Malaysia–United States relations
Map indicating locations of Malaysia and USA

Malaysia
United States
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Malaysia, Washington DCEmbassy of The United States of America, Kuala Lumpur
Envoy
His Excellency Mohamed Nazri Abdul AzizHis Excellency Brian D. McFeeters

Bilateral ties between Malaysia and the United States were established upon Malayan independence in 1957. The US was, and still is one of the largest trading partners for Malaysia and is traditionally considered to be Malaysia's oldest and closest ally in military, economic and education sectors.[1] Malaya was the predecessor state to Malaysia, a larger federation formed through the merger of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore in 1963. Immediately before the merger, the latter three territories were previously part of the British Empire. But the US has had consular and commercial presence in Malaya since the 1800s.[2] US merchants, especially Joseph William Torrey together with Thomas Bradley Harris also had commercial interests in north western coast of Borneo in the 19th century as well, where they established the American Trading Company of Borneo.[3][4]

Malaysia has its embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulate-general offices in Los Angeles and New York City.[5] The United States maintains its embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[6] Beginning in April 2014, the US considered Malaysia as a Comprehensive Partner which increased the importance of diplomatic ties as part of President Barack Obama's Pivot to Asia policy. The partnership increased bilateral consultations and co-operation on politics, diplomacy, trade, investment, education, people-to-people ties, security, the environment, science, technology and energy,[7] which continued to be enhanced by President Donald Trump in 2017.[8]

In 2016, the US is Malaysia's third largest export market in terms of value,[9] while Malaysia is the US's 25th largest export destination and among the largest trading partners for the latter.[10]

History

Thomas Bradley Harris (standing left) and Joseph William Torrey (sitting right), both are the first US merchants to establishing presence in present-day Malaysian Borneo.

The United States has a long commercial interest in Malaysia, dating back since the 1800s when the territories now part of the Southeast Asian country were part of the British Empire.[11] While Malaysia through Malaya only established a diplomatic presence in the US beginning from 1957, the US had consular posts in Malaya and commercial interests in northern Borneo since the 1800s.[3] In 1850, the US recognised the status of Kingdom of Sarawak which was established by an Englishman named James Brooke as an independent state.[12] US merchants Torrey and Harris through the American Trading Company of Borneo had a tract of land in north western of Borneo, which was however sold to Baron von Overbeck in 1876.[3][4] The US further appointed a consul in George Town in 1918 and established additional consular posts in Kuala Lumpur in 1948 and Kuching in 1968.[13] The modern ties between Malaysia and the US are generally warm with the US had supported Malaysia during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, an armed conflict arising from Indonesian opposition to the formation of Malaysia, marking the beginning of US direct involvement in the political affairs of Malaysia.[14][15] Earlier during the World War II, the US played a role in the liberation of Southeast Asia from Japanese occupation especially in the liberation of Borneo as the island is located close to the Commonwealth of the Philippines, which is a protectorate of the latter.[16]

Political relations, however became strained, under the Bush administration during the Iraq War. Mahathir Mohamad who ruled from 1981 until 2003 was critical of the foreign policy of the United States at the time, especially the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration's invasion of Iraq during the Iraq War.[17] Nevertheless, these periods of tensions between the two nations did not prevent the US from being one of the largest trading partners for Malaysia during Mahathir's tenure.[18] The US was, and still is one of the largest trading partners for Malaysia and is traditionally considered to be Malaysia's closest ally.[19] In 2002, Malaysia-US Friendship Council was established to strengthen the friendship between the Malaysian government and the US government. Mohd Noor Amin, Chairman of the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats (IMPACT), was appointed as the Secretary-General for this council. The council is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and sponsored by leading Malaysian companies to offer advice on matters relating to bilateral relationship between the two countries.[20]

Under the helm of Prime Minister Najib Razak's administration, the two-way diplomatic ties between the two sovereign nations have since warmed and became normalized once more.[21] Subsequently, US President Barack Obama's made his first official visit to Malaysia in April 2014, the first visit by a sitting US President since 1966.[21][22][23] Prime Minister Najib and President Obama issued a joint statement that, among other things, elevated the Malaysia-US relationship to a comprehensive partnership.[7] Malaysia is currently pursuing the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) treaty with the support of the US until January 2017.[24][25] Both countries continue to enjoy warm relations with the two leaders became close personal friends. On Christmas Eve in 2014, both Najib and Obama are seen playing golf together in Hawaii.[26] Following the victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 US presidential election, the relations continue to be strengthened with Najib was among the international leaders that congratulated Trump and looked forward to continuing a partnership with the US under his presidency.[27] In June 2018, the United States Embassy in Kuala Lumpur hosting a series of programs in Sabah (the former North Borneo) to celebrate the 150+ years of partnership with the people of the territory.[28][29]

