Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate

The malvids consist of eight orders of flowering plants: Brassicales, Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Huerteales, Malvales, Myrtales, Picramniales and Sapindales.^{[lower-alpha 1]} This subgroup of the rosids is divided into 59 families of trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants.^[4][5]

The cabbage family includes broccoli, turnips and radishes.^[6] The ornamental geraniums, and their many hybrids and cultivars, come from five species of Pelargonium.^[7] The mallow family includes the plants that yield cocoa beans, Cola nuts, cotton and jute.^[8] Pomegranates were cultivated by Bronze Age cultures, and wild water chestnuts were consumed in large quantities by prehistoric Europeans.^[9] Eucalyptus trees are the tallest known flowering plants, up to 100 m (330 ft) or more; they are grown for timber and for their oils, used in candy, perfumes and cough medicine.^[10] Mangos and cashews come from the same plant family as poison ivy, and can sometimes trigger allergic reactions.^[11] Canada produces most of the world's maple syrup, and the maple leaf is the country's national symbol.^[12] Citrus agriculture outranks other sweet-fruit industries in warm climates.^[13]

Glossary

From the glossary of botanical terms:

• annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season
• basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram)
• climber: a vine that leans on, twines around or clings to other plants for vertical support
• deciduous: falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals
• glandular hair: a hair tipped with a secretory structure
• herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture
• mangrove: any shrub or small tree growing in brackish or salt water
• perennial: not an annual or biennial
• succulent (adjective): juicy or fleshy
• unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs
• woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous^[14]

The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.^[2] In this system, Geraniales and Myrtales are basal within the malvids.^[15]

