Leshan
乐山市
Prefecture-level city
A view of Leshan
A view of Leshan
Location of Leshan City jurisdiction in Sichuan
Location of Leshan City jurisdiction in Sichuan
Coordinates (Seat of Leshan municipal government): 29°33′07″N 103°45′58″E / 29.552°N 103.766°E / 29.552; 103.766
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceSichuan
County-level divisions4 Counties, 2 Autonomous Counties, 1 County-level city and 4 Districts
Municipal seatShizhong District
Area
 • Prefecture-level city12,827.49 km2 (4,952.72 sq mi)
 • Urban
1,918.5 km2 (740.7 sq mi)
 • Metro
836.1 km2 (322.8 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 census)[1]
 • Prefecture-level city3,160,168
 • Density250/km2 (640/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,236,188
 • Urban density640/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,236,188
 • Metro density1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
614000
Area code0833
ISO 3166 codeCN-SC-11
Licence Plate Prefixes川L
Websiteleshan.gov.cn
Leshan
"Leshan" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese乐山
Traditional Chinese樂山
Jiading
Chinese嘉定

Leshan, formerly known as Jiading[lower-alpha 1] or Jiazhou, is a prefecture-level city located at the confluence of the Dadu and Min rivers in Sichuan Province, China. Leshan is located on the southwestern fringe of the Sichuan Basin in southern Sichuan, about 120 km (75 mi) from Chengdu. Leshan is an important industrial city in Sichuan, a regional center city in the south of Chengdu Economic Zone, an important hub city, an important transportation node and a port city in Chengdu-Chongqing.As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,160,168, of whom 1,236,188 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Shizhong, Wutongqiao, Shawan and Jinkouhe districts.

Leshan is a famous historical and cultural city with the reputation of "Begonia Fragrance Country". It is the first open-door city, model green city, excellent tourist city, national garden city and national health city. Leshan has three world-class heritage sites - world natural and cultural heritage Emei Mountain and Leshan Buddha, world irrigation project heritage Dongfengyan and so on.

History

The area of present day Leshan was the seat of historical Jiading city,[3] which the historical Jiading city covered not entirely the same area with modern day Leshan city. Some of the area of Leshan county, was ceded to Emeishan city in 1958.[3] In 1978, Leshan as a county-level city was formed.[3] In 1985, the Leshan prefecture-level city was formed, which Emeishan and other county level cities were under the administration of Leshan.[4] Before 1978, Leshan county-level city had Shizhong (means city centre), Wutongqiao (literally 5-"tong"-bridge) and Shawan (literally sand bay) three districts.[4] The establishment of Leshan prefecture-level city, also saw the disestablishment of Leshan Dìqū, an administrative area that supervisee Leshan, as well as other county-level cities and counties.[4]

Xinchang town, Jiading city [sic], was known for late Qing uprising against the government.[5]

Culture

Tourist attractions

Stone arch bridge in Leshan
Leshan Giant Buddha
Mount Emei

In 1996, the Mount Emei Scenic Area, including the Leshan Giant Buddha, the largest stone-carved buddha in the world, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Next door to the Leshan Giant Buddha is the Oriental Buddha Park, a privately run cultural theme park, featuring thousands of reproductions of Buddha statues and Buddhist themed carvings.

Mount Emei is located within the county-level city of Emeishan, which is under the administrative jurisdiction of Leshan.

The ancestral home of Chinese writer, academic and politician Guo Moruo is preserved in the Shawan District of Leshan.[6]

Dialect

The Leshan dialect, part of the Southern linguistic system, is very different from the dialects of other cities in the province of Sichuan, which belong to the Northern system. Some researchers say the pronunciation of Leshan dialect represents an archaic form of Chinese pronunciation.

Food

Boboji (Bobo chicken)

Falling into the Sichuan cuisine family, Leshan is noted for its food culture in that it has all the street food from its surrounding areas, which has made it the one-stop street food city. Typical specialties include:

  • Malatang (麻辣烫) - Hot and spicy soup
  • Boboji (钵钵鸡)[7] - Bobo chicken
  • Shaokao (烧烤) - Street barbecue
  • Qianwei Baobing (犍为薄饼) - Qianwei Pancakes
  • Doufunao (豆腐脑) - Leshan Style DouFu Soup
  • Tianpiya (甜皮鸭) - Sweet-Skinned Duck
  • Qiaojiao Niurou (翘脚牛肉) Leshan Style Beef Hotpot
  • Xiba Doufu (西坝豆腐) Xiba Tofu[8]
  • Mi Liang Gao (米凉糕) - A snack made with rice

Transport

There are Chengdu–Mianyang–Leshan intercity railway and Chengdu–Guiyang high-speed railway serving Leshan.