On 13 June 2020, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 US Presidential Election.[30]

Economic trade and relations

A 7-Eleven store in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Japanese-owned American chain of convenience store has around 2,000 stores in the country as of 2016.[31][32]

The earliest significant economic relations between the territories now part of Malaysia, in particular Malaya, was the US involvement in the production and trade of tin and rubber.[33] Malaya at one time was the largest single producer of both commodities and the US was the largest importer of Malayan tin. By 1917, rubber became Malaya's most important exports and the US absorbed 77% of Malaya's total rubber production.[34] The great demand for rubber was due to the rising production of automobile in Malaysia.[35]

In the modern days, the US is one of the largest foreign investor in Malaysia.[35] The American Malaysian Chamber of Commerce serves as a business association for collaboration between both countries.[36] While figures capturing the full range of foreign investment (including oil and gas) are not available, American companies are particularly active in the energy, electronics, and manufacturing sectors and employ nearly 200,000 Malaysian workers.[37] The cumulative value of US private investment in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia is roughly $15 billion.[35][38] In the 1970s, American companies, including Agilent AMD, Fairchild Semiconductor, Freescale Semiconductor, Intel, Texas Instruments and Western Digital pioneered the Malaysian electrical and electronics (E&E) sector, which exports billions of dollars of equipment to global supply chains every year. Major US oil and gas companies, including ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, Hess and Murphy Oil, have invested billions of dollars to develop Malaysia's energy resources. Many US-based fast-food/coffeehouse chains such as A&W Restaurants, Burger King, Domino's Pizza, Dunkin' Donuts, KFC, McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Starbucks, Subway, Texas Chicken and Wendy's had already dominating the Malaysian fast food/coffeehouse markets.[39][40] Recent US investors include Hershey, Kellogg's, Bose and Golden Gate Capital. The US is Malaysia's fourth largest trading partner and Malaysia is the 22nd largest trading partner of the US Annual two-way trade in goods and services in 2013 amounted to approximately $44 billion.[41]

Malaysia and the US launched negotiations for a bilateral free trade agreement in June 2005 but did not conclude an agreement after eight rounds of talks.[42] Malaysian investment in the US is small but growing, particularly in leisure, gaming and biotechnology.[43] Significant Malaysian companies operating in the US include Genting's Resort World Casino and MOL Global, a New York Stock Exchange listed company. In 2010, Malaysia joined the US, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam in negotiating the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) (Japan subsequently joined the negotiations in 2013).[44] This agreement seeks to expand market access, strengthen intellectual property protections, and support high labour and environmental standards while fostering greater economic integration among participants. The US however has since left the TPP in 2017.[25]

Education relations

Creating Agents of Change (CAFC) at the US embassy in Kuala Lumpur, 2022

The Fulbright English Teaching Assistant program helping improve the English language skills of thousands of Malaysian secondary school students and there is around 6,000 alumni of United States Department of State-sponsored exchange programs in Malaysia.[45][46] In 2014, President Obama announced additional exchange programs, grant opportunities and fellowships for youth ages 18–35 under the Young Southeast Asian Young Leaders Initiative (YSEALI). Since 2001, the Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) has supported 10 projects to support the preservation of cultural heritage in Malaysia.[46]

Security co-operation and relations

United States Navy Captain and Royal Malaysian Navy Rear Admiral together signing a dedication plaque for a new medical clinic built in Pekan, Pahang through collaboration during Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (Exercise CARAT) in 2011.

