Yingkou
营口市
Yingkow, Ingkow
Prefecture-level city
From top, left to right: Xishi District, Lengyan Temple, Shanhai Plaza, Beach of Bayuquan, Red Mountain in Gaizhou
Location of Yingkou City jurisdiction in Liaoning
Location of Yingkou City jurisdiction in Liaoning
Yingkou is located in Liaoning
Yingkou
Yingkou
Location of the city centre in Liaoning
Coordinates (Yingkou municipal government): 40°37′30″N 122°13′08″E / 40.625°N 122.219°E / 40.625; 122.219
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceLiaoning
Municipal seatXishi District
Districts and Counties
List
  • Zhanqian District
  • Xishi District
  • Bayuquan District
  • Laobian District
  • Dashiqiao City
  • Gaizhou City
Government
 • CPC YingkouCommittee Secretary
 • MayorGao Jun
Area
 • Prefecture-level city5,502 km2 (2,124 sq mi)
 • Urban
712.1 km2 (274.9 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,913.2 km2 (738.7 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 census)[1]
 • Prefecture-level city2,328,582
 • Density420/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,162,213
 • Urban density1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,228,198
 • Metro density640/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
115000
Area code410
ISO 3166 codeCN-LN-08
Licence plates辽H
Administrative division code210800
Websitewww.yingkou.gov.cn

Yingkou (simplified Chinese: 营口; traditional Chinese: 營口; pinyin: Yíngkǒu) is a coastal prefecture-level city of central southern Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, on the northeastern shore of Liaodong Bay. It is the third-smallest city in Liaoning with a total area of 5,502 square kilometres (2,124 sq mi), and the ninth most populous with a population of 2,328,582 as of the 2020 census, of whom 1,228,198 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of three urban districts (Zhanqian, Xishi and Laobian) and one county-level city (Dashiqiao). It borders the sub-provincial city of Dalian to the south, the prefectural cities of Anshan to the north and east and Panjin to the northwest, and also shares maritime boundaries with Jinzhou and Huludao across the Liaodong Bay to its west.

Located on the east bank of the Daliao River mouth, Yingkou is an important port city, with the Port of Yingkou being the second-largest container port in the Bohai Sea (after the Port of Tianjin) and Northeast China (after the Port of Dalian), the tenth-largest nationwide, and the 25th-busiest worldwide. Yingkou is classified as a Medium-Port Metropolis.[2]

Name

Yingkou was historically known as Newchwang (Chinese: 牛庄; pinyin: Niúzhuāng; Manchu: Ishangga gašan hoton) in postal romanization; it was one of the Treaty Ports opened under the Treaties of Tianjin of 1858. In fact, the actual town of Newchwang was about thirty miles upstream of Liao He, within today's county-level city of Haicheng. After the treaty had been signed, the British found that the river near Newchwang was too shallow for their ships. Instead, the treaty port was moved to the area nearer to the river mouth where today's Yingkou is located.

To avoid confusion between the two locations, careful English writers of the early 20th century would sometimes use Newchwang for Yingkou (explaining that "Ying-kow, ... outside Manchuria, ... is known only as Newchwang") and Niu-chuang (the proper Wade–Giles transcription of '牛庄') for the actual inland Niuzhuang Town.[3] Meanwhile, Newchwangcheng (牛庄城; postal: Newchwang Town) was adopted by the government as the inland town's name to distinguish it from the coastal city.

Administrative divisions

Map of Yingkou (labeled as YING-K'OU) (AMS, 1956)

Yingkou prefecture is subdivided into 4 districts and 2 cities:

Map
Name Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010) Area (km²) Density (/km²)
City Proper
Zhanqian District 站前区 Zhànqián Qū 310,634 36.35 8,545.64
Xishi District 西市区 Xīshì Qū 164,873 314.91 523.56
Laobian District 老边区 Lǎobiān Qū 125,454 217.54 576.69
Suburban
Bayuquan District 鲅鱼圈区 Bàyúquān Qū 431,087 280.86 1534.88
Satellite cities (County-level cities)
Dashiqiao City 大石桥市 Dàshíqiáo Shì 704,891 1,612.11 437.25
Gaizhou City 盖州市 Gàizhōu Shì 691,595 2,953.92 234.13
Total 2,428,534 5,415.68 448.43

Geography

Yingkou (labelled as YING-K'OU (YINGKOW) 營口) (1956)
Yingkou
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
6.2
 
 
−3
−13
 
 
6.7
 
 
1
−9
 
 
14
 
 
7
−2
 
 
34
 
 
16
6
 
 
53
 
 
22
13
 
 
69
 
 
26
19
 
 
169
 
 
29
22
 
 
166
 
 
28
21
 
 
55
 
 
24
15
 
 
40
 
 
17
7
 
 
20
 
 
7
−2
 
 
7.7
 
 
−1
−9
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.2
 
 
26
9
 
 
0.3
 
 
33
16
 
 
0.5
 
 
45
29
 
 
1.4
 
 
60
44
 
 
2.1
 
 
71
56
 
 
2.7
 
 
79
65
 
 
6.6
 
 
83
72
 
 
6.5
 
 
83
70
 
 
2.2
 
 
76
59
 
 
1.6
 
 
62
45
 
 
0.8
 
 
44
28
 
 
0.3
 
 
31
15
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Yingkou is mostly located in the northwestern part of the Liaodong Peninsula, and on the left bank of the mouth of Daliao River, which was historically the main distributary of the lower Liao River and the principal exit of fluvial transports from inland Liaoning into the Bohai Sea.

