[223]
after 1788OtomacoOtomakoanVenezuelan LlanosKnown from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788.
after 1788TaparitaOtomakoanVenezuelan LlanosKnown from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788.
after 1788NgunnawalPama-NyunganNew South Wales, Australia[223]
after 1788ThurawalPama-NyunganNew South Wales, Australia[223]
26 December 1777CornishCelticCornwall, Englandwith the death of Dolly Pentreath[224][notes 10]
after 1770WeytounclassifiedEthiopia
after 1770TamanakuCariban languagesVenezuela
1770CumanTurkicnorth of Black Sea; Hungarywith the death of István Varró
ca. 1770sAbipónMataco–GuaicuruArgentina
after 1763SusquehannockIroquoianNortheastern United StatesAfter the Conestoga massacre.
1760Galwegian dialect, Scottish GaelicCelticScotland, United Kingdomwith the death of Margaret McMurray
3 October 1756PolabianSlavicaround the Elbe river, Poland/Germanywith the death of Emerentz Schultze[225]
ca. 1730sArinYeniseiancentral Siberia, Russia[138]
18th CenturyPlateau Sign LanguageContact pidginColumbia Plateau, United States
18th centuryCoahuiltecoisolate/unclassifiedMexico; Texas, United States
18th centuryLoup languageAlgic > AlgonquianMassachusetts and Connecticut, United States
18th centuryChibchaChibchanColombia
18th centuryManaoArawakanBrazil
18th centuryClassical GaelicCelticIreland and Scotland, United KingdomThe literary language. Fell out of use with the collapse of Gaelic society.[226]
ca. 18th centuryChanéArawakanArgentinaa dialect of Terêna
early 18th centuryApalacheeMuskogeanFlorida, United States
early 18th centuryOld PrussianBalticPoland
18th century or earlierOmokYukaghirOmok was spoken in Sakha and Magadan in Russia.
18th century or earlierChuvanYukaghirChuvan was spoken in Anadyr (river) basin of Chukotka in Russia.

17th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
between 17th and 19th centuryNiuatoputapuMalayo-PolynesianNiuatoputapu Island, Tonga[227]
late 17th to early 18th centuryCacánunclassifiednorthern Argentina; Chile
Maybe 17th to 18th centuryAcaxeeUto-AztecanNorthwestern Mexico
Maybe 17th to 18th centuryXiximeUto-AztecanNorthwestern Mexico
by 1700Pidgin DelawareDelaware-based pidginDelaware, United States[228]
late 17th centurySudovianBalticLithuania
after 1666Old Kentish Sign LanguageVillage sign languageKent, England[229]
after 1643NarragansettAlgic > AlgonquianNew England, United States[230]
after 1640YaioCaribanTrinidad and French GuianaAttested in a 1640 word list recorded by Joannes de Laet.
ca. 1635JurchenTungusicManchuria, China[231]
after 1618LumbeeAlgic > AlgonquianNorth Carolina and Maryland, United States[232]
after 1618Carolina AlgonquianAlgic > AlgonquianNorth Carolina, United States[232]
17th centuryEtcheminAlgic > AlgonquianMaine, United States
17th centuryJassicIranianHungary
17th centuryGorgotoquiMacro-Jêeastern Bolivia
17th centuryCuronianBalticLatvia
17th centuryAndalusi ArabicSemiticsouthern Spain
17th century ca.CazcanUto-AztecanMexico

16th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
late 16th centuryKnaanicSlavicCzech Republic; Poland
late 16th centuryLaurentianIroquoianQuebec/Ontario, Canada
after 1586PaltaunclassifiedEcuador
after 1548TainoArawakanThe Bahamas and Puerto Rico
1535Cuevaunclassified Chocoan?Darién Province, PanamaThe Cueva people were exterminated between 1510 and 1535 during Spanish colonization.
after 1502TangutSino-Tibetannorthwestern China; southern Mongolia
16th centurySemigallianBalticLatvia; Lithuania
16th century Guanahatabey Unclassified Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud, Cuba
16th centuryGuancheunclassified, maybe BerberCanary Islands, Spain[233]
16th centuryNavarro-AragoneseRomancesouthern Navarre, SpainAragonese is still spoken as a minoritary language in Spain.
16th centuryJudaeo-PortugueseRomanceBelmonte, Portugal

15th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
After 1492Judaeo-AragoneseRomanceNorth Central SpainAfter the Alhambra Decree
After 1492Judaeo-CatalanRomanceEastern SpainAfter the Alhambra Decree
15th centuryOld Anatolian TurkishTurkicAnatoliaEmerged in Anatolia late 11th century, and developed into early Ottoman Turkish.
end of 15th centuryMozarabicRomanceSpain; Portugal[234]
late 15th centuryGreenlandic NorseGermanicGreenland
late 15th centurySelonianBalticLatvia; Lithuania