Malaysia and the US enjoy strong security co-operation, with both have maintained steady defence co-operation and alliance since the 1990s.[47] While Malaysia's security are secured by the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) with Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and the United Kingdom, the US also has military alliance with both Australia and New Zealand under the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) and has established direct military and political co-operation with Singapore and Malaysia, whose armed forces were growing increasingly dependent on American arms shipments,[48] with the M4 carbine and M16 rifle became the major assault rifles for both armed forces.[49][50] Several US high-technology weapons systems also been purchased by Malaysia, notably the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18D fighter aircraft,[47] and McDonnell Douglas MD 530G attack helicopter.[51]

A United States Navy Lieutenant Dental Officer treating the Malaysian townspeople of Nilai, Negeri Sembilan during a medical and dental civic action project of CARAT in 2002.

During the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993, 113 members of a Malaysian Army battalion was deployed as part of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II to rescue American rangers who were surrounded by Somali militants after two US Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk was shot down by the latter.[52][53][54] Earlier on 1 July 2003, Malaysia established a Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism (SEARCCT), where the two collaborating in combating terrorist financing.[55] Both Malaysia and the US share a strong military-to-military relationship with numerous exchanges, training, joint exercises, and visits such as the annual participation of both countries in the Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (Exercise CARAT) and co-operation in International Military Education and Training (IMET).[56] The US is also among the foreign countries that has collaborated with the centre in conducting capacity building programmes. Malaysia's Peacekeeping Centre provides pre-deployment training to Malaysian and other peacekeepers before deployment on United Nations (UN) missions. Through the Global Peace Operations Initiative, the US provided support for the Malaysian Peacekeeping Centre.[57] During President Obama's April 2014 visit, Malaysia endorsed the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI).[58]

Official visits

Prime Minister Najib Razak and President Barack Obama met just before the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington on 12 April 2010. This meeting was thought by many to represent a significant improvement in Malaysia–United States relations. This was their first one-on-one meeting. During their talk, Obama sought further assistance from Malaysia in stemming nuclear proliferation which Obama described as the greatest threat to world security.[59] In June 2009 Najib and Obama discussed via telephone the global financial crisis, nuclear non-proliferation issues and two Malaysians detained at Guantanamo Bay detention camp. During the summit Najib stressed that Malaysia only supported nuclear programmes designed for peaceful purposes. Najib's attendance at the summit was part of a week-long official visit to the US.[60]

On 21 October 2013, Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker visited Kuala Lumpur to participate in the Global Entrepreneurship Summit. Secretary Kerry visited Malaysia again from 4 to 6 August 2015 to attend the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).[61] On 26 April 2014, President Obama made a state visit to Malaysia. He is the second US President to visit Malaysia since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966.[62]

From 19-26 September 2023, Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim visited US as part of his prime ministerial trips.[63]

The following are senior US diplomats and politicians who have visited Malaysia:

  • US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Kuala Lumpur in July 2006.[64]
  • US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made a 3-day bilateral visit to Kuala Lumpur in November 2010.[65]
  • US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates visited Malaysia in November 2010.[66][67]
  • US Attorney General Eric Holder visited Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in July 2012.[68]
  • US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel visited Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in August 2013.[69][70]
  • US Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew visited Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in November 2013.[71]
  • US Trade Representative Michael Froman visited Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on four occasions, most recently in 2015.[72]
  • US Congress bipartisan delegation led by Paul Ryan, Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee visited Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in February 2015.[73]
  • US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo visited Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in August 2018.[74]

Public opinion

According to global opinion polls, only 27% of Malaysians viewed the US favourably in 2007, likely due to disapproval of US foreign policy against fellow Islamic nations. However, as of 2013, 55% of Malaysians view the US favourably, declining somewhat down to 51% in 2014. According to the same poll conducted in 2015, 54% of Malaysians had confidence that President Obama would do the right thing in international affairs.[75] According to the 2012 US Global Leadership Report, 34% of Malaysians approved of US leadership, with 31% disapproving and 35% uncertain.[76]

Palestinian issues

Malaysia has been a long standing supporter for the State of Palestine right for existence and their statehood.[77] Following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel and the subsequent Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip in the Israel–Hamas war with increasing Malaysia's sympathies towards Palestine,[78][79] the United States has sent three diplomatic démarches towards Malaysia over its vocal stance on the issue and support of Palestinian militant group of Hamas.[80] The US also level up their sanctions against any foreign supporters of Hamas and other militant groups operating in Palestine through the Hamas International Financing Prevention Act, aimed at cutting off international financing to the groups where Malaysia through its Prime Minister Anwar has responded that it will not recognise unilateral US sanctions on the Palestinian plight, with his government closely monitoring the bill's, adding that it could affect Malaysia only if Malaysia is proven to provide any material support to Hamas or the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[81] Malaysia's Prime Minister Office despite it's continuous supports towards the Palestinian cause has stated that they condemn terrorism in all its forms, and also categorically condemn the actions of Hamas killing innocent lives and taking Israeli women and children as hostages.[82]

Diplomatic missions

American embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysian embassy in Washington, D.C.