Families

Families

Family and a common name[16][lower-alpha 2]	Type genus and etymology[lower-alpha 3]	Total genera; global distribution	Description and uses	Order[4]	Type genus images
Akaniaceae (turnipwood family)[18]	Akania, from Greek for "bractless", possibly[18][19]	2 genera, in the Himalayas, China, Southeast Asia and Australia[20]	Trees with a mustard scent in the bark and flowers[18]	Brassicales	Akania bidwillii
Alzateaceae (wantsum family)[21]	Alzatea, for José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez (d. 1795), a cartographer[21]	1 genus, in South America[22]	Short evergreen trees and shrubs with four-sided stems[21][23]	Myrtales	Alzatea verticillata
Anacardiaceae (cashew family)[24]	Anacardium, from a Greek plant name[24][25]	79 genera, mostly in the tropics, with some temperate species[26][27]	Shrubs, trees and vines, generally with sap that can turn black. Cashews and mangos are commercially important tropical crops.[24][28]	Sapindales	Anacardium occidentale
Aphloiaceae (mountain-peach family)[29]	Aphloia, from Greek for "unbarked"[29]	1 genus, in Africa and on islands of the Indian Ocean[30]	Evergreen shrubs and small trees[29]	Crosso­somatales	Aphloia theiformis
Bataceae (turtleweed family)[31]	Batis, from Greek for "walking"[32]	1 genus, in New Guinea, Australia, and the tropics and subtropics of the Americas[33]	Short, succulent viny shrubs with unisexual flowers[23][31]	Brassicales	Batis maritima
Biebersteiniaceae (khardug family)[34]	Biebersteinia, for Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein (1768–1826)[34]	1 genus, in Eurasia[35]	Foul-smelling herbaceous perennials with woody rhizomes[34]	Sapindales	—
Bixaceae (annatto family)[36]	Bixa, from a Carib plant name[36][37][38]	3 genera, in the Americas and Madagascar[39]	Shrubs, trees and herbaceous perennials. Bixa orellana yields annatto, a widely used red food dye.[28][36]	Malvales	Bixa orellana
Brassicaceae (cabbage family)[6]	Brassica, from a Latin plant name[40][41][42]	344 genera, scattered around the world, especially in the Northern Hemisphere[43][44]	Shrubs and herbaceous plants, with a few vines and small trees and a few species that grow in water. The cabbage family includes broccoli, cauliflower, turnips, watercress, radishes and horseradish, along with the plants that yield canola oil and the mustards.[6][23]	Brassicales	Brassica oleracea
Burseraceae (frankincense-and-myrrh family)[45]	Bursera, for Joachim Burser (1583–1639)[45][46]	18 genera, in the tropics[26][47]	Generally unisexual shrubs and trees, with some climbers and some species that grow on other plants. Most species, especially in the frankincense and myrrh genera, are heavily scented.[23][45]	Sapindales	Bursera simaruba
Capparaceae (caper family)[48]	Capparis, from a Greek plant name[49][50]	15 genera, around the world[43][51]	Shrubs and trees, with up to 250 stamens per flower. Capers (the preserved flower buds of Capparis) are usually harvested in the wild rather than cultivated.[48][52]	Brassicales	Capparis spinosa
Caricaceae (papaya family)[53]	Carica, from a Latin plant name[54][55]	6 genera, in West Africa and the tropics of the Americas[43][56]	Shrubs and trees, usually unisexual and spiny, with a few vines. Papaya fruit was already in cultivation in Central America before 1500.[28][53]	Brassicales	Carica papaya
Cistaceae (rock-rose family)[57]	Cistus, from a Greek plant name[58][59][60]	8 genera, mainly in warmer parts of the Northern Hemisphere[61][62]	Shrubs and herbaceous plants, frequently with volatile oils, with a few tall tree species. Labdanum (from Cistus) is used in perfumes.[23][57]	Malvales	Cistus monpeliensis
Cleomaceae (spiderflower family)[63]	Cleome, from Greek for "glory"[63][64][65]	2 genera, in the subtropics, the tropics, and North America[66]	Shrubs and herbaceous plants. The leaves are consumed in South Africa.[23][63]	Brassicales	Cleome ornithopodioides
Combretaceae (bushwillow family)[67]	Combretum, from a Latin plant name[68][69]	10 genera, in the tropics[70][71]	Shrubs, trees and woody vines, along with a few mangroves[52][67]	Myrtales	Combretum fruticosum
Crossosomata­ceae (rockflower family)[72]	Crossosoma, from Greek for "fringed body" (of the seeds)[72][73]	4 genera, in the US and northeastern Mexico[74]	Shrubs, often with small leaves, and a few trees[72]	Crosso­somatales	Crossosoma californicum