The G0512 Chengdu–Leshan Expressway with a total length of 160 kilometers, was finished on January 14, 2000. This Freeway has since become very important to the city's development.

Education

Leshan Normal University (乐山师范学院) and Leshan Vocational & Technical College (乐山职业技术学院) are two government-fund colleges in the city.

The Engineering&Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology (成都理工大学工程技术学院) is a non-government college, which was established in 2003.

Administrative divisions

Map
Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2010)		 Area (km²) Density
(/km²)
Shizhong District 市中区 Shìzhōng Qū 662,812 825 803
Shawan District 沙湾区 Shāwān Qū 187,180 617 303
Wutongqiao District 五通桥区 Wǔtōngqiáo Qū 312,086 474 658
Jinkouhe District 金口河区 Jīnkǒuhé Qū 49,157 598 82
Emeishan City 峨眉山市 Éméishān Shì 437,068 1,168 374
Qianwei County 犍为县 Qiánwéi Xiàn 434,409 1,375 316
Jingyan County 井研县 Jǐngyán Xiàn 282,222 841 336
Jiajiang County 夹江县 Jiājiāng Xiàn 338,345 749 451
Muchuan County 沐川县 Mùchuān Xiàn 216,737 1,401 154
Ebian Yi Autonomous County 峨边彝族自治县 Ébiān Yízú
Zìzhìxiàn		 139,210 2,395 58
Mabian Yi Autonomous County 马边彝族自治县 Mǎbiān Yízú
Zìzhìxiàn		 176,530 2,383 74

Geography and climate

Leshan City is located in central Sichuan Province, southwest of the Sichuan Basin. Meishan borders on the north, Zigong and Yibin in the east, Liangshan in the south, and Ya'an in the west. Leshan city is located in the transition zone from Sichuan basin to southwest mountainous area, the overall trend is high in southwest, low in northeast, with wide difference in height. Landforms are mountainous, hilly, Pingba three types, mainly mountainous.

Leshan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid. Winter is short, mild and dry, with a January average of 7.4 °C (45.3 °F), and while frost may occur, snow is rare. Summers are long, hot and humid, with highs often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), yet extended heat waves are rare. The daily average in July and August is around 26 °C (79 °F). Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and more than 70% of the annual total occurs from June to September.

The climate in the southwest mountainous area has obvious vertical differences and the climatic conditions are very complex, which is a region for the development of comprehensive agricultural management and three-dimensional agriculture in the region, the main production area of wood, tea, Chinese medicinal materials and other crops, and also a valuable tourism resource. Affected by the monsoon and the uplift of the terrain, the climate is humid and the rainfall is abundant.

Climate data for Leshan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.3
(66.7)		 23.9
(75.0)		 32.5
(90.5)		 34.7
(94.5)		 36.5
(97.7)		 36.8
(98.2)		 37.6
(99.7)		 39.7
(103.5)		 36.3
(97.3)		 30.1
(86.2)		 25.7
(78.3)		 19.8
(67.6)		 39.7
(103.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5)		 13.3
(55.9)		 18.3
(64.9)		 23.8
(74.8)		 27.3
(81.1)		 29.2
(84.6)		 31.3
(88.3)		 31.0
(87.8)		 26.5
(79.7)		 21.4
(70.5)		 17.0
(62.6)		 11.6
(52.9)		 21.8
(71.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3)		 9.8
(49.6)		 14.0
(57.2)		 18.9
(66.0)		 22.4
(72.3)		 24.6
(76.3)		 26.6
(79.9)		 26.3
(79.3)		 22.6
(72.7)		 18.2
(64.8)		 13.9
(57.0)		 8.9
(48.0)		 17.8
(64.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 15.3
(59.5)		 18.7
(65.7)		 21.3
(70.3)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 20.1
(68.2)		 16.1
(61.0)		 11.8
(53.2)		 7.0
(44.6)		 15.0
(59.0)
Record low °C (°F) −1.7
(28.9)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 0.2
(32.4)		 4.9
(40.8)		 10.5
(50.9)		 15.3
(59.5)		 17.6
(63.7)		 17.3
(63.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 5.3
(41.5)		 2.2
(36.0)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −2.9
(26.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 14.4
(0.57)		 21.9
(0.86)		 42.5
(1.67)		 85.2
(3.35)		 104.8
(4.13)		 146.1
(5.75)		 256.2
(10.09)		 295.8
(11.65)		 132.2
(5.20)		 59.9
(2.36)		 29.6
(1.17)		 13.7
(0.54)		 1,202.3
(47.34)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.7 10.2 12.9 14.3 14.5 16.4 15.5 15.0 15.9 16.4 9.6 9.1 159.5
Average snowy days 0.6 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.1
Average relative humidity (%) 80 77 73 72 71 77 79 79 82 84 81 82 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38.5 51.9 89.8 119.3 121.6 104.4 132.9 145.2 71.9 49.5 52.4 37.5 1,014.9
Percent possible sunshine 12 16 24 31 29 25 31 36 20 14 17 12 22
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[9][10]
Source 2: Weather China[11]

Water resources

Leshan City borders on numerous rivers, with Minjiang River, Dadu River, Qing Yi River and many small and medium-sized rivers, is a water-rich area.