14th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
14th centuryBulgarTurkicVolga and Danube, Europe; Central AsiaBy the 9th or 10th centuries on the Danube and by the 14th century in the Volga region. It may have ultimately given rise to the Chuvash language, which is most closely related to it.
14th centuryOld UyghurTurkicCentral Asia, East Asia|
14th centuryKhorezmianTurkicCentral Asia
14th centuryGalindianBalticnorthern Poland; Russia
14th centuryZarphaticRomancenorthern France; west-central Germany
14th centuryGalician-PortugueseRomancenorthwestern Spain, northern PortugalEvolved into Galician, Portuguese, Eonavian and Fala. Some linguists argue that said languages could all still be considered modern varieties of Galician-Portuguese itself.

13th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
13th centuryKarakhanidTurkicCentral Asiaevolved into Chagatai
After 20 June 1244KhitanMongolicCentral Asiawith the death of Yelü Chucai[235][notes 11]
13th centuryPyuSino-Tibetancentral Myanmar
13th centuryAndalusi RomanceRomancesouthern Spain

11th and 12th centuries

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
12th centuryPechenegTurkicEastern Europe
12th centuryKhwarezmianIranianKhwarazm
11th – 12th centuryCumbricCelticEngland/Scotland, United Kingdom
11th – 12th centuryJewish Babylonian AramaicSemiticIraq[236]
between 1000 and 1300KhazarTurkicnorthern Caucasus; Central Asia
ca. 1000LombardicGermaniccentral Europe; northern Italy
ca. 1000MeryaUralicYaroslavl Oblast, Russia
ca. 1000MuromianUralicVladimir Oblast, Russia
11th centuryOld Church SlavonicSlavicEastern Europestill used as a liturgical language

10th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
10th – 12th centurySyriacSemiticTurkey; Iraq; Syriastill used as a literary secular language[237]
10th – 12th centurySamaritan AramaicSemiticWest Bank, Palestine; Israelnow only used as liturgical language[238]
10th centurySakanIranianXinjiang, China
10th centuryHimyariticSemiticYemen
10th centuryZhang-ZhungSino-Tibetanwestern Tibet (Central Asia)

9th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
9th century or laterPictishCelticScotland, United Kingdom
after 840TocharianIndo-EuropeanTarim Basin (Central Asia)
9th centuryGothicGermanicSpain; Portugal; Italywith the exception of Crimean Gothic

8th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
8th centuryOrkhon TurkicTurkicEastern Europe, Central Asia, Eastern AsiaReplaced by Old Uyghur.

7th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
ca. 600AvestanIranianIran[239]
7th centuryGayaUnclassifiedKorea
7th centuryBaekjeKoreanicKoreamay be more than one language.
7th centuryBuyeoPuyŏ, possibly KoreanicManchuria
7th-10th century?Goguryeo languagePuyŏ, possibly KoreanicKorea, China

6th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
6th centuryAncient CappadocianIndo-EuropeanAnatolia
6th centuryDacianIndo-EuropeanBalkans
6th centuryIllyrianIndo-Europeanwestern Balkansdisputed
6th centurySabaeanSemiticHorn of Africa; Arabic Peninsula
6th centuryVandalicGermanicSpain; North Africa
6th centuryGaulishCelticGaul: France, Belgium, Germany and elsewhere
6th centuryRuanruan languageMongolic or isolateNorthern China and Mongoliaspoken from the 4th to the 6th century AD

5th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
5th – 7th centuryPhrygianIndo-Europeansoutheastern Bulgaria; Anatolia
5th – 6th centuryHadramauticSemiticDhofar Mountains
before 6th centuryLigurianunclassified, possibly Celtic or Indo-Europeannorthwestern Italy; southeastern France[240]
after 453Hunnicunclassified, possibly Oghuricfrom the Eurasian steppe into Europe
ca. 400Meroiticunclassified, maybe Nilo-SaharanSudan
5th centuryThracianIndo-Europeaneastern and central Balkans
5th centuryIsaurianAnatolianAnatolia
early 5th centuryPunicSemiticNorth Africa

4th century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
4th century CEGalatianCelticcentral Anatolia
4th century CEGeʽezSemiticEthiopia; Eritreastill used as a liturgical language[241]
4th century CEBiblical HebrewSemiticIsraelrevived in the 1880s
after 300 CEParthianIranianIran

3rd century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
3rd century CERaeticunclassified, maybe Tyrsenianeastern Alps
c.200 CEQatabanianAfro-AsiaticYemen