Crypteroniaceae (bekoi family)[75]	Crypteronia, from Greek for "hidden love" (for the small flowers)[75][76]	3 genera, in the Asian tropics[77]	Evergreen trees with tiny bisexual or unisexual flowers[75]	Myrtales	—
Cytinaceae (rockrose-rape family)[78]	Cytinus, from Greek for "part of a pomegranate"[78][79]	2 genera, in Africa and nearby islands, western Asia, and Mexico to northern South America[80]	Parasitic plants without chlorophyll, usually with unisexual flowers[78]	Malvales	Cytinus hypocistis
Dipentodontaceae (shichi family)[81]	Dipentodon, from Greek for "two groups of five teeth" (on the sepals and petals)[81][82]	2 genera, scattered around the world[81][83]	Unisexual and bisexual shrubs and trees[81]	Huerteales	—
Dipterocarpaceae (maranti family)[84]	Dipterocarpus, from Greek for "two-winged fruit"[84][85]	16 genera, in South America, Africa and southern parts of Asia[61][86]	Mostly evergreen trees with scented resins. These rainforest trees were an important source of timber and camphor a century ago, but they have been depleted from overlogging.[84][87]	Malvales	Dipterocarpus alatus
Emblingiaceae (slippercreeper family)[88]	Emblingia, for Thomas Embling (1814–1893)[89]	1 genus, in Australia[90]	Herbaceous shrubs with low branches[88]	Brassicales	Emblingia calceoliflora
Francoaceae (bridal-wreath family)[91]	Francoa, for Francisco Franco (c. 1515 – c. 1569), a Spanish doctor[91][92]	6 genera, in South America and Africa[93][94]	Small trees, large shrubs and herbaceous plants, some used in herbal teas[28][91]	Geraniales	Francoa appendiculata
Geissolomataceae (cape-cups family)[95]	Geissoloma, from Greek for "tiled fringe" (on the petals)[96]	1 genus, in South Africa[97]	Short, many-branched shrubs that bioaccumulate aluminium[95]	Crosso­somatales	Geissoloma marginatum
Geraniaceae (crane's-bill family)[7]	Geranium, from a Greek plant name meaning "crane"[98][99][100]	8 genera,scattered around the world[93][101]	Shrubs and herbaceous plants, most of them hairy, some succulent[7][23]	Geraniales	Geranium dissectum
Gerrardinaceae (brown-ironwood family)[102]	Gerrardina, for William Tyrer Gerrard (c. 1831 – 1866)[103]	1 genus, in southern Africa and Tanzania[104]	Shrubs and small trees, frequently with drooping branches[102]	Huerteales	Gerrardina foliosa
Guamatelaceae (Guatemalan-bramble family)[105]	Guamatela, an anagram of Guatemala[105]	1 genus, in Mexico and Central America[106]	Many-branched shrubs[105]	Crosso­somatales	—
Gyrostemona­ceae (buttoncreeper family)[107]	Gyrostemon, from Greek for "round stamens"[107][108]	5 genera, in Australia[43][109]	Annual unisexual shrubs and small trees, frequently succulent[107]	Brassicales	Gyrostemon ramulosis
Kirkiaceae (white-seringa family)[45]	Kirkia, for John Kirk (1832–1922)[110]	1 genus, in Africa[111]	Trees and shrubs with essentially unisexual flowers. Timber from Kirkia acuminata is used for construction, furniture and tool-making.[45]	Sapindales	Kirkia wilmsii
Koeberliniaceae (allthorn family)[112]	Koeberlinia, for Christoph Ludwig Köberlin (1794–1862), a German botanist and clergyman[113]	1 genus, in the US, Mexico and Bolivia[114]	Deciduous, many-branched, thorny-tipped shrubs and small trees[23][112]	Brassicales	Koeberlinia spinosa
Limnanthaceae (meadowfoam family)[115]	Limnanthes, from Greek for "marsh flowers"[116][117]	2 genera, in North America[118]	Mustard-scented herbaceous annuals. Poached egg plant is grown as an ornamental.[115]	Brassicales	Limnanthes douglasii
Lythraceae (pomegranate family)[119]	Lythrum, from Greek for "bloody" (flowers)[120][121][122]	28 genera, in temperate and tropical Eurasia, Africa and Oceania[70][123]	Shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants, often with square stems, with some mangroves and aquatic species[52][119]	Myrtales	Lythrum salicaria
Malvaceae (mallow family)[8]	Malva, from a Latin plant name[124][125][126]	245 genera, scattered worldwide[61][127]	Hairy shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants. Cocoa beans are native to tropical South and Central America, and Cola nuts are native to West Africa. The most commercially valuable genera are Gossypium (cotton) and Corchorus (jute).[8][52]	Malvales	Malva sylvestris
Melastomataceae (senduduk family)[128]	Melastoma, from Greek for "black mouth" (the result of eating the berries)[129][130]	164 genera, mostly in the tropics and subtropics[70][131]	Trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, with a few species that grow in water or on other plants[52][128]	Myrtales	Melastoma malabathricum