  • Water resources: 85.51 billion cubic metres
  • Theoretical reserves of hydraulic resources: 7.9 million kilowatts
  • Developable capacity: 5.75 million kilowatts
  • Main hydropower stations: Gongzui hydropower station (700,000 kW), Tongjiezi hydropower station (600,000 kW)

Mineral deposits

Approximately 30 proven resources have been identified. The reserves of phosphorus, halite, limestone, kaolin, natural gas, gypsum, dolomite, mineral water and mirabilite are relatively large.

Property

The state focuses on protecting rare plants such as silver fir, Davidia involucrata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and other rare animals such as giant pandas, Kallima inachus.In 1986, the site of the Song Dynasty kiln was discovered in Xiba Town, Wutongqiao, Leshan City, and the Xiba kiln porcelain used in large quantities by the people surfaced, and the scientific and technological personnel of Sichuan Province conducted a large-scale investigation and found that the Xiba kiln was almost on an equal footing with the contemporaries of Jianyao and Jizhou kilns. The main feature is the kiln transformation that occurs during the firing process, which is beautiful and endless. A Xiba kiln lamp tree with the words "Taihe" was recently discovered, and it is estimated that during the Jin Zhangzong period from 1201 to 1208, Leshan City may have been under the rule of the Jin Dynasty. It was not the Southern Song Dynasty.

Sister cities

Population

According to the sixth national census in 2010, the city's resident population stood at 3235,756,[14] a decrease of 88,383 or 2.66% over the fifth national census. The average annual decrease was 0.27 per cent. Of these, the male population is 1631206, or 50.41 per cent, and the female population is 1604,550, or 49.59 per cent. The sex ratio of the total population (100 females) is 101.66.The population aged 0-14 years is 452,148, or 13.97 per cent; the population aged 15-64 years is 2387,477, or 73.78 per cent; and the population aged 65 and over is 396,131, or 12.24 per cent. The Han Chinese population is 3075,481, accounting for 95.05 percent; the ethnic minorities are 160,275 or 4.95 percent; and the Yi population is 153,092 or 4.73 percent.

In 2017, the city's registered population was 3.518 million, accounting for 3.86 percent of the province's total population; at the end of the year, the resident population was 3.272 million.

Nationality

There are 41 ethnic groups in Leshan City. Han, Yi, Hui and Miao live in the world.

Han nationality is the main, followed by Yi nationality, ethnic minorities about 113,000 people, accounting for 3.2 percent of the total population.

Yi Nationality: A major minority nationality concentrated in the south of Ma Bian, Ebian Yi Autonomous County, and Jinkouhe District.

Notable person

Famous place

  • Leshan Buddha
  • Reclining Buddha
  • Mount Emei


  • Mahaoya Tomb
  • Thousand Buddha Rock in the Jiajiang River
  • Ebian Black Bamboo Gou
  • Guo Moruo's hometown
  • Luocheng Ancient Town
  • Wutong Bridge

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also previously romanized as Kea-ting or Kea-ting Foo.[2]

References

  1. ↑ "China: Sìchuān (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  2. ↑ T. S. Baynes, ed. (1878). "China". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. V (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 626–672.
  3. 1 2 3 乐山老县名考（十）：乐山县. 三江都市报 (in Chinese (China)). 18 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 國務院關於同意四川省撤銷樂山地區實行市管縣給四川省人民政府的批覆 (PDF). 中华人民共和国国务院公报 [People's Republic of China State Council Gazette] (in Chinese (China)). State Council. 1985 (10): 286. 20 April 1985. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  5. ↑ Prazniak, Roxann (1999). "Weiyuan, Sichuan: Heaven-Protected Liu Xiangting among the Red Lanterns". Of Camel Kings and Other Things: Rural Rebels Against Modernity in Late Imperial China. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 140. ISBN 0-8476-9007-5. Retrieved 11 March 2019 – via Google book preview.
  6. ↑ Leshan -- Home of World's Largest Stone Buddha Statue
  7. ↑ "Leshan Food, Best Dishes and Snack of Leshan".
  8. ↑ Leshan Cuisine
  9. ↑ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  10. ↑ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  11. ↑ 乐山 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  12. ↑ 楽山市 [Leshan City]. Ichikawa City Government. Archived from the original on 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  13. ↑ City of Ichikawa: Leshan City Archived 2009-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ 乐山市统计局. 《乐山市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报》.
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