2nd century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
after 2nd century CENoricCelticAustria; Slovenia
after 2nd century CEPisidianAnatoliansouthwestern Anatolia
after 150BactrianIranianAfghanistan
ca. 100 CEAkkadianSemiticMesopotamia[242]
100 CEEtruscanTyrseniancentral Italy
ca. 2nd century CECeltiberianCelticcentral-eastern Spain
ca. 2nd century CEGallaecianCelticnorthwestern Spain, northern Portugal
2nd century CELusitanianIndo-EuropeanPortugal, southwestern Spain
ca. 2nd century CESorothapticIndo-Europeaneastern Spain

1st century

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
1st – 2nd century CEPaeonianIndo-EuropeanMacedonia; Greece; Bulgaria
1st – 2nd century CEIberianunclassifiedSpain; France
1st century CELiburnianIndo-Europeanwestern Croatia
Approximately 100 CEOscanItalicsouthern Italy
1st century CEVeneticIndo-Europeannortheastern Italy

1st century BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
1st century BCEElymianunclassifiedwestern Sicily
1st century BCELycianAnatoliansouthwestern Anatolia
1st century BCELydianAnatolianwestern Anatolia
1st century BCEMessapianIndo-EuropeanApulia, Italy
1st century BCEMysianAnatoliannorthwestern Anatolia
1st century BCESabineItaliccentral Italy
1st century BCESicanianunclassifiedcentral Sicily
1st century BCESicelIndo-Europeaneastern Sicily
1st century BCEUmbrianItaliccentral Italy
early 1st millennium BCEEteocretanisolate/unclassifiedCrete, Greece
1st millennium BCEMilyanAnatolianAnatolia

2nd century BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
100 BCEVestinianItaliceast-central Italy
ca. 150 BCEFaliscanItalicTuscany/Latium, Italy
ca. 100 BCEMinaeanAfro-AsiaticYemen

3rd century BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
ca. 3rd century BCEVolscianItalicItaly; Latium
ca. 3rd century BCEAequianItalicLatium, east-central Italy
ca. 3rd century BCESideticAnatoliansouthwestern Anatolia
3rd century BCECarianAnatoliansouthwestern Anatolia

4th century BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
early 4th century BCEEteocypriotisolate/unclassifiedCyprus
4th century BCEAncient MacedonianIndo-Europeannortheastern Greece
ca. 300 BCEPhilistineunclassified, maybe Indo-EuropeanIsrael; Lebanon
ca. 350 BCEElamiteisolatePersia; southern Mesopotamia

5th century BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
after 5th century BCETartessianunclassifiedSpain
5th century BCEAmmoniteSemiticnorthwestern Jordan
5th century BCEMoabiteSemiticnorthwestern Jordan
ca. 400 BCELeponticCelticnorthern Italy

6th century BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
after 6th century BCELemnianTyrsenianLemnos, Greece[243]
6th century BCEEdomiteSemiticsouthwestern Jordan
6th century BCEUrartianHurro-UrartianArmenia; Georgia; Iraq; Anatolia

7th century BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
ca. 600 BCELuwianAnatolianAnatolia; northern Syria

2nd millennium BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
c.2000-1800 BCESumerianisolateMesopotamiaused as a literary and liturgical language until about 100 CE[244]
ca. 1500 BCEHatticUnclassified, possibly Northwest CaucasianAnatolia
ca. 1450 BCEMinoanunclassifiedCretemay have evolved into Eteocretan
ca. 1300 BCEPalaicAnatoliannorthwest Anatolia
after 1170 BCEUgariticSemiticSyriafollowing the destruction of Ugarit
ca. 1100 BCEHittiteAnatolianAnatolia
ca. 1100 BCESuteanAfro-AsiaticNortheast SyriaSpoken around 2100 BCE
ca. 1050 BCECypro-MinoanunclassifiedCyprusmay have evolved into Eteocypriot
ca. 1000 BCEHurrianHurro-UrartianAnatolia; Syria; Mesopotamia

3rd millennium BCE

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
3rd millennium BCEEblaiteSemiticSyria