The city's metro area is located 166 km (103 mi) south from the provincial capital Shenyang, 204 km (127 mi) north from Dalian, 84 kilometres (52 mi) southwest from Anshan, and 70 km (43 mi) southeast from Panjin. The city is located at latitude 39° 55'−40° 56' N and longitude 121° 56'−123° 02' E. At its greatest width, the city spans 111.8 km (69.5 mi) from north to south and 50.7 km (31.5 mi) from east to west. The total area of the city is 5,365 km2 (2,071 sq mi), occupying a mere 4.9% of the provincial area. The city has a total coastline of 96 km (60 mi).

Climate

Yingkou has a four-season humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) with strong monsoonal influences. Though the climate is somewhat tempered by the city's location on the Bohai Gulf, winters are long, windy, cold but dry, and summers are hot and humid. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) in January to 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 9.82 °C (49.7 °F). Precipitation is somewhat enhanced by the coastal location, with a majority of the annual rainfall occurring in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 51% in July to 68% in three months, the city receives 2,774 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Climate data for Yingkou (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7)		 15.4
(59.7)		 19.7
(67.5)		 28.5
(83.3)		 31.2
(88.2)		 34.0
(93.2)		 34.7
(94.5)		 34.8
(94.6)		 31.6
(88.9)		 26.8
(80.2)		 20.5
(68.9)		 12.0
(53.6)		 34.8
(94.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6)		 0.9
(33.6)		 7.5
(45.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 22.2
(72.0)		 26.1
(79.0)		 28.8
(83.8)		 28.5
(83.3)		 24.3
(75.7)		 16.8
(62.2)		 7.1
(44.8)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 14.5
(58.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.9
(17.8)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 2.9
(37.2)		 11.0
(51.8)		 17.6
(63.7)		 22.3
(72.1)		 25.4
(77.7)		 24.7
(76.5)		 19.6
(67.3)		 11.9
(53.4)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −5.1
(22.8)		 10.1
(50.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −12.1
(10.2)		 −8.2
(17.2)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 6.7
(44.1)		 13.5
(56.3)		 18.8
(65.8)		 22.4
(72.3)		 21.5
(70.7)		 15.3
(59.5)		 7.3
(45.1)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 −9.1
(15.6)		 6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −28.4
(−19.1)		 −22.9
(−9.2)		 −17.1
(1.2)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 2.2
(36.0)		 9.4
(48.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 12.1
(53.8)		 2.4
(36.3)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −16.1
(3.0)		 −24.1
(−11.4)		 −28.4
(−19.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4.3
(0.17)		 6.5
(0.26)		 11.8
(0.46)		 32.3
(1.27)		 53.2
(2.09)		 69.3
(2.73)		 151.3
(5.96)		 163.1
(6.42)		 49.7
(1.96)		 41.6
(1.64)		 23.8
(0.94)		 8.2
(0.32)		 615.1
(24.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.6 2.4 3.3 5.9 7.5 9.6 9.9 9.1 6.4 5.9 4.8 3.2 70.6
Average snowy days 3.4 3.3 2.7 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 3.1 3.8 17.2
Average relative humidity (%) 62 58 56 56 61 71 78 79 71 66 63 63 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 194.5 196.8 240.8 249.2 277.8 244.8 217.6 229.0 237.3 219.3 179.4 175.9 2,662.4
Percent possible sunshine 65 65 65 62 62 54 48 54 64 64 61 61 60
Source: China Meteorological Administration[4][5][6]

Industrial zones

  • China Minmetals (Yingkou) industrial park
  • Yingkou Economic & Technological Development Zone. So far, five key industries have been formed, which are steel, chemical industry, mineral processing, logistics, textile and garment industry.[7]

Transportation

Yingkou is served by the Yingkou Lanqi Airport.

Sport

The city is home to the basketball club Liaoning Flying Leopards of the Chinese Basketball Association. The club brought forth several players of China's national basketball team. It plays its home games at the Benxi Gymnasium.

Notable residents


Partnership town and ports

References

  1. ↑ "China: Liáoníng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  2. ↑ Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021). "The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. 48 (4): 530–542. doi:10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785. S2CID 225502755.
  3. ↑ Hosie, Sir Alexander (1910), Manchuria: its people, resources and recent history, J. B. Millet, p. 191
  4. ↑ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  5. ↑ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  6. ↑ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  7. ↑ RightSite.asia | Yingkou Development Zone
  8. ↑ Города – побратимы Китая и России (in Russian). Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  9. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-08-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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