Meliaceae (neem family)[132]	Melia, from a Greek plant name[129][133][134]	58 genera, in the tropics, with some temperate species[26][135]	Generally unisexual shrublets, shrubs and trees. Neem oil has many uses, including as a pesticide, and the wood is similar to mahogany.[28][132]	Sapindales	Melia azedarach
Moringaceae (horseradish-tree family)[136]	Moringa, from a Tamil plant name[137]	1 genus, in Africa, Southwest Asia and South Asia[138]	Mustard-scented shrubs and trees, with a few herbaceous plants[28][136]	Brassicales	Moringa oleifera
Muntingiaceae (bajelly-tree family)[139]	Muntingia, for Abraham Munting (1626–1683)[140][141]	3 genera, from Mexico to South America[142]	Hairy shrubs and trees[23][139]	Malvales	Muntingia calabura
Myrtaceae (myrtle family)[143]	Myrtus, from Greek and Latin plant names[144][145][146]	126 genera, in the tropics and warmer temperate zones[70][147]	Evergreen shrubs and trees, most with volatile oils, including Eucalyptus and the tree that produces clove spice[23][143]	Myrtales	Myrtus communis
Neuradaceae (pietsnot family)[148]	Neurada, from Greek and Latin plant names[149][150]	3 genera, in Africa and southern Asia[151]	Herbaceous plants, usually with hairy stems that hug the ground[148]	Malvales	Neurada procumbens
Nitrariaceae (nitrebush family)[152]	Nitraria, from Greek for "nitre" (found near the plant)[152][153]	4 genera, scattered around the world[154]	Shrubs and herbaceous plants, frequently succulent, that bioaccumulate salt[152]	Sapindales	Nitraria billardierei
Onagraceae (fuchsia family)[155]	Oenothera. Onagra, an earlier synonym, is from Greek for "onager" (fodder).[155][156][157]	22 genera, scattered worldwide[70][158]	Shrubs and a few trees and woody vines, including Fuchsia and evening primrose[52][155]	Myrtales	Oenothera biennis
Penaeaceae (cape-fellwort family)[159]	Penaea, for Pierre Pena (1535–1605), a French doctor and botanist[160][161]	3 genera, from South Africa to Ethiopia[162]	Small shrubs to tall trees with buttress roots, all with four-sided new stems[87][159]	Myrtales	Penaea mucronata
Pentadiplandra­ceae (oubli family)[163]	Pentadiplandra, from Greek for "five double male" (stamens)[163]	1 genus, in the African tropics[164]	Just one species: a shrub with smooth stems that occasionally sprouts woody vines[28][163]	Brassicales	Pentadiplandra brazzeana
Petenaeaceae (Petén-linden family)[165]	Petenaea, for Lake Petén Itzá[165]	1 genus, in Mexico and Central America[166]	Large shrubs and small trees[165]	Huerteales	—
Picramniaceae (bitterbush family)[167]	Picramnia, from Greek for "bitter bush"[167][168]	4 genera, in South America and southern North America[169]	Unisexual shrubs and trees with small flowers[23][167]	Picramni­ales	Picramnia glazioviana
Resedaceae (mignonette family)[170]	Reseda, from a Latin plant name[171][172]	11 genera, around the world[43][173]	Shrubs, trees, vines and herbaceous plants. Reseda odorata (a mignonette species) is an ornamental that is also used in perfumes.[52][170]	Brassicales	Reseda lutea
Rutaceae (citrus family)[174]	Ruta, from a Latin plant name[175][176]	153 genera, in tropical and temperate zones[26][177]	Shrubs, trees and herbaceous perennials, usually scented. Citrus fruits were in cultivation in China 5000 years ago.[87][174]	Sapindales	Ruta graveolens
Salvadoraceae (toothbrush-tree family)[178]	Salvadora, for Jaime Salvador y Pedrol (1649–1740), a Spanish apothecary[179][180]	3 genera, in Africa and South Asia[43][181]	Shrubs and small trees with succulent or leathery leaves[52][178]	Brassicales	Salvadora persica
Sapindaceae (maple family)[182]	Sapindus, from Latin for "soap of India"[183][184]	143 genera, in the tropics, with some temperate species[26][185]	Shrubs, trees, climbers and herbaceous perennials. Lychee and rambutan fruits are widely cultivated in Asia. The family contains many ornamental species.[87][182]	Sapindales	Sapindus saponaria
Sarcolaenaceae (tunic-bells family)[186]	Sarcolaena, from Greek for "flesh cloak"[186][187]	10 genera, in Madagascar[61][188]	Hairy evergreen shrubs and trees[186]	Malvales	Sarcolaena oblongifolia
Setchellantha­ceae (azulita family)[189]	Setchellanthus, for William Albert Setchell (1864–1943)[190]	1 genus, in Mexico[191]	Hairy many-branched shrubs with succulent leaves[23][189]	Brassicales	—