Unknown date

DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
UNKOlmec languageUnclassified, possibly Mixe-ZoqueMexico
UNKVilla Viciosa AgtaMalayo-PolynesianVillaviciosa, Abra Philippinesunattested
UNKTuobaMongolic or TurkicNorthern ChinaSpoken around the 5th century AD.
UNKTuyuhunPara-MongolicNorthern ChinaSpoken around 500 AD
UNKXiongnuunknownMongolia
UNKJie languageYeniseianNorth ChinaPossibly evolved into Pumpokol.
UNKErmiteñoChavacanoErmita, Manila, PhilippinesSpanish-based creole
UNKMeniénMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
UNKMalalíMacro-JêMinas Gerais, Brazil
UNKMasakaráMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
UNKKotoxóMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
UNKKoropóMacro-JêMinas Gerais, Brazil
UNKKamurúMacro-JêEastern Brazil
UNKSabujáMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
UNKMangalóMacro-JêBahia and Minas Gerais
UNKGuerenMacro-JêMinas Gerais, Brazil
UNKAraviráMacro-JêMato Grosso, Santa CruzNothing is known directly about this language.
UNKSorungMalayo-PolynesianErromango
UNKWaamwangMalayo-PolynesianVoh, New Caledonia
UNKPawishianaCaribanSouth America
UNKArakajúCaribanSouth America
UNKTiverikotoCaribanSouth America
UNKWajumaráCaribanSouth America
UNKBoanaríCaribanSouth America
UNKPurukotóCaribanSouth America
UNKParavilyanaCaribanSouth America
UNKSaparáCaribanSouth America
UNKJumaCaribanSouth America
UNKApingiCaribanSouth America
UNKYarumáCaribanSouth America
UNKOpónCaribanColombia
UNKPimenteiraCaribanSouth America
UNKPalmelaCaribanSouth America
UNKAmarizanaArawakanMeta Department, Colombia
UNKCabreArawakanColombia
UNKMoriqueArawakanBetween the Ucayali River and Javari River
UNKAroãArawakanMarajó
UNKPaséArawakanBrazil
UNKYumanaArawakanBrazil
UNKWirináArawakanBrazil
UNKWaraikúArawakanBrazil
UNKWestern JicaqueHokanHonduras
UNKCustenauArawakanMato Grosso, Brazil
UNKYabaânaArawakanBrazil
UNKKariaíArawakanRoraima, Brazil
UNKAnauyáArawakanCastaño Viejo River Amazonas, Venezuela
UNKJandiatuba MayorunaPanoanAmazon basin, Brazil
UNKAmazon MayorunaPanoanAmazon basin, Brazil, Peru, and Colombia
UNKConamboZaparoanNorth Eastern Peru near the Conambo River.Some consider Conambo to be a dialect of Záparo.
UNKAushiriZaparoanLoreto, Peru
UNKMaynasCahuapanan?Loreto, Peru
UNKHuetarChibchanAlajuela, Costa Rica
UNKDorasqueChibchanPanama and Costa Rica
UNKVotoChibchanCosta Rica
UNKAtanqueChibchanCesar Department, Colombia
UNKNutabeChibchanSanta Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
UNKOld CatioChibchanSanta Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
UNKArmaChocoan?ColombiaUnattested
UNKSinúfanaChocoan?ColombiaPoorly attested
UNKQuimbayaunclassifiedColombiaMight not be a distinct language.

See also

Notes

  1. Last surviving native speaker; it is being taught as a second language on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State.
  2. Last surviving native speaker; some children still learn it as a second language.
  3. Brother of Lenape traditionalist and language preservation activist Nora Thompson Dean
  4. The last full-blooded Selknam Indian, but some have suggested certain people remained fluent in the languages until the 1980s.
  5. Last attested speaker of a Chumashan language
  6. Last member of the Yahi, the last surviving group of the Yana people who spoke Yana
  7. Considered to be the last fluent speaker of a Tasmanian language.
  8. Considered to be the last full-blood speaker of a Tasmanian language;[202] however, Fanny Cochrane Smith, who spoke one of the Tasmanian languages, outlived her.
  9. Last full-blooded speaker, though partial knowledge of this language continued among mixed Cayuga-Tutelo descendants for some time.
  10. Possibly the last fluent native speaker of the Cornish language, was monoglot until her twenties. See Last speaker of the Cornish language.
  11. Last person known to speak, read, and write in Khitan.