American embassy to Malaysia

The American embassy in Malaysia is located in Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur. The Principal US Embassy Officials include:[83]

Malaysian embassy to the United States

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "(U.S. Relations With Malaysia)". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

  1. ↑ Andres, Leslie (27 April 2014). "America has a worthwhile ally in Malaysia". asiaone. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  2. ↑ "Policy & History". US Embassy in Malaysia. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 K. G. Tregonning (November 1954). "American Activity in North Borneo, 1865-1881". Pacific Historical Review. 23 (4): 357–372. doi:10.2307/3634654. JSTOR 3634654.
  4. 1 2 Frank Tatu (1990). "The United States Consul, the Yankee Raja, Ellena and the Constitution: A Historical Vignette". Archipel. Persée. 40 (1): 79–90. doi:10.3406/arch.1990.2667.
  5. ↑ "Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Washington, D.C." Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
     • "Official Website of Consulate General of Malaysia, Los Angeles". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
     • "Official Website of Consulate General of Malaysia, New York". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  6. ↑ "Embassy of the United States in Malaysia". US Embassy in Malaysia. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Joint Statement By President Obama And Prime Minister Najib of Malaysia". whitehouse.gov. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2018 – via National Archives.
  8. ↑ "Joint Statement for Enhancing the Comprehensive Partnership between the United States of America and Malaysia". whitehouse.gov. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018 – via National Archives.
  9. ↑ "Malaysia". Office of the United States Trade Representative. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  10. ↑ "See: List of importing markets for the product exported by United States of America". International Trade Centre. 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  11. ↑ Pamela Sodhy (1991). The US-Malaysian Nexus: Themes in Superpower-small State Relations. Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-947-131-1.
  12. ↑ Great Britain. Colonial Office (1962). Sarawak. H.M. Stationery Office.
  13. ↑ "History of the U.S. and Malaysia". US Embassy in Malaysia. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  14. ↑ "No Gains for Indonesia". The Age. 8 January 1965. p. 2. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  15. ↑ Pamela Sodhy (March 1988). "Malaysian-American Relations during Indonesia's Confrontation against Malaysia, 1963-66". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press on behalf of Department of History, National University of Singapore/JSTOR. 19 (1): 111–136. doi:10.1017/S0022463400000369. JSTOR 20070995. S2CID 154593442.
  16. ↑ Arnold J. Travis (19 April 1995). "The only real Tax Freedom Day: Super battleships". Bangor Daily News. p. 15. Retrieved 28 February 2018. Our forces had cut off their major sources in Java, Borneo and the Philippines.
  17. ↑ Azimah Shurfa Mohammed Shukry (2013). "A critical discourse analysis of Mahathir Mohamad's speeches on the "war on terror"" (PDF). Intellectual Discourse: The Journal of the Faculty (Kulliyah) of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences. International Islamic University Malaysia: 171–195. ISSN 2289-5639. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  18. ↑ Gerrit W. Gong (2001). Memory and History in East and Southeast Asia: Issues of Identity in International Relations. CSIS. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-0-89206-399-4.
  19. ↑ Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan; Diana Peters (2005). "Malaysia-United States Relations in the 1990s: Rhetoric and Realities" (PDF). Intellectual Discourse: The Journal of the Faculty (Kulliyah) of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences. Universiti Malaysia Sabah: 148–167. ISSN 2289-5639. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  20. ↑ "Management Team [About Us - IMPACT]". International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  21. 1 2 Mark Landler (27 April 2014). "In Malaysia, Obama Works to Mend Troubled Ties". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  22. ↑ "Obama in landmark Malaysia visit". BBC News. 26 April 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  23. ↑ "President Obama visits Malaysia". New York Daily News. Associated Press. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  24. ↑ "Malaysia keeping its options open on Trans-Pacific Partnership". The Sun. 22 May 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  25. 1 2 "Trans-Pacific Partnership". US Embassy in Malaysia. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  26. ↑ "In Hawaii, Obama golfs with Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak". The Washington Post. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  27. ↑ Praveen Menon; Simon Cameron-Moore (9 November 2016). "Malaysian PM says Trump appealed to Americans who want less foreign interference". Reuters. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  28. ↑ Avila Geraldine (25 June 2018). "US to mark 150 years of partnership with Sabah". New Straits Times. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  29. ↑ Avila Geraldine (27 June 2018). "US forges stronger ties with Sabah". New Straits Times. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  30. ↑ "Mahathir backs Biden, says US re-electing Trump would be disaster". South China Morning Post. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  31. ↑ Lizam Ridzuan (20 July 2016). "7-Eleven buka cawangan ke 2,000" (in Malay). Harian Metro. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  32. ↑ "7-Eleven Malaysia opens its 2000th store in the country". The Star. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  33. ↑ R. Rasiah (9 April 1995). Foreign Capital and Industrialization in Malaysia. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-230-37758-5.
  34. ↑ Shakila Yacob (27 May 2008). The United States and the Malaysian Economy. Routledge. pp. 21–90. ISBN 978-1-134-08446-3.
  35. 1 2 3 "US – Malaysia 60 Years Celebration". NajibRazak.com. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  36. ↑ "Home". American Malaysian Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  37. ↑ "Najib to visit Trump in September". Bernama. The Sun, PressReader. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  38. ↑ "Executive Summary [Malaysia]" (PDF). United States Department of State. June 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2018. For example, while official U.S. statistics estimate cumulative U.S investment in Malaysia totals $15 billion, a 2005 survey by the American Malaysian Chamber of Commerce claimed this number was actually more than US$30 billion.
  39. ↑ Hamid (18 January 2009). "Marrybrown's humble shoplot beginnings to global franchise branding". Halal Focus. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2018. A US-based fast-food chain offering fried chicken was already a household name in Malaysia, having been in the country 10 years earlier.
  40. ↑ Abdul Ghani Wahab (12 May 2016). "Annual 2016 Food Service" (PDF). Foreign Agricultural Service. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  41. ↑ "Opportunities in Malaysia" (PDF). United States Department of Commerce. United States Commercial Service. p. 11/18. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  42. ↑ "U.S. – Malaysia Free Trade Agreement". California Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  43. ↑ "[Press Release] BiotechCorp International Inc Opens in San Francisco". Bioeconomy Corporation. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  44. ↑ Mangaleswari Arjunan (7 December 2016). "Background [Malaysia's Free Trade Agreements]". Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia). Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  45. ↑ "Fulbright Programs". Malaysian - American Commission on Educational Exchange. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  46. 1 2 "U.S. Relations With Malaysia". United States Department of State. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  47. 1 2 Ian E. Rinehart (19 November 2015). "Malaysia: Background and U.S. Relations [U.S.-Malaysia Security Relations]" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 15 [18/21]. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  48. ↑ Evgeniĭ Maksimovich Primakov; Alʹbert Ivanovich Vlasov (1987). What's what in World Politics: A Reference Book. Progress Publishers.
  49. ↑ Joseph Babatunde Fagoyinbo (May 2013). The Armed Forces: Instrument of Peace, Strength, Development and Prosperity. Author House. pp. 298–. ISBN 978-1-4772-1844-0.
  50. ↑ Gary Paul Johnston; Thomas B. Nelson (15 December 2016). The World's Assault Rifles. Ironside International Publishers, Inc. pp. 1939–. ISBN 978-1-61984-601-2.
  51. ↑ Franz-Stefan Gady (2 February 2016). "Biggest US-Malaysia Arms Deal in 20 Years: Kuala Lumpur to Receive New Attack Helicopters". The Diplomat. Retrieved 28 February 2018. (subscription required)
  52. ↑ "Black Hawk Down: Your views". BBC News. 21 January 2002. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  53. ↑ "US thanks Malaysia for role in 'Black Hawk Down' rescue mission". Bernama. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2018 – via The Malay Mail.
  54. ↑ "Book tells the truth on the 'Black Hawk Down' incident in Mogadishu". Bernama. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018 – via The Borneo Post.