Simaroubaceae (tree-of-heaven family)[192]	Simarouba, from a Carib plant name[192][193]	20 genera, in the tropics, with some temperate species[194]	Shrubs and trees with bitter bark. Corkwood is lightweight, and used to make floats for fishing nets.[52][192]	Sapindales	Simarouba amara
Sphaerosepala­ceae (lombiry family)[195]	Rhopalocarpus. Sphaerosepalum, an earlier synonym, is from Greek for "spherical sepals".[195][196][197]	2 genera, in Madagascar[198]	Shrubs and trees. Many of the species are threatened.[195]	Malvales	—
Stachyuraceae (spiketail family)[199]	Stachyurus, from Greek for "spike tail" (on the inflorescences)[200][201]	1 genus, in East Asia and mainland Southeast Asia[202]	Unisexual and bisexual shrubs and small trees, with a few vines[199]	Crosso­somatales	Stachyurus praecox
Staphyleaceae (bladdernut family)[203]	Staphylea, from Greek for "clusters" (of flowers)[201][204][205]	3 genera, scattered worldwide[206]	Shrubs and trees[203]	Crosso­somatales	Staphylea pinnata
Strasburgeriaceae (tawari family)[207]	Strasburgeria, for Eduard Strasburger (1844–1912)[208][209]	2 genera, in New Caledonia and New Zealand[210]	Evergreen trees[207]	Crosso­somatales	Strasburgeria robusta
Tapisciaceae (silverpheasant-tree family)[211]	Tapiscia, an anagram of the genus Pistacia[211][212]	2 genera, in the Americas and in East and mainland Southeast Asia[213]	Trees with fluorescent wood[23][211]	Huerteales	Tapiscia sinensis
Thymelaeaceae (mezereon family)[214]	Thymelaea, from Greek for "poison olive"[214][215]	52 genera, scattered worldwide[61][216]	Generally poisonous shrubs, small trees and herbaceous perennials, with a few vines. The bark of some species has traditionally been used to make strong, fibrous paper.[52][214]	Malvales	Thymelaea hirsuta
Tovariaceae (stinkbush family)[88]	Tovaria, for Simón de Tovar, a Spanish doctor and botanist[217]	1 genus, from Mexico to the tropics of the Americas[218]	Foul-smelling erect herbaceous perennials and floppy shrubs[23][88]	Brassicales	Tovaria pendula
Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium family)[219]	Tropaeolum, from Greek for "trophy"[220][221]	1 genus, in Mexico and Central and South America[222]	Mustard-scented herbaceous annuals and perennials, including garden nasturtium and other ornamentals[23][219]	Brassicales	Tropaeolum majus
Vochysiaceae (quaruba family)[223]	Vochysia, from a Carib plant name[223][224]	8 genera, mainly in the tropics of the Americas and West Africa[70][225]	Trees and shrubs that bioaccumulate aluminium[23][223]	Myrtales	Vochysia lucida

See also

• List of plant family names with etymologies

Notes

Citations

References

• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
• Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Retrieved January 1, 2021. See the Creative Commons license.
• Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226536705.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
• Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2.
• IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
• Kubitzki, K. (2003). "Conspectus on the Families of [Brassicales and] Malvales". In Kubitzki, Klaus; Bayer, Clemens (eds.). Flowering plants. Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. V. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 11, 17. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_6. ISBN 978-3-662-07255-4.
• Kubitzki, K. (2007). "Introduction to the Groups Treated in This Volume". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae. Vol. IX. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_1. ISBN 978-3-540-32214-6.
• Kubitzki, K. (2011). "Introduction to Sapindales". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. X. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14397-7_1. ISBN 978-3-642-14397-7.
• POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved January 1, 2023. See their terms-of-use license.
• Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume II, D–L. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2676-9.
• Quattrocchi, Umberto (2019) [2000]. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume III, M–Q. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-44751-9.
• Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5.
• Stevens, P.F. (2023) [2001]. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
• Turland, N. J.; et al. (eds.). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
• "USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.