References

  1. "Last Fluent Speaker of Nxamxcin Language Dies at 96". The Spokesman. Spokane, Washington.
  2. "Last Native Speaker Of Aleut Language In Russia Dies". RadioFreeEurope. 5 October 2022.
  3. S.A.P, El Mercurio (16 February 2022). "Fallece a los 93 años Cristina Calderón, la última hablante del idioma Yagán | Emol.com". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  4. Seelye, Katharine Q. (6 October 2021). "Marie Wilcox, Who Saved Her Native Language From Extinction, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  5. "'Race against time': Pandemic propels fight to save Native American languages". POLITICO. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  6. "Last Native Speaker Of Rare Dialect Dies In Russia". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  7. International, Survival (10 March 2021). "Aruká Juma, Last Man of His Tribe, Is Dead". NY Times. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  8. Anderson, Dale (11 December 2020). "Chief Kenneth Patterson, 93, leader in the Tuscarora Nation". The Buffalo News. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  9. International, Survival (1 June 2020). "The last speaker of the Sare language has died". Medium. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  10. "Preserving Indigenous languages". Monash Life. Monash University. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  11. "Cherry Wulumirr Daniels laid to rest". Yugul Mangi Development Aboriginal Corporation. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  12. Daigneault, Anna (6 November 2019). "Museums of the mind: Why we should preserve endangered languages". Global Voices. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  13. Domingo, Javier. "La imborrable obra de Dora Manchado: ¿la última guardiana de la lengua tehuelche?". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  14. Joe Skurzewski (10 December 2016). "Edwin Benson, last known fluent speaker of Mandan, passes away at 85". FOX News.
  15. "Doris McLemore, Last Fluent Wichita Speaker, Walks On - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  16. "A "Legend", Indigenous Australian Leader, Knowledge Holder Tommy George Passes On | Snowchange Cooperative". www.snowchange.org. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  17. Jack Knox (19 March 2016). "Jack Knox — A silenced tongue: the last Nuchatlaht speaker dies". Times Colonist.
  18. Erik Lacitis (8 February 2005). "Last few Whulshootseed speakers spread the word". Seattle Times Newspaper. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  19. Lois Sweet Dorman (21 June 2005). "Lost in translation: a connection to the sacred". Seattle Times. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  20. Kaminsky, Jonathan (7 February 2014). "Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state". Reuters via www.reuters.com.
  21. The Washington Post
  22. Charter, David. "Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103". The Times.
  23. Ernštreits, Valts (14 December 2011). "Lībiešu valodas situācija". Livones.net (in Latvian). Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  24. Romney, Lee. (2013, February 6). Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013
  25. "Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story". Los Angeles Times. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  26. Obituary: Robert (Bobby) Hogg, engineer and last speaker of the Cromarty dialect The Scotsman. 15 October 2012.
  27. Foden-Vencil, Kristian. "Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  28. "Alaska Native Language Loses Last Fluent Speaker - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  29. "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF). ISO 639-3. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  30. Dimas, Dimas. "PUNAHNYA BAHASA KREOL PORTUGIS". LIPI (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  31. "Falecimento - 12/10/2011". Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  32. "Another language faces sunset in dead centre". The Australian. ||
  33. 1 2 "An Indian language recently went extinct. Why were we not told about it?". write2kill.in - Select writings of Subir Ghosh. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013.
  34. "Ancient Indian language dies out". 4 February 2010 via news.bbc.co.uk.
  35. Andamanese tribes, languages die, The Hindu
  36. "Great Andamanese, Mixed". Ethnologue.
  37. Dixon, R.M.W (10 December 2010). I Am a Linguist. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004192355.
  38. "Ethnologue report for language code: zmu". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  39. "Ethnologue report for language code: avo". Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  40. "Ethnologue report for language code: ait". Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  41. "Ethnologue report for language code: kgm". Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  42. "Ethnologue report for language code: pth". Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  43. "Ethnologue report for language code: laz". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  44. "Ethnologue report for language code: ppu". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  45. "Tübatulabal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  46. "The last of Nepal's Dura speakers". BBC News. 15 January 2008.
  47. John McWhorter,"No Tears For Dead Tongues", Forbes,2/21/2008 @ 6:00PM.
  48. "The Phraselator II". The American Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  49. Mithun 336
  50. "Javindo". Ethnologue.
  51. "Hpon". Ethnologue.
  52. "Holy road: Speaker of Wasco language dead at 91 - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  53. "Ludzī kīļ : The Lutsi Language". lutsimaa.lv. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  54. "Language Log".
  55. "Berbice Dutch officially extinct". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. February 25, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2015
  56. "Ethnologue report for language code: bpt". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  57. "Language dies with woman". London: Observer.guardian.co.uk. 26 September 2004. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  58. Jon Watts (22 September 2005). "Jon Watts, The forbidden tongue, The Guardian 23 September 2005". Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  59. "List of Adamawa languages - Roger Blench" (PDF). www.rogerblench.info. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  60. "Juicing and Blending Advice, Reviews, Guides and Recipes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  61. Rantala, Leif, Aleftina Sergina 2009. Áhkkila sápmelaččat. Oanehis muitalus sámejoavkku birra, man maŋimuš sámegielalaš olmmoš jámii 29.12.2003. Roavvenjárga.