  55. ↑ Cofer Black (April 2014). "Patterns of Global Terrorism – 2003" (PDF). United States Department of State. p. 17 [34/199]. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  56. ↑ Alexander Sullivan (September 2014). "Advancing U.S.-Malaysia Security Cooperation in a Changing Environment" (PDF). Center for a New American Security. p. 11 [13/20]. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  57. ↑ Tom Kelly (13 December 2013). "Presentation at Malaysia's Full Training Capacity Ceremony". United States Department of State. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  58. ↑ "Malaysia Endorses the Proliferation Security Initiative". United States Department of State. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  59. ↑ "Nuclear Security Summit". NajibRazak.com. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  60. ↑ Lim Ai Lee (13 April 2010). "Najib and Obama in historic bilateral meeting". The Star. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  61. ↑ "Secretary of State John Kerry Visits Malaysia, August 2015". US Embassy in Malaysia. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  62. ↑ Christi Parsons (26 April 2014). "Obama becomes first U.S. president to visit Malaysia since Johnson". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  63. ↑ "Fruitful visit to USA". Prime Minister's Office (Malaysia). 24 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  64. ↑ "Secretary Rice's Visit to Asia". United States Department of State. 28 July 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  65. ↑ "Hillary Clinton arrives in Malaysia for official visit". Xinhua News Agency. People's Daily. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  66. ↑ "Travels with Gates [Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates]". United States Department of Defense. November 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  67. ↑ Donna Miles (9 November 2010). "Gates Arrives in Malaysia to Bolster Closer Bilateral Ties". American Forces Press Service. United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  68. ↑ "Readout of Attorney General Eric Holder's Meeting and MoU Signing with Malaysian Minister for Home Affairs". United States Department of Justice. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  69. ↑ "Travels with Chuck Hagel [U.S. Secretary of Defense]". United States Department of Defense. August 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  70. ↑ "Hagel in Malaysia". Voice of America. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  71. ↑ Neal Martin; David Leiter (12 November 2013). "China Update – U.S.-China Relations [Treasury Secretary Visits China & Other Asian Nations]" (PDF). ML Strategies, LLC. p. 2/4. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  72. ↑ "U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman completes visits to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Beijing, China". Office of the United States Trade Representative. 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  73. ↑ "Members of the U.S. Congress Visit Kuala Lumpur". US Embassy in Malaysia. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  74. ↑ "Secretary Pompeo's Meeting With Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad | U.S. Embassy in Malaysia". U.S. Embassy in Malaysia. U.S. Embassy in Malaysia. 3 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  75. ↑ "Global Indicators Database [Opinion of the United States – Malaysia]". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  76. ↑ "The U.S. Global Leadership Project Report" (PDF). Gallup. 2012. p. [10] 12/24. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  77. ↑ Pedroletti, Brice (18 October 2023). "Malaysia stands united behind Palestine". Le Monde. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  78. ↑ Lau, Julia; Hutchinson, Francis E. (27 October 2023). "Firmly by Palestine's Side: Behind Malaysia's Response to the Israel-Gaza Crisis". Fulcrum.sg. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  79. ↑ Marks, Monica (30 October 2023). "What the World Gets Wrong About Hamas". Time. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  80. ↑ Hisham, Hidayath (31 October 2023). "Malaysia gets notices from US Embassy over stance on Hamas". The Malaysian Reserve. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  81. ↑ "Malaysia Says Won't Recognise Unilateral Sanctions on Supporters of Palestinian Groups". Reuters. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023 – via U.S. News and World Report.
  82. ↑ "Prime Minister's Question Time on Tuesday 31 October 2023 – Palestinian Plight and Israeli Cruelty". Prime Minister's Office (Malaysia). 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  83. ↑ "Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts [Malaysia]" (PDF). United States Department of State. 28 February 2018. p. 41/69. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  84. ↑ "Ambassador Brian D. McFeeters". US Embassy in Malaysia. Retrieved 26 February 2021.

Further reading

  • Gould, James W. The United States and Malaysia (Cambridge UP, 1969)
  • Heil, Karl. "Malaysian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 155–162. online
  • Lim, Shirley Geoklin. Among the White Moon Faces: An Asian American Memoir of Homelands (Feminist Press, 1996). excerpt
  • Sodhy, Pamela. "Malaysian–American Relations during Indonesia's Confrontation against Malaysia, 1963–66." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 19.1 (1988): 111-136. online
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