  62. Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
  63. Juillerat, Lee (16 September 2003). "Tribal elder who helped preserve language dies". Herald and News. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  64. Haynes, Erin F. "Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs, Klamath, and Grand Ronde" (PDF). Coyote Papers. 8: 87–102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  65. "Ethnologue report for language code: ilg". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  66. "Ethnologue report for language code: aea". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  67. "Ethnologue report for language code: amz". Archived from the original on 9 March 2015.
  68. "Ethnologue report for language code: umd". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  69. Chambers, Steve. "The vanishing voice of the Lenape." Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Star-Ledger. 17 Nov 2002. Retrieved 8 Dec 2013.
  70. Neidjie, Bill; Stephen Davis; Allan Fox (c. 1985). Kakadu man...Bill Neidjie. Foreword by Clyde Holding. Queanbeyan, N.S.W.: Mybrood. ISBN 978-0-9589458-0-6.
  71. "Ethnologue report for language code: ama". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  72. 1 2 3 "Ethnologue report for Australia". Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  73. 1 2 Taber, Mark (1993). "Toward a Better Understanding of the Indigenous Languages of Southwestern Maluku". Oceanic Linguistics. 32 (2): 389–441. doi:10.2307/3623199. JSTOR 3623199 via JSTOR.
  74. "Teagascóirí Gaeilge". Ireland Canada University Foundation.
  75. Ahland, Michael Bryan. (2010). Language death in Mesmes. Dallas: SIL International and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  76. Bustorf, Dirk. (2007). "Mäsmäs", in: Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3: D-Ha, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 838-39.
  77. Gray (2013), The Languages of Pentecost Island
  78. Charles, Mary (1993). Winin - Why the Emu Cannot Fly. Broome, WA: Magabala Books. ISBN 978-1-875641-07-9.
  79. "Ineseño". Ethnologue.
  80. "Mlahsö". Ethnologue.
  81. Scholastic Book of Lists (2003)
  82. "Yupik, Sirenik". Ethnologue.
  83. "Ethnologue report for language code: mjq". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  84. "On the Ioway Otoe-Missouria Language". iowayotoelang.nativeweb.org.
  85. "Ethnologue report for language code: KTQ". Archived from the original on 15 December 2001.
  86. "Ethnologue report for language code: pmc". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  87. "Ethnologue report for language code: SZD". Archived from the original on 28 January 2002.
  88. David Crystal (29 April 2002). Language Death. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-01271-3.
  89. Dench, Alan (1994). Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  90. Piłsudski, Bronisław; Alfred F. Majewicz (2004). The Collected Works of Bronisław Piłsudski. Trends in Linguistics Series. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 600. ISBN 9783110176148. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  91. "Penobscot". Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  92. "Eastern Abnaki language". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  93. “Dos lenguas que no quieren morir.” El Comercio. 22 Enero 2008. 13 Febrero 2008 .
  94. E. F. K. Koerner (1 January 1998). First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-272-4576-2.
  95. Artola, Koldo (2000). "Fidela Bernat anderea, euskal hiztun erronkariarra (eta II)" (PDF). Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et Documenta (32): 487–512. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  96. "Panobo". Ethnologue.
  97. Thompson, Sandra A.; Park, Joseph Sung-Yul; Li, Charles N. (2006). A Reference Grammar of Wappo. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09854-1.
  98. 1 2 "Kayeli". Ethnologue.
  99. "Taman". Ethnologue.
  100. Munro, Morndi (1996). Emerarra: a man from Merarra. Broome: Magabala Books.
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  102. "Ethnologue report for language code: huw". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  103. "Kungarakany". Ethnologue.
  104. Hillinger, Charles (23 August 1988). "Indian Woman Is Last Word on Language of the Atsugewi". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  105. "--Xegwi". Ethnologue.
  106. "Ethnologue report for language code: bym". Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  107. Brigandi, P. (2009). "Roscinda Nolasquez Remembered". The Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 9 (1): 3.
  108. "Dyangadi". Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  109. "Basa-Gumna". Ethnologue.
  110. "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:YUB". Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  111. Arts Webmaster, School of Languages and Linguistics (16 August 2019). "School of Languages and Linguistics".
  112. "Mangala". Ethnologue.
  113. François, Alexandre (2012), "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages", International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012 (214): 85–110, doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022, S2CID 145208588
  114. "Gaelic in the North East". University of Aberdeen. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  115. "Yavitero". Ethnologue.
  116. "Language | Feis na nGleann". feisnangleann.com. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  117. "Lament For Seamus 'Bhriain' Mac Amhlaigh". Glens Of Antrim Historical Society. 12 February 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  118. "Ethnologue report for language code: jng". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  119. "Endangered Languages Project - Dagoman". Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  120. "Ethnologue report for language code: dyd". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  121. "Ethnologue report for language code: ktw". Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  122. "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:DIT". Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  123. "Ethnologue report for language code: dyb". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  124. 1 2 "Ethnologue 14 report for Australia". Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  125. "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ERR". Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  126. "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:YWW". Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  127. "Ethnologue report for language code: tmg". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  128. Barry J. Blake (1979). "Pitta-Pitta". In Robert M. W. Dixon & Barry J. Blake (ed.). Handbook of Australian Languages. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 183–242. ISBN 978-90-272-0512-4.
  129. 1 2 "Language revitalization: revival of Warrungu (Australia) and maintenance of Maori (New Zealand)". Archived from the original on 10 October 2018.
  130. Arita, Eriko (17 January 2010). "Tokyo prof strives to rescue an Aboriginal language from oblivion". The Japan Times. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  131. "Twana". Ethnologue.
  132. "Kwadi". Ethnologue.
  133. "Shuadit". Ethnologue.
  134. Breen, Gavan (1981). The Mayi languages of the Queensland Gulf Country. Canberra: AIAS. p. 13. ISBN 0-85575-124-X.
  135. "Ethnologue report for language code: ngv". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  136. "Kw'adza". Ethnologue.
  137. "Muskum". Ethnologue.
  138. 1 2 3 4 5 Vajda, Edward J. Loanwords in Ket; in: Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, p. 471. (in press)
  139. "Homa". Ethnologue.
  140. "Manx". Ethnologue.
  141. "Moksela". Ethnologue.
  142. "Cacaopera". Ethnologue.
  143. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and ... - Google Books. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110134179.
  144. Dixon, R. M. W.; Dixon, Robert Malcolm Ward (17 February 2011). Searching for Aboriginal Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108025041.
  145. Kenrick, Donald (2010). The A to Z of the Gypsies (Romanies). Toronto: Scarecrow Press. p. 289. ISBN 9780810875616.
  146. Rawlings, Alex. "The man bringing dead languages back to life". BBC Future. BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  147. Ernestine Ygnacio-De Soto, illustrated by Mary Yee, The Sugar Bear Story (Paperback): Introduction.
  148. "Wakawaka". Ethnologue.
  149. "ISO 639-3 request" (PDF). Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  150. Limerick, Patricia Nelson; Cowell, Andrew; Collinge, Sharon K. (2009). Remedies for a New West. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816525997.
  151. "Ardaghy school is making great strides - Independent.ie". Independent.ie. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  152. "Annie O Hanlon. The last native Irish speaker in Louth. She died in 1957. • r/IrishHistory". reddit. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  153. "Pirlatapa". Ethnologue.
  154. "Ethnologue report for language code: tvy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  155. Escalante Hernández, Roberto (1962). El cuitlateco. México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
  156. "Catawba". Ethnologue.
  157. "Omurano". Ethnologue.
  158. "Natchez". Ethnologue.
  159. Kimball, G. (2013). "The Woman Who Was a Fox: The Structure of a Natchez Oral Narrative". International Journal of American Linguistics. 79 (3): 421–437. doi:10.1086/670925. JSTOR 670925. S2CID 144512594.
  160. Smith, Diane (15 June 2011). "University helps Native Americans save languages: Project aims to increase field linguists". Seattle Times Newspaper. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  161. "Media Services - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  162. "Ethnologue report for language code: wsv". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  163. "Tay Boi". Ethnologue.
  164. Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188.
  165. "Ifo". Ethnologue.
  166. "Kaniet". Ethnologue.
  167. "Pijao". Ethnologue.
  168. Tunica Texts, Mary R. Haas, 1950, University of California Press
  169. Ullendorff, Edward. The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People, Second Edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 131.
  170. Handbook of North American Indians, V. 14, Southeast. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160876165.
  171. "Historic Monterey: Photo Gallery - Isabel Meadows". City of Monterey. 2009. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  172. Seaburg, William R.; Pamela T. Amoss. Badger and Coyote were Neighbors: Melville Jacobs on Northwest Indian Myths and Tails. Oregon State University Press. pp. 6–26.
  173. Marianne Mithun (7 June 2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 431–. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  174. "Narungga". Ethnologue.
  175. Einaudi 1976, pp. 1–3
  176. Paris Achen (11 January 2008). "Pair breathe life into dead language". Mail Tribune. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  177. 1 2 3 4 5 George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12062-9, ... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
  178. "Science: Last of the Kitsai." Time Magazine. 27 June 1932 (retrieved 3 May 2010)
  179. "Ajawa". Ethnologue.
  180. Amery, Rob; University of Adelaide, (issuing body.) (2016), Warraparna Kaurna! : reclaiming an Australian language (PDF), University of Adelaide Press, pp. 1, 17, ISBN 978-1-925261-24-0
  181. Luthin, Herbert (2002). Surviving through the Days. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22270-0.
  182. Kathryn Klar; Margaret Langdon; Shirley Silver (30 November 2011). American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies: Papers in Honor of Madison S. Beeler. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-3-11-080868-1.
  183. "Ethnologue report for language code: chg". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  184. George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12062-9, The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921.
  185. Campbell 1997:166
  186. Klar, Kathryn (Winter 1991). "Precious Beyond the Power of Money to Buy: John P. Harrington's Fieldwork with Rosario Cooper". Anthropological Linguistics. 33 (4): 379–391. JSTOR 30028218.
  187. Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 51.
  188. "Siraya". Ethnologue.
  189. Fawcett, Melissa Jayne. Medicine Trail: The Life and Lessons of Gladys Tantaquidgeon
  190. "Smith, Fanny Cochrane (1834–1905)". Fanny Cochrane Smith. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  191. "Fanny Cochrane Smith". Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2010. She is probably best known for her cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs, recorded in 1899, which are the only audio recordings of an indigenous Tasmanian language.
  192. "The Jangil (Rutland Jarawa)". www.andaman.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013.
  193. Gurdon, P.R.T (1903). "The Morāns". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 72 (1): 36.
  194. "Ethnologue report for language code: myz". Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  195. Linn, Dubh (18 July 2014). "Dublin Irish: When was Dublin Irish last spoken - and where?". Dublin Irish. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  196. "Mbara". Archived from the original on 7 January 2015.
  197. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  198. "Ethnologue report for language code: nwa". Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  199. "Waling". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  200. Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania (in French). ACCO. p. 138. ISBN 978-90-334-6094-4.
  201. Brahms, William B. (2005). Notable Last Facts: A Compendium of Endings, Conclusions, Terminations and Final Events throughout History. Original from the University of Michigan: Reference Desk Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-9765325-0-7.
  202. Crowley, Terry (2007). Field linguistics: a beginner's guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199213702.
  203. "tinet.ie".
  204. Horatio Hale, "Tutelo Tribe and Language", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 21, no. 114 (1883), 9-11.
  205. Ethnologue has mixed this up with Carapana-tapuya. The languages clearly belong to different families.
  206. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  207. "History", Nanticoke Tribe, accessed 8 Oct 2009
  208. "Historic Nantucket Magazine".
  209. "Ethnologue report for language code: smp". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  210. Munro, P. (1994). Halvorson, W. L.; Maender, G. J. (eds.). "Takic foundations of Nicoleño vocabulary" (PDF). Fourth Multidisciplinary Channel Islands Symposium: 659–668. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  211. North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, vols. 50-51 (Odense University Press, 2007), p. 240
  212. "Area Guide Unst".
  213. "Ethnologue report for language code: pli". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  214. "Biography: Shanawdithit". Discovery Collegiate High School Bonavista, Newfoundland. K-12 school Web pages in Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  215. Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 52.
  216. The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87. In the village of Pi-Solsel (Az-Zayniyyah, El Zenya or Al Zeniya north of Luxor), passive speakers were recorded as late as the 1930s, and traces of traditional vernacular Coptic reported to exist in other places such as Abydos and Dendera, see Werner Vycichl, Pi-Solsel, ein Dorf mit koptischer Überlieferung in: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, (MDAIK) vol. 6, 1936, pp. 169–175 (in German).
  217. Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 125.
  218. "- Ethnologue". Archived from the original on 23 December 2007.
  219. "- Ethnologue".
  220. "- Ethnologue".
  221. "The notebooks of William Dawes". School of Oriental and African Studies and NSW Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  222. McLaughlin, John (15 March 2008). "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF).
  223. 1 2 3 Warren Christopher (2013). "Smallpox at Sydney Cove – Who, When, Why". Journal of Australian Studies. 38: 68–86. doi:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750. S2CID 143644513.
  224. Ken George, "Cornish", and George & Broderick, "The Revived Languages: Cornish and Manx", in Ball & Müller, eds., 2009, The Celtic Languages, 2nd edition
    • Christopher Mosely, ed., 2007, Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
    • Hadumod Bussmann, 1996, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
    • P.J Payton, "Cornish", in Brown & Ogilvie, eds., 2009, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
    • Bernard Comrie, ed, 2009, The World's Major Languages, 2nd edition
    • James Clackson, 2007, Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
    • Gareth King, 2003, Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar, 2nd edition
  225. Kapović, Mate (2008), Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku [An introduction to Indo-European linguistics] (in Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, p. 109, ISBN 978-953-150-847-6
  226. "Ethnologue report for language code: ghc". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  227. "- Ethnologue".
  228. "Ethnologue report for language code: dep". Archived from the original on 9 April 2015.
  229. |Jackson, Peter Webster (2001). A Pictorial History of Deaf Britain.
  230. Williams, Roger (1827). A key into the language of America. Providence: John Miller. p. 110. Retrieved 11 December 2008. Reprint of a book first published in 1643.
  231. "Ethnologue report for language code: juc". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  232. 1 2 Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  233. "- Ethnologue". Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  234. "Mozarabic:General overview". Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
  235. Kane, Daniel (2009). The Kitan Language and Script. Brill. p. 4. ISBN 978-90-04-16829-9.
  236. "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic". Ethnologue.
  237. "Syriac". Ethnologue.
  238. "Samaritan Aramaic". Ethnologue.
  239. "Ethnologue report for language code: ave". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  240. Haarman, Harald, Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (Munich: Beck, 2002), p. 125
  241. O'Leary, De Lacy Evans (2000). Comparative grammar of the Semitic languages. Routledge. p. 23.
  242. "Linguist List - Description of Akkadian". Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  243. Haarman, Harald, Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (Munich: Beck, 2002), p. 124.
  244. Joan Oates (1979). Babylon [Revised Edition] Thames and Hudston, Ltd. 1986 p. 30, 52-